Not signedd

Afghanistan
South Sudan
Andorra- observer
Vatican city- observer

Taiwan
USA

Signatories

192 countries have signed

Eu nations
India
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KYOTO-

Signed by all nations in 1992 at Earth Summit to reduce GHG emission

Came into force in 1997 - where countries pledged to reduce
AIM- . The framework pledges to stabilize greenhouse-gas concentrations "at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".
- Reduce emissions by 5% by 2012

- industrialised nations pledged to cut their yearly emissions of carbon, as measured in six
greenhouse gases, by varying amounts, averaging 5.2%, by 2012 as compared to 1990

 Which means that Kyoto was only envisioned till 2012, they did not anticipate the
industrial growth and excessive green house gas emissions
 - China and USA emitted too much GHG that whichever countries reduced their
emissions, these two nations made up for that reduction.
- EU almost met the goal by 2011
 With reference to Article 2( ii)- What are the gases controlled by the Montreal
protocol?---- OZONE DEPLETEING SUBSTANCES….CFCs, HCFCs, chlorocarbons,
bromocarbons and halons

SO the gases under Kyoto are- water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide (C02)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N20)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)


- Carbon sequestration technologies mean carbon capture and storage which means
that these methods trap 90% of the carbon and store them underground naturally
and artificially.
- Drawback of this- Leakage underground that causes environmental damage due to
excessive concentration in one area

ADDITON TO KYOTO WOULD BE – Instead of storing it, we can utilise it in alternative

forms.
1. Industrial Applications. Carbon dioxide gas is used in industries to produce
chemicals and as feedstock. According to “IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide
Capture and Storage,” carbon dioxide gas is involved in the production of
refrigeration systems, welding systems, water treatment processes (to stabilize
the pH of water) and carbonated beverages. It is also used in the metals industry
to enhance the hardness of casting molds and as a soldering agent. Carbon dioxide
is found in various fire extinguishers and prevents oxygen from further fueling a
fire. Carbon dioxide-based fire extinguishers effectively manage electrical fires and
those caused by solvents, fuels and oils.
2. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Carbon dioxide gas is used to make
urea (used as a fertilizer and in automobile systems and medicine), methanol,
inorganic and organic carbonates, polyurethanes and sodium salicylate. Carbon
dioxide is combined with epoxides to create plastics and polymers. It is used for
water treatment; to keep food cool (as dry ice); and to cool, pressurize and purge
equipment.
3. Electronic Applications. Carbon dioxide gas is used in the electronics industry for
circuit board assembly, to clean surfaces and in the manufacture of semiconductor
devices.
4. Oil Industry. Carbon dioxide gas is used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). EOR is a
class of techniques for increasing the quantity of extracted crude oil from oil
 fields. Carbon dioxide is injected under high pressure into an oil reservoir, which
pushes the oil through pipes and up to the surface of the ground. Carbon dioxide
gas injection aids oil recovery and reduces the viscosity of recovered oil.
5. Fire extinguisher. Carbon dioxide will not burn or support combustion. Air with a
carbon dioxide content of more than 10% will extinguish an open flame, and, if
breathed, can be life-threatening. Such concentrations may build up in silos,
digestion chambers, wells, sewers and the like. Caution must be exercised when
entering these types of confined spaces.

6. Carbon dioxide plays a major role as a component of the carbon cycle in which
carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere (which
includes freshwater systems and soil), the oceans, and sediments (including fossil
fuels). These interactions are complex and widespread. They undoubtedly can be,
and are, influenced by many types of human activities, but the extent to which
humans have impacted these processes, and will impact them in the future,
remains the subject of much research and debate.
7. Health Care Uses: Carbon dioxide is used as an additive to oxygen for medical use
as a respiration stimulant.
8. Environmental Uses: Used as a propellant in aerosol cans, it replaces more
environmentally troublesome alternatives.By using dry ice pellets to replace
sandblasting when removing paint from surfaces, problems of residue disposal are
greatly reduced.It is used to neutralize alkaline water.

QUESTION- WHAT ARE THE PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF KYOTO?

ADDITION – THE BASE YEAR OF COMMITMENT PERIOD SHOULD BE RENEWED. IT
SHOULD BE A PERMANENT FIXED PERIOD.
Amendment- Article 4 (7) multiplied by five? Vague
Article 5- (1) What is the ambit of national system ?
REPEAL FULL OF ARTICLE
Article 6- point 2- Redudancy. Can be repealed because it is vague and basically gives
the power to implement guidelines to the parties to this protocol. In other words, the
power lies in the hands of the countries .
ADDITION- Since the protocol requires the countries to formulate policies for the Clean
Development Mechanism… They want an executive board to do so.
The advisory body gives the country the option of accepting or rejecting the
recommendations thus not making the recommendations enforceable by any means.
Hence it is redundant to make provision for a subsidiary body which would be an
advisory one because there is no incentive and obligation .

 Check which countries are not in Annex 1

Article 7 (4)- On what basis are the financial amounts mentioned given? Are they
equal for all member states or according to their financial holdings
 Would Uk and Cambodia be allotted the same amount ? What is the criteria ?
- REPEAL - Guidelines for the preparation of national communication? Arbitrary

Art 7 - Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual inventory of anthropogenic
emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal
Protocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, the
necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring compliance with Article 3, to be
determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.

Art 3 para 4 - The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks
resulting from direct human-induced land-use change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation,
reforestation and deforestation since 1990, measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks in each
commitment period, shall be used to meet the commitments under this Article of each Party
included in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks associated with
those activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and reviewed in accordance
with Articles 7 and 8.

Addition / amendment Art 10 (a) – Cost effective methods

 Carbon pricing, is a preventive measure which will induce countries to restrict their
emissions because for every 1 tonne that is emitted by either one party or a joint
party a fee will be levied which can be at the discretion of the review teams
keeping in mind the financial capacity of each party. For eg, China is a flourishing
nation with a fast economic growth hence we can levy heavier fee as opposed to a
developing or smaller sized nation. Carbon pricing is cost effective as studies show
that in the electricity sector where abating a tonne of co2 cost an average of 10
pounds
 Feed in tariffs i.e Payments made to households or businesses generating their
own electricity through the use of methods that do not contribute to the depletion
of natural resources, proportional to the amount of power generated
 Emission Trading Systems- Where one nation can transfer their carbon to another
nation for resourceful purposes. In Kyoto , Clean development is a sub-sect of this.

AMENDMENT - *Article 4. Para 4 states that In the event of failure by the Parties to such
an agreement to achieve their total combined
level of emission reductions, each Party to that agreement shall be responsible for its own
level of emissions set out in the agreement.
- So we can add a FINE for the same .
Amendment Art 4. Para 6- In the light of the countries being responsible, they must be
held liable hence we can FINE them.
Carbon pricing is cost effective as studies show that in the electricity sector where abating a
tonne of co2 cost an average of 10 pounds

Addition Institute a disciplinary committee comprising of either parties to the protocol or

the international entities referred to in Article 11. A body that takes action/ monitors
parties that exceed their limit or try to rid themselