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Laporan Kerja Peraktek PDF
Laporan Kerja Peraktek PDF
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The petroleum industry is full high risk which requires high cost and
sophisticated technology. PT EXPRO INDONESIA is one of the companies
engaged in completing oil and gas wells in Indonesia. The expertise and skills of
implementing operators is a mandatory requirement so that process of completing
wells can run safely, Effectively, Efficiently and Environmentally Safly.
1
1.2 Objectives
The focus of activities carried out during practical work is activities in the
Subsea Safety Systems function and fields related to oil at PT EXPRO INDONESIA
2
February
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
Safety Induction Equipment Pressure test pipe Pressure test
Learning SSV 10.000 psi long 10 ft choke manifold
Introduction of well Learning Learning san flex Learning
test tools Equipment ESD and cross over seperator
Introduction of the Learning Learn to read chart Learning liquid
TCP tool Equipment choke Recorder control valve and
manifold and Daniel valve
sand filter
March
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
Learning host riller Learning SST tubing hanger Pressure test
lubricator and running tool with Ge landing lubricator
retainer valve company valve open-close
Introduction of Learning Connect tubing to Pressure test flow
subsea landing hydraulic control cross over with head swab valve,
string panel Nabors company kill wing valve,
flowing valve
Study work system Maintenance Prepare pressure test
subsea control panel landing string
lubricator vale and
flow head
3
CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL STUDY
Subsea completion workover and intervention operations share the same well
control problems that are experienced by those working in land or platform
operations. In addition, there are well control concerns that are unique to the
specialization of subsea operations. Placing the wellhead on the seabed involves
complex control and riser systems for subsea blow out preventer (BOP) and
Christmas trees. The offshore environment is often harsh. Operating in deep water
from a vessel that is continually in motion brings problems that do not effect
operations on land or platform. Anyone working on a drillship or semisubmersible
drilling rig must be awere of these differences.
Expro subsea offers a variety of products for both exploration and production
applications. Subsea systems enable primary and contingency well operations to be
performed safely without detriment to personal, equipment or the environment.
Operations can be performed from either fixed or mobile installations. Expro’s
Subsea safety systems differ depending on the type of mobile rig. Performing
operations in live wells from a floating vessel present a number of challenges
particularly with respect to rig motion and well control. As a consequence subsea
safety systems are more normally associated with Mobile Drilling Units.
The subsea safety systems makes up part of the landing string. The Landing
String (LS) is made up of elements from the-bed to the rig floor. The key
considerations with LS equipment, as always are to provide the main barrier between
the production fluids and the environment to completion string to disconnect safely
upon demand and finally to meet the prevailing legislative criteria with respect to
Emergency Shut Down (ESD) and Emergency Quick Disconnect (EQD) criteria.
All components are designed to withstand the combinations of internal and
external loading possible under all conditions expected during handling, normal and
contingency operations. The materials from which the components are fabricated are
suitable for the duty required and for the fluids with which they may come into
4
contact. The internal diameters of all components are large enough to allow the
passage of Wireline and Coiled Tubing tool strings used during the operations.
Live well conditions introduce a variety of issues with well control. Governing
bodies and legislation dictate the requirements that operators must abide by during
drilling phases the BOP, drilling fluids, casing and drill string provides the operator
with the necessary barriers to perform operations safely and efficiently. During testing
and development stages of a well, hydracarbons are flowed to surface to establish
reserves and production, and provide data for interpretation. Performing these
operations introduces additional requirements and demands on equipment. Thus
additional safety valves are required to enable the operator to conduct the operations
safely and efficiently.
Expro Subsea offers a range of products for both explorations and production
applications. Subsea system enable primary and contingency well operations to be
performed safely without compromise to the well, personnel, equipment or the
environment.
Expro’s Subsea safety systems are tailored to the type of installation. Live well
operations from floating vessels require bespoke solutions to rig motion and well
control. As a consequence Subsea safety systems are more normally associated with
Mobile Drilling Units.
The Subsea safety systems makes up part of the Landing String systems. In case
of MODU operations, the landing string (LS) is made up of elements from the sea-bad
to the rig floor. The key considerations with MODU based LS equipment.
To provide the main barrier between the production fluids and the
environement
To establish provision for contolled and emergency well isolation
To contain riser inventory
To disconnect safely upon demand
To meet the prevailing legislative criteria with respect to Emergency Shut
Down (ESD) and Emergency Quick Disconnect (EQD) criteria
Well Testing operations performed from a Jack-up dont require the same degree
of Landing String functionality as Semi-Submersible operations. Expro offer a variety
5
of products for this application to suit the requirements of the operator. To permit well
control a fail- safe –closed safety valve is situated inside the drilling BOP just below
the rotary table. This safety valve satisfies all the necessary safety requirements
through either a single or dual valve arrangement. Since the drilling unit is fixed there
is no requirement for a disconnect facility or an environmental valve.
6
2.1.3 Kick Tolerance
Since the gap between formation pore pressure and formation fracture pressure
narrows as water depth increases, the maximum size of influx that can safely be
circulated out of the well without fracturing the formation will be similarly reduced\
Close the pipe rams below the choke and kill line outlet spool
(normally lower or middle rams). A flow path across the top of the
closed rams and bac up the choke line must be available to isolate the
well during the stack venting operation.
7
Displace the kill weight brine by pumping a lighter fluid, such a water
or base oil, down the kill line and take returns through the choke line
maintain backpressure on the choke equivalent to the hydrostatic
pressure of kill weight fluid (choke pressure should be equivalent to the
defference between the hydrostatic pressure of the kill fluid and the
lighter fluid used to flush the gas from the stack). A kill line pressure
schedule helps. If there is a hydrate risk, the flush fluid must be
properly inhibited to prevent the formation of hydrates.
When the returns are clear fluid, stop pumping down the kill linne
close the choke, holding the same backpressure as before.
Close the kill line
Completely open the choke as quickly as possible to bleed of the
pressure from the choke line, allowing water and gas to escape from
the choke line.
Once the flow stops, displace the choke line, kill line, and stack with
kill fluid, pumping down the kill line side until the kill fluid returns
from the choke line.
8
2.1.9 General Shut-In Procedures Drill Pipe
When a kick is detected, the well should be closed in on the annular preventer.
After shut-in, drill string reciprocation through the annular preventer is not
recommended, as significant wear may occur on the sealing element, especially if a
tool joint is reciprocated through the element. On floating rigs, heave can cause some
unwanted reciprocation. To avoid this, the workstring should be hung off on a pipe
ram as soon as possible. Additionally a trapped gas bubble will be left in the BOP
stack between the annular preventer and the choke line outlet used to circulate the
well. This trapped bubble may be hazardous to handle at the surface, depending in its
size and pressure. To minimize the risk of annular wear, and the size of the trapped
bubble, the following procedure is followed:
The well should be shut-in on the annular preventer in the lower
marine riser packge (LMRP), and operation to hang off the string on a
pipe ram begun straight away. Pipe reciprocation should be minimized
to reduce trapped gas and annular element wear. It is acceptable to
hang off on variable bore rams only if a tool joint will rest on ram
blocks, not on the fingers.
When circulating out the influx, returns should be taken through the
choke or kill line outlet directly beneath the closed pipe rams. Once the
influx is circulated from the wellbore, remove the trapped gas from the
BOP stack, then fill the riser with kill weight fluid. The diverter control
and overboard line should be manned before the well is opened. When
circulation begins up the riser, any residual gas buble will then be
diverted overboard through the diverter lines as necessary.
Significant quantities of gas can be trapped in the BOP stack for any of
the following reasons
Failure to hang off the drill pipe on the pipe rams.
Neglecting to close the well in until gas reaches the BOP stack.
Pipe rams leak with the annular closed
Inability to untilize a choke or kill line outlet directly beneath the
hang-off rams.
9
2.1.10 Shut-In Procedure Whilst Circulating
The annular preventer on the LMRP (upper annular) is normally used as the
initial closing element, absorsing demage until the pipe can be supported oh the ram
preventers. Minimizing reciprocation through the annular preventer should limit any
demage. The annular preventer on the stack (lower annulus) is still available for well
control. The Drilling Representative must always know the relative positions of tool
joints in relation to the annular and ram type preventers.
Closing in the well would typically be as followes
Sound alarm
Pick up and position any tool joint clear of the upper annular sealing
element and stop the pumps.
Close upper annular preventers, Regulate closing pressures so pipe
moves freely
Open the upper kill line valves and monitor the SICP while hanging
off.
Space workstring to ensure that a tool joint won’t interfere with closing
pipe rams.
Close pipe rams with normal operating pressure (approximately 1500
psi)
Close ram locking device, if not automatic.
Lower workstring slowly until it is supported on closed pipe rams
Bleed well pressure between annular and ram preventers via kill line.
Observe well to verify rams are holding. Open annular preventer.
Adjust the motion compensator to mid-stroke and support only the
string weight above the hang off rams, plus a nominal overpull (15-
20,000 lbs)
Close the upper kill line valve, open the choke outlet just below the
hang-off rams, read and record the SICP.
Read and record the shut-in tubing pressure, bleed off any trapped
pressure on the annulus, and continue with the kill procedure
10
2.2.1 Shut-In Procedures Whilst Running Or Pulling A Completion
Special consideration must be given to how to shut-in if a kick occurs when
running or pulling a completion. There are several situations where closing the
annular preventer or pipe rams is ineffective, since they will not seal around some
types of completion equipment.
11
2.2.5 Pulling Damaged Completion Tubing
Closing rams of holed or demaged pipe will be ineffective. Shearing the pipe
and closing the blind rams is the only safe option if the well kicks.
12
If a horizontal tree is used, returns must pass through a gallery in the tree
block. This restricts flow, and adds to the already significant pressure drop through
the choke line. Similary if a vertical tree is in use, the frictional pressure drop through
the annulus strings of the dual bore riser result in a frictional pressure drop of similr
magnitude to that recorded for the choke line. Pressure drop associated with forward
circulation mean that ECD in subsea wells is normally lower during a reverse
circulation is usually the preferred choice. A secondary benefit is that the lower
density hydrocarbon in the tubing can be easily routed to a well test spread for safe
disposal.
The hang off tool used during drilling operations is designed to sit in the
wellhead when the wear bushing is in place. During completions and some phases of a
workover, the wear bushing will not be in place, and the hang off tool could demage
the wellhead hanger bowl. The tree/wellhead vendor should be consulted to determine
the best method for hanging off the string.
If there is a need to pull the string back (to space out) it should be remembered
that pulling premium tubing us always going to take longer than pulling back drill
pipe in stands, especially if there are control lines in place.
Many completion, in particular subsea completions, are equipped with
downhole flow control systems and instrumentation that are operated by hydraulic and
14
electric control lines. A planned disconnect would maeh heaving to cut the lines
before the hang off tool could be run. Where possible, the running of a completions
the is equipped with complex control and instrument cables should only be attempted
if the weather is settled and the forecast for the duration of the installation is good.
Wells with open reservoirs are vulnerable to swabbing and surging during the
running (and later recovery) of the hang off tool, especially if there is a packer in the
well. If weather conditions are deteriorating rapidly and the crew is rushing to deploy
the hang off tool, it is all too easy to exceed safe tripping speed.
15
2.3.7 Reentering A Well Following A Disconnect
After disconnection, gas can migrate toward the stack. In addition, the cooling
effect from circulating before the rig moved off means that the wellbore can warm
during the rigs absence, causing a rise in pressure. When reentering the well, a
pressure increase should be anticipated, and measures taken to remove the trapped
gas. This can be accomplished as follows:
After reconnecting the LMRP, open the lower pipe rams (if closed),
upper kill line valves, and the lower choke line valves. Check pressure
on the choke line for indicators of trapped gas. Attempt to bleed off
any pressure.
Circulate the proper weight fluid down the kill line while taking returns
through the choke. Displace the riser with this same fluid using the
working.
After clearing the well of any trapped gas, open the blind shear rams.
Screw into the hang off tool. If the pipe was sheared, dress off the top
of the workstring and latch with an overshot
Open the middle pipe rams and monitor the well for flow
Pull the hang off tool (or overshot if pipe was sheared) out of the hole.
Trip to the bottom, circulate and condition fluid as required.
16
Picture 2.1 Picking the surface test tree. The bails and elevator seen in the
picture are connected to the base of the limit
(Copyright Figure 14.10 Well control for completions and intervention Howard Crumpton)
Picture 2.2 Making up a dual ram blow out preventer inside the coiled
tubing lift frame.
