GAIT REHABILITATION SMART INSOLES
Cruz, Ross Sonny, C., sonnyross18@gmail.com
Reyes, Adrian Blue, R.,djbluex30@gmail.com
San Antonio, Rolando Paolo, M.,blank589@gmail.com
Gonzales, Irwin Nicholas, F.,irwingonzales329@gmail.com
Keywords—gait, gait analysis, smart insoles, FSR
I. INTRODUCTION
Gait analysis is the investigation of human
movement utilized in surveying and treating various
conditions that weaken the individual's capacity to
walk appropriately. It is likewise offered in particular
sports facilities to assist competitors with running and
move effectively and torment free. There are various
components that can influence walk example
including natural variables like weight, tallness, sex,
and age just as extraneous factors, for example,
footwear, garments, and territory. Different
components considered are feelings, character, body
extent, and obsessive factors, for example,
neurological illnesses and injury. During step
examination, the movements of the lower legs, knees,
and hips are watched and measured by different
instruments to acquire a thorough comprehension of
any basic conditions that influence a person's capacity
to walk appropriately. Physiological procedures are
additionally estimated. This system is performed in
stride research centers where a few particular cameras
and sensors are introduced to encourage information
gathering [1].
The customary scales used to break down gait
parameters in clinical conditions are semi-emotional,
did by experts who watch the nature of a patient's step
by making him/her walk. This is now and then pursued
by an overview in which the patient is solicited to give
an abstract assessment from the nature of his/her step.
The drawback of these techniques is that they give
abstract estimations, especially concerning exactness
and accuracy, which negatively affect the conclusion,
development and treatment of the pathologies [2].
Force Sensitive Resistors (FSR) are sensors
that enables you to recognize the physical pressure,
pressing and weight. The FSR is made of 2 layers
isolated by a spacer. The more one presses, the a
greater amount of those Active Element spots contact
the semiconductor and that causes the resistance to go
down [3]. At the point when external force is applied
to the sensor, the conductive film is deformed against
the substrate. Air from the spacer opening is pushed
through the air vent, and the conductive film comes
into contact with the conductive print on the substrate.
The greater amount of the conductive ink region
connect with the conductive film, the lower the
resistance. Along these lines, the more weight applied
on the sensor, the more the layers contact the
conductive film and that causes the resistance to go
down [4].
The gait cycle can be separated into two
essential stages, the stance and swing stages, which
exchange for each lower limb. Stance stage consists of
the whole time that a foot is on the ground and swing
stage consist of the whole time that the foot is in the
air. The perception of both the spatial and temporal
qualities of the two lower limbs makes it conceivable
to present alternate stages. At the point when the two
lims are at the same time in the stance phase, we talk
about bipedal help or double support (two times 10%);
when just one is in the support stage, one discusses
unipedal backing or single support (40%), the
subsequent at that point being in oscillating stage.
Figure 1. The Normal Gait Cycle
The most exact methodology depends on the
functional interpretation of occasions and recognizes
eight phases that catch three tasks identified related to
walking. We then destinguish. 1.) Weight Acceptance;
the objective are to stabilize the limb and to absorb
shock, this phase can be broken down further into 1.a)
initial contact, and 1.b) loading response. Initial
contact contains the first 3% of the cycle, this starts
when the heel strikes the plane and initializes the the
rotation over the heel to foot flat to preserve
progression. Loading response performs the 3% to
12% of the cycle, in this the knee flexes slightly to
absorb the shock as the foot falls flat on the ground,
balancing in advance of one help of the limb. 2.) single
limb support, this indicates the progression of the body
with respect to the foot and weight bearing stability.
This can be broken down further into 2.a) Midstance
that is seen in 12% to 31% of the cycle. the shank turns
forward over the supporting foot, making the
subsequent rocker movement of the cycle. This keeps
up the forward movement of step. The second
subgroup is 2.b) Terminal Stance which goes 31% to
50% of the gait cycle. the focal point of mass advances
out before the supporting foot. The impact point raises
of the ground as you roll onto the wad of the foot,
making the third rocker movement of the cycle. 3.)
Swing Phase, the objective of the phase is the foot
clearance over the ground, forward swing of the limb,
and the preparation of the limb to stance. The swing
phase can be subgroup into: 3.a) Pre – swing. it
happens during 50-62% of the gait cycle. Pre-swing is
the change stage among position and swing, in which
the foot is pushed and lifted off of the ground. 3.b)
initial swing goes from 62-75% of the stride cycle.
During beginning swing, the hip, knee, and lower leg
are flexed to start headway of the appendage forward
and make leeway of the foot over the ground. 3.c) Mid
swing goes from 75-87% of the cycle. During mid-
swing, appendage headway proceeds and the thigh
arrives at its pinnacle progression. 3.d)Terminal Swing
is the last period of the cycle going from 87-100% of
the cycle. During terminal swing, the last progression
of the shank happens and the foot is situated for
introductory foot contact to begin the following stride
cycle [5] [6].