(Copyright Figure 14.11 Well Control for completion and intervention Howard Crumpton)
17
Although coiled tubing could be used. Once the first (crown) plug has been
removed, there will only be one mechanical barrier in place between the reservoir and
the surface. One or both lubricator valves in the Subsea Test Tree (SSTT) must be
used to isolate the wellbore and provide double barrier isolation when venting and
opening the wireline lubricator.
Picture 2.3 Wireline pressure control rig up with the coiled tubing lift
frame
(Copyright Figure 14.12 Well Control for completion and intervention Howard Crumpton)
18
Once the tubing hanger plug has been removed, there are no barriers to flow in
the bore of the tree. Insolation of the wellbore is achieved by closing at least two of
the valves in the SSTT, almost always the lower and upper lubricator valves, Where
toolstring length allows, the gate valves on the STT will be shut when breaking out
the wireline lubricator.
ALL subseaquent intervention work, whether it be wireline, coiled tubing,
flow testing, or pumping (stimulation) will use the valves in the SSTT to isolate the
well, and where possible the valves on the STT would be used as well.
Pict. 2.4 is representative of the valve configuration used when a SSTT is
positioned across a drilling BOP and the tubing hanger running tool latched to the
high pressure internal tree cap (or tubing hanger). The main points to note are:
No valves in the bore of the horizontal tree. Isolation is achieved by closing the
lubricator valves (marked as UBV and LBV)
(Copyright Figure 14.13 Well Control for completion and intervention Howard Crumpton)
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CHAPTER III
Company Profile
For over two decades Expro Subsea has delivered value-added solutions to the
demanding well intervention market. Expro has clearly demonstrated commitment to the
E & P sector to provide safe, reliable, and cost-effective solutions. Expro is now able to
boast a comprehensive range of unparalleled subsea tooling and systems essential to
accessing the latest subsea completions. In addition, our development engineering
capability is geared towards delivering the next generation of subsea technology through
product differentiation to meet the demands of the industry.
20
Picture 3.1 Expro Balikpapan Base
21
Expro House Rules Balikpapan Base
22
History Of Expro
o 1973 – Founded by Jhon Trawella, Jim Ross and Humphrey Green in Great
Yarmouth as Exploration and Production Services (North Sea) Ltd.
o 1974 – Expro set up well Testing business and a PVT Laboratory
o 1975 – Expro production operators produced the first UK Oil on from the
Argyll Field, British North Sea
o 1978 – Expro opened its base in Holland
o 1979 – Sale of shareholdings by New Court Natural Resources to an
investment consortium.
o 1979 - The US oil embargo created opportunities for Expro to work offshore
in Yemen, Indonesia, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Ivory Coast.
23
o 1983 - Expro gained work in China, Tunisia, Pakistan, Thailand, Libya,
Kuwait and Malaysia.
o 1986 - Flextech became an 84 per cent shareholder.
o 1987 - Expro made its first acquisition, buying Exal, a data acquisition and
sampling company.
o 1988/91 - Expro continued to grow and add new service lines to its portfolio
whilst opening a new base in Brunei.
o 1991 - Flextech put Expro up for sale in 1991. That same year, a new range of
electronic bottom hole gauges (Exal Sure) was launched.
o 1992 - A £52.3 million management buy-out (MBO) was completed, with the
support of CIN Ventures
o 1993 - The US welcomed Expro to its shores, with an office being opened in
Houston, Texas. Expro was also awarded the Offshore Achievement Award
for Technology from Scottish Enterprise
o 1995 - Expro was floated on the London Stock Exchange on March 27th with
a £103 million market capitalisation. The same year, Expro Americas was
established to service the US Gulf and Central and South American countries.
The company also established a base in Beijing.
o 1996 - Expro re-organised its regional structure with five region teams being
supported by the central Marketing and Technology development team
o 1997 - The Extreme and Exal Hot range of Downhole Monitoring instruments
were introduced and the first office based in South Africa opened
o 1998 - Expro acquired Tronic Ltd, Oilserv Australia Ltd and Saltus Sub
Surface Services Ltd. New production logging technology was also introduced
o 2003 - Graeme Coutts was appointed CEO and a new Management team was
established
o 2005 - Expro acquired Read Matre Instruments AS and DHV Inc. Expro
opened a new technology centre in Aberdeen on September 6th and also
opened offices in Sakhalin (Russia) and Calgary (Canada).
o 2005 - Expro were recognised as leaders in Safety, being awarded the
prestigious Royal Society for the Prevention of Accident (RoSPA) Gold
Award for Occupational Health and Safety, covering all Expro’s operations
and support activities.
24
o 2006 - Expro took its most significant step forward with the acquisition of
PowerWell Services, a leading supplier of well and other flow management
products and services to the global oil and gas industry
o 2008 - Expro was acquired by the private equity consortium Umbrellastream
Ltd. made up of Goldman Sachs and Alpinvest. This consortium has an
outstanding track record of creating value in the services industry and remains
fully supportive of current Expro strategies and its management.
25
CHAPTER IV
FIELD ANALYSIS
On this practical work opportunity, I had the opportunity to review the activities at the
workshop, including knowing the working system of the Subsea Safety System. Based on the
results of the review, the process and working of the Subsea Safety System can be analyzed
at PT EXPRO INDONESIA.
26
actual wireline run will be essentially the same as the land-based equivalent. Similarly,
many of the procedures and practices that are used for ;and and platform operation can be
equally as well applied to operations carried out on subsea rigs. There are, however, some
fundamental differences. Principally with pressure containment during live well
interventions, but also with the way equipment is rigged up.
Expro subsea offers a variety of products for both exploration and production
applications. Subsea systems enable primary and contingency well operations to be
performed safely without detriment to personnel, equipment or the environment.
Operations can be performed from either fixed or mobile installations. Expro’s subsea
safety systems differ depending on the type of mobile rig. Performing operations in live
wells from a floating vessel presents a number of challenges particularly with respect to
rig motion and well control. As a consequence subsea safety systems are more normally
associated with Mobile Drilling Units (MODU).
The subsea safety system makes up part of the landing string. The Landing String
(LS) is made up of elements from the sea-bed to the rig floor. The key considerations
with LS equipment, as always, are to provide the main barrier between the production
fluids and the environment to establish provision for controlled and emergency well
isolation to contain the fluid in the completion string to disconnect safely upon demand
and finally to meet the prevailing legislative criteria with respect to Emergency Shut
Down (ESD) and Emergency Quick Disconnect (EQD) criteria.
All components are designed to withstand the combinations of internal and external
loading possible under all conditions expected during handling, normal and contingency
operations. The materials from which the components are fabricated are suitable for the
duty required and for the fluids with which they may come into contact. The internal
diameters of all components are large enough to allow the passage of Wireline and Coiled
Tubing tool strings used during the operation.
27
1. Wellhead and Blowout Preventer Systems (BOP)
Wear bushing this is the position at which the subsea safety systems are lended
in the wellhead. The position of the wear bushing in relation to the datum line
controls the locations of the subsea tree in the BOP stack.
Wellhead profil angle – This information is needed to insure that the proper
fluted hanger profile is selected according to the wear bushing.
Internal diameters of the BOP stack – These measurements are needed to
properly select the subsea equipment needed for the job
Size and type of rams – This information ensures proper sealing of the variable
or fixed-type rams on the slick joint
Arrangement of BOP stack – The location of the rams and kill lines is very
critical in knowing where to place the subsea test tree. At least one pipe ram
must be able to close around the slick joint of the subsea test tree and have a
kill line below the closure. The shear must be in the event all other alternatives
to closing in the well are exhausted.
2. Enviromental Factors
Maximum expected well pressure
Wellbore temperature
Fluid produced
Wellbore environment
28
3. Systems Design
The following design parameters, specific to the marine riser system of the
Jack Bates floating rig. With the above parameters defined, Wellhead and BOP
data supplied, and technical specifications such as the volumes and pressure to
operate the retainer valve and subsea test tree determined, the next step was the
actual designing of a deepwater actuator system that would comply with
operational parameters. Although traditional systems could be used at the required
depth, they could not provide the necessary response times for this application.
Therefore the decision was made to employ the new deep-water actuator.
29
5. Deepwater Hydraulic Actuator
In developing the new systems, primary design effort was focused on the
deepwater hydraulic actuator, which consists of two nitrogen-charged
accumulators. That would operate the retainer valve and subsea test tree without a
compromise of rig safety.