In this paper, two different force resistive
sensitors; FSR – 406 and A401. One 406 positioned on
the heel of the insole and three A401 positioned in
medial border, lateral border, and on toe. This sensors
will evaluate individuals loading behavior,
There are several prior research work on
wearable devices for human gait analysis in the past.
Tao Liu et al. [7] proposeda mobile gait analysis
system with 3-axis accelerometer and gyroscope. Bae
et al. [8] presented a Force Sensing Resistive(FSR)
sensor array based system for gait analysis.
Recently,Xu et al. [9] developed a Compressed
Sensing based algo-rithm with a single acceleromater
for accurate human activity recognition. All these
works are helpful to understand the human locomotion
and walking status. However, they did not address all
gait features used in actual medical applications and
does not come with a system that can help them to
evaluate what type of gait the patient has.
In this work the researchers will cover the 8
phases of gait cycle and will measure the data and will
analyze the data gathered and can indicate what gait an
individual has. the gait rehabilitation smart insole
system integrates motion sensing components with - in
shoe insoles. With the intelligent analysis algorithm,
all important human gait features can be retrieved from
the sensor data and then analyze and predict what kind
of gait an individual has.
A. OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the research is to develop a
gait rehabilitation smart insoles that can measure the
gait measurements of the patient.
3. To determine the difference between the
normal gait and abnormal gait with the use of
the data gathered of the sensors.
C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance will be undertaken to find
out different gait phases and data with the use of the
prototype. This will benefit the following:
a) Physical Therapist
The direct recipent of the study are the
therapist, the device will help them to ease the
assesment of a patient.
b) Patients
The study will help the patient also to lessen
the hassle when doing a theraphy conducted by the
theraphist by wearing an insole to determine their gate
phases
c) Future researchers
Will also benefit from the study, to further
understand the relationship of electronics field to
medical field.
II. METHODOLOGY
A. RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers will employ both
developmental and descriptive type of research design,
wherein the developmental will be used to design,
develop, and evaluate both the device an the system,
this also involves analyzing and describing what the
final prototype is. In terms of the descriptive research,
quantitative method of research will be used to test the
fuinctional suitability, reliability, usability, and
portability of the device. Employing survey
questionnaire for the data gathering and interpreted
using statistical tools such as Likert’s scale, T-test and
analysis of variance.
B. RESEARCH LOCALE
The researchers will conduct their study in
different hospitals that have a rehabilitation unit that is
located in cabanatuan city such as Premiere Medical
Center, GoodSam Medical Center, Dr. Paulino J.
Garcia Memorial Research and Medical Center,
Wesleyan University General Hospital, Immaculate
Conception Medical Center, and Nueva Ecija Doctors
Hospital

1. To determine the effectiveness of the device,

compare to the old method of determining the
gait measurements of a patient.
2. To build a low-cost system that can help
therapist to evaluate the condition of a
patient.

Figure 2. The map of different hospitals in
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
C. MATERIALS
The researchesr will use an prototype of smart
insoles that is consist of:
 WeMos D1 ESP8266 - WeMos D1 is a
development board based on ESP8266 with
Arduino UNO board format. This board is
compatible with the Arduino IDE and with
NodeMCU. The D1 also features an on-board
switching power supply which allows you to
power the board from a power from a power
supply up to 24V, 11 GPIO pins (can be used
as input/output/PWM/I2C, except D0), and 1
analog input. [10]
Figure 3. Wemos D1 ESP8266
 Force Sensitive Resistor - FSRs are sensors
that allow you to detect physical pressure,
squeezing and weight. They are simple to use
and low cost. This sensor is a Interlink model
402 FSR with 1/2 diameter sensing region.
FSR's are basically a resistor that changes its
resistive value (in ohms Ω) depending on
how much its pressed. [11]
Figure 4. Force Sensitive Resistor
 MPU6050 Accelerometer and Gyroscope -
MPU6050 is a Micro Electro-mechanical
system (MEMS), it consists of three-axis
accelerometer and three-axis gyroscope. It
helps us to measure velocity, orientation,
acceleration, displacement and other motion
like features. MPU6050 consists of Digital
Motion Processor (DMP), which has property
to solve complex calculations. MPU6050
consists of a 16-bit analog to digital converter
hardware. Due to this feature, it captures
three-dimension motion at the same time.