In the past, development would have been accomplished through an interative
process of designing the valve configuration through somewhat of a trial and error
method. This involved the process of predetermining multiple hydraulic-circuit-
design possibilities and then evaluating each design satisfactorily. This was
particulary tedios because of calculation of nitrogen charging and operating
pressures. When a workable solution was finally found, the trial process stopped.
In some instances however, the systems although determined to be satisfactory,
was not the most efficient possible. The same tedios procces was required for each
water depth in which a system was to be used.
The new simulator program has the capability to mathernatically model the
subsea equipment accurately and calculate the compressibility factor for nitrogen at
a particular temperature, pressure, amd volume within a time frame of seconds.
With this new simulation device in place, an optimum hydraulic circuit for the
deepwater subsea systems was proposed. The simulator program is capable of
selecting specific subsea safety equipment. Each one of these individual tools has
an engineering model, which duplicates the functioning of a real tool. Operating
areas and volumes are included in the models so that when pressure is applied to
the control or balance lines, the model so that when pressure is applied to the
control or balance lines, the model will react, based on enginnering calculations.
Which can be changed to obtain new operating and nitrogen charging pressures for
the tools. Accumulator pressures are also calculated to provide the pressures
necessary to operate the equipment.
30
the pilot calves to the accumulators. Since the main priority of the subsea systems
is to complete a successful unlatch in the event of an emergency, one of the
accumulators supplies the necessary volume and pressure to the latch line of the
subsea test tree. The other accumulators is dedicated to the lock (close) libe of the
retainer valve, which is shut inn just before unlatching. For these accumulators to
operate and supply the necessary operating pressure for each piece of equipment,
the corresponding pilot valve for each accumulator must be shifted by pressure
initiated from the control manifold.
6. Testing Procedures
Upon completion of the manufacture of the actuator system, which consists of
the downhole accumulator, control manifold, and hose reels, laboratory verification
tests were performed to insure that all operating requirements were met. The first
series of test validated the pressure rating and downhole accumulator rating of
10,000 psi [68.96MPa], which were the pressure requirements specified by the
operator. The pressure requirements specified by the operator. The pressure
integrity of the components in the control manifold and the approximate 3,300 feet
[1005.8 m] of hose reel were also tested verifivation of the 10,000 psi [68.95 MPa]
pressure requirement.
Since the pressures established by the operator had been satisfactorily defined,
the next series of tests were conducted to confirm that the response times required
to shift the pilot valves were within the parameters set. The results of these test
31
were conclusive enough to warrant a full function test of the entire deepwater
system.
4.4. Planned Disconnection With Intervention Tools In The Well (Coiled Tubing Or
Wireline
If there is no time recover wireline or coiled tubing from the well, a planned
disconnection can still be made. The ball valve in the SSTT is designed to cut slickline,
braided cables (e-line), and some diameters of coiled tubing (normally up to and
including 2). The coil tubing cutting capabilities of the tree valves must be confirmed
with the vendor before any intervention are implemented.
32
Picture 4.1 Subsea Safety System
4.5. Leak Between The Subsea Test Tree And The Surface Test Tree
If there is a leak in the landing string between the SSTT and the STT oil and gas will
be seen at surface and there will be a trip tank gain
The driller should instruct the well test crew (who operate the SSTT) to
immediately close in the SSTT. If there is a remote ESD station at the rig
floor, the driller can initiate the close in.
On land, jack up or platform drilling operating the control of the BOP is easily
achieved in a conventional manner by coupling each BOP function directly to a source of
hydraulic power situated at safe location away from the wellhead.
Operating of particular BOP functions is then accomplished by directing hydraulic
power from the control unit back and forth along two large bore lines to the appropriate
operating piston.
33
4.6. SubSea Safety System – Main Component
34
Lubricator Valve (LV)
The Subsea Test Tree (SSTT) is the primary safety barrier. It provides a dual fail-
safe-close operable pressure barrier within the landing string, mimicking the BOP stack
and LMRP. The SSTT controls well pressure in event of an emergency disconnection of
the rig from the well, without requiring the BOP to shear the landing string.
The Tree interfaces with the tubular Slick Joint at the lower end, and with the tubular
Shear Sub at the upper end. Its external profile allows it to be installed inside the BOP
stack. The Tree comprises two parts.
The lower part of the Tree remains fixed in relationship to the DST string, and
contains a dual barrier capable of containing the expected shut in well pressure. The
upper barrier in the 3” version is capable of cutting wireline and coiled tubing conveyed
wireline. The lower barrier in the 5” version is the cutting device. In the failed closed
condition the primary barrier and the cutting device permit the passage of kill fluids at
high flow rates.
35
Picture 4.3 Subsea Test Tree
(Copyright Expro 2007)
Latch assembly
Valve section
36
Integral Slick Joint
9 5/8” OD Standard
(Can be varied depending on rig BOP rams)
Control
Generally, the Surface Flow Tree (SFT) has a 7.375” full bore with a fully hydraulic
valve mechanism (Swab, Master, Flow and Kill Valves). However, depending on
availability the SFT may be provided with manual Swab, Kill, and Master Valves.
The Surface Flow Tree is supplied complete with a drill floor sited pneumatic /
hydraulic control panel, with an Emergency Shut Down (ESD) system for the Flow Wing
Valve. The ESD system includes remote stations for placement in safe areas. The panel
is designed to operate the actuated Valves on the SFT.
The Hydraulic Control Panel is skid mounted, self-contained, providing the necessary
hydraulic power for all functions. The panel features an operator interface with all
manually operated valves and pressure gauges, mounted on a labelled stainless steel
mimic panel. The unit’s pumps are powered by the rig air supply.
37
Surface Flow Tree
Featurs
Facilitate the well control of reservoir fluids at surface.
Facilitate fluids to be pumped into the tubing string
Facilitate well control during rig up of Wireline or Coiled Tubing
Option for Hydraulic or Manually operated gate valves
Swab Valve
Master Valve
38
Swivel
The Surface Flow Tree is supplied complete with a Swivel assembly to allow
rotation/orientation the landing string
39
needed to operate the tools below. Normally the LV is situated 100ft below the
Rotary Table.
Industry regulations demanda dual barrier prior to the introduction of
intervention tools to the well bore. The LV can be deployed in several different
configurations, Deep Set, High Set, The Lubricator Valve is the work valve of the
Landing String.
The LV has a primary mode of operation using hydraulic fluid conveyed via
an umbilical bundle of hydraulic lines, in the failed closed condition the LV permits
the passage of kill fluids into the well.
40
Picture 4.7 Lubricator Valve
(Copyright Expro Landing String)
41
4.9.1. Retainer Valve
The Ritainer Valve (RV) minimizes the time taken to problem an emergency
disconnection of the rig from the well. It achieves this by containing the riser inventory
by means of a fail-as-is operable barrier prior to disconnecting the EDP
Before disconnecting the EDP the Landing String must be de-pressurised. Oil wells
can be de-pressurised quickly, but Gas wells can not. Therefore with the inclusion of the
RV in the string it negates depressurization minimizing the disconnect time of the rig
from the well.
If the riser inventory contains high-pressure gas, the RV prevents the gas from
discharging into the Marine Riser. If the RV is not present any discharged gas would
expand as it migrates to surface displacing the contents of the Marine Riser. In deep-
water applications this could result in the collapse og the Marine Riser due to external
pressure.
RV comprises:
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Picture 4.8 Ritainer Valve
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4.9.2 Annular Slick Joint (Optional)
The Annular Slick Joint allows an annulus seal to be estabilished by closing the
BOP cavity. The seal will be adequate to maintain pressure control in the annular void
below the element (Note Joint.)
The annular slick joint has interfaces with the Shear Sub at the lower end and the
Ritainer Valve at the upper end. Conduits in the wall of the Annular Slick Joint convey
control fluid to the tool (s) below Slick Joint.
Slick Joint – is configured to sit across the Pipe Rams of the B.O.P it has a external
diameter compatible with the size of ram fitted to the B.O.P During operations, the rams
are closed and provide a seal on the Slick Joint allowing the annulus below to be
pressurized.
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4.9.3. Shear Sub
The purpose of the Shear Sub is to enable the BOP shear rams to saver the Landing
String in case of an emergency disconnection of the rig from the well. The Shear Sub has
interfaces with the Primary Safety Barrier (SSTT, SAFE Valve or CLV). It is positioned
within the BOP stack such that the shear rams straddle its shearable wall section.