[12]
Figure 5. MPU6050 Accelerometer and
Gyroscope
 Lithium Ion battery (3.7V) - Lithium ion
polymer (also known as 'lipo' or 'lipoly')
batteries are thin, light and powerful. The
output ranges from 4.2V when completely
charged to 3.7V. This battery has a capacity
of 500mAh for a total of about 1.9 Wh. The
included protection circuitry keeps the
battery voltage from going too high (over-
charging) or low (over-use) which means that
the battery will cut-out when completely dead
at 3.0V. It will also protect against output
shorts. However, even with this protection it
is very important that you only use a
LiIon/LiPoly constant-voltage/constant-
current charger to recharge them and at a rate
of 150mA or less. We suggest our Micro Lipo
charger, which has a 100mA default rate. You
can also set the Micro Lipo to 500mA rate for
a faster charge [13].
Figure 6. Lithium Ion Battery
  MT3608 DC – DC Step up converter- This
module features the MT3608 2 Amp step up
(boost) converter, which can take input
voltages as low as 2V and step up the output
to as high as 28V. The MT3608 features
automatic shifting to pulse frequency
modulation mode at light loads. It includes
under-voltage lockout, current limiting, and
thermal overload protection. The module has
a multi-turn trimpot (potentiometer) that you
can use to adjust the output voltage. Since the
trimpot has 25 turns of adjustment you can
easily adjust the output of the module to
exactly the voltage you need [14].
Figure 7. MT3608 DC – DC Switching boost
converter
D. SAMPLING
The respondents of the study are the Physical
therapist of the chosen hospitals, and patients that
undergoes gait rehabilitation. This includes also
patients that is found out to have a normal gait and
abnormal gait. The researchers will then use Raosoft’s
sample size calculator using the sampling population
of both PT and patients using a 5% margin of error.
Exclusion of respondents are persons that are
not able to walk due to missing limbs. The design of
the device the persons must have the ability to walk.
All respondents are asked the very same
inquiries in a similar request. This implies a survey can
be recreated effectively to check for functional
suitability, Relaibility, usability, and portability.
E. INSTRUMENTATION
The researcher will be using survey
questionnaire with criteria of ISO/IEC 25010 series of
standards for software/device development. The
survey questionnaire will be based on the performance
suitability, reliability, usability, and portability. The
researchers will be using interview to gather data, to
calculate and evaluate using four points of Likert
Scale. The purpose of this tool is to obtain information
that is relevant to the study and gain insights on the
research.
F. PROCEDURE
Participants of this study were persons that
are undergoing gait rehabilition, and has gait
problems, the study also includes participants that has
a healthy gait and therapist which are experts of the
said field and topic. The researcher will be using
purposive sampling to identify the number of the
patients and experts who participated in the evaluation
of the system.
The researchers will use rapid prototyping to
build the device using the materials stated above. Then
the researchers will design a general size insoles that
can accomodate the general patients. The FSR will be
strategically attach to toe, medial border, lateral
border, and heel of the foot also an Accelerometer will
be attached to the shoes to determine other important
parameters. This sensors will help to recognize what
current phase the gait is.
At the point when the information are gotten
from the sensors, a calculation is expected to set
conditions for step stages. There are few potential
strategies to make an algorithmic progression of gait
phases. For example the state transition theory [15],
fuzzy logic and neural network. In this paper the fuzzy
logic is used to manage advances between gait phases.
Fuzzy logic is a form of many – valued logic
or probabilistic logic; it deals with reasoning rather
than fixed and exact [16]. With fuzzy logic we can
determine the five out of eight gait phases of the cycle.
For the remaining three to determine the swing phases
can be determine by the angular velocity generated by
the accelerometer, since it’s output can be negative
angular velocity or positive angular velocity.
The prototype will be test in the rehabilitation
unit of the chosen hospitals, the test will start after the
patient agreed to participate in the test, the researchers
then will discuss the possible risk of the participant in
the test such as risk of falling or tripping due to
unmatched size of the insoles/shoes, risk to experience
a low electric shock due to batteries and components
attach, and the risk of getting a light scratch cause by
the shoes itself and the components attached to it. The
risk discussed can be minimize by following the
instruction of the researchers on how the test will be
conducted, the participants has the option to continue
the test or not, the risk stated has a small chance to
happen but it is minimized by the design of the
prototype and of the system done by the researchers,
when the prototype was already worn by the
participant, the researchers then will invite them to the
treatmment area to start the walking assesment which
will last for about 1 to 2 minutes.
The data gathered will be keep by the
researchers, the privacy and confidentiality of the
participant will stay private, the data will be kept until
the end of the researchers thesis upon on their
conclusion.
The researchers will then compare the results
that the prototype will gather to the traditional way of
determining the gait of the patient, they will be then
given questionnaires so that they can evaluate the
functional suitability, reliability, usability, and
portability of the prototype itself.
G. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The researcher will be using tools such as
weighted mean for the result of survey questionnaires
and will utilize T-test to check whether there is a
critical contrast between the standard gait analysis and
the developed device. The researchers will look at the
gathered data and determine the margin of error
between the two devices.

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