As well as the valves, the landing string also has tubular component
between,which are designed to interact with the B.O.P stack
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Shear Sub – is configured to sit across the Shear Rams of the B.O.P and is
designed to be cut in the unlikely event of no other form of well control
The Shear Sub is normally classified as a Rig Specific. It forms an integral part of
the subsea landing string intervention operations. It is situated between the bottom of the
Retainer Valve and the top of the subsea Intervention Tree, and is designed to suit the
well parameters and rig BOP Shear Rams. Its basic functions are as follows:
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Picture 4.11 Tubing Hanger Runing Tool
To provide a tubular that serves as the interface between the Expro SSTT
and the Tubing Hanger/Trap Cap Running Tool and aids the correct space
out of the Slick Joint across the Pipe Rams
To allow the correct hydraulic communication between the SSTT and the
Tubing Hanger/Tree Cap Running Tool.
To provide a pressure-tight barrier between the SSTT and the relevant
Running Tool.
To provide a pressure-tight barrier between the wall the wall bore and BOP
stack
To provide a bore large enough to accommodate plugs or tool strings
specified by the customer.
Alternatively the TCRT or THRT Adapter is used in conjuction with the
Auxiliary Slick Joint, Which is deployed on drill pipe. For intervention the
TCRT Adapter is integral to the main Subsea landing string assembly and
interfaces with the SSTT and Tree Cap Running Tool.
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4.9.6. Hydraulic Control Panel
Expro scope of supplys includes a hydraulic control panel/s for controlling Expro
supplied subsea equipment.
The control panel/s area skid mounted, self-contained, providing the necessary
hydraulic power for all functions. The panel features an operator interface with all
manually operated valves, regulators, flow meters, and pressure gauges, mounted on a
labeled stainless steel mimic panel.
The unit’s pumps are powered by the rig air supply and deliver the necessary
power to subsea tools.
A hand pump is available in the event that the hydraulic pump fails. To enhance
the response times of the SSTT the unit includes an accumulator bank that can deliver
instantaneous pressure to emergency functions.
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CHAPTER IV
5.1.Conclusions
1. The Subsea Test Tree is spaced out so as to sit within the BOP stack
2. Subsea Safety System they provide the well control and disconnection facility
required for safe operations from an anchored or dynamically positioned (dp) rig
3. For operations from either an anchored or dynamically positioned drilling rig, you
require a means for close in the tubing string, and if required disconnect and then
reconnect to it
4. Testing operation conducted from an offshore vessel has potential hazard due to
the relative movement of the vessel with reference to the well center.
5. Mobile Offshore Drilling units tend to drift away from is position in the event of
an emergency such as rough weather, failure is positioning system or a drive off
situation
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greater than 3000 hace usually been drilled by dynamically positioned drill ships and semi-
submersibles. These drilling units are held on locations by powerful thrusters that are keyed
into the satellite navigational system now available. The theory is that vessels can be held
on a these dynamically positioned vessels appears to verify the theory. Wells have been
drilled in water depths exceeding 7000 using these specialized units and guideline less
drilling systems.
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REFERENCES
1. American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice. API RP 53. 4th ed.; 2007.
2. API RP 2Q. Recommended practice for design and operation of marine drilling riser
systems. 2nd ed.; 1984.
3. Lopez RH, Mansell M, Stewart AA. The spool tree: first application of a new subsea
wellhead/tree configuration. 7427-MS OTC conference paper, 1994.
4. OTC 7517 Case History; Development of a Realiable Subsea Safety Systems for
Deepwater Drillstem Testing
W.R. Allred amd J.A Clark, Halliburton Energy Services, and Pretto Lorenzo and
Roberto Lorefice, AGIP SpA
5. Well Control For Completions And Interventions
Howard crumpton
6. Well Control During Subsea Completion and Workover Operations
Chapter Fourteen B978-0-08-100196-7.00014-2
7. Introduction to Expro and the Oilfield
8. Intro to Expro Subsea section 6 Completions and Section 7 Landing string
description
9. Advanced Well Completion Engineering / by Wan Renpu. – 3rd ed.
Chapter 9 well completion tubing string
10. Well Control For The Rig-Site Drilling Team Aberdeen Drilling Schools Ltd.,
50 Union Glen, Aberdeen, AB11 6ER.
Section 9 : Subsea BOP Contol Systems And Marine Riser Systems
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.
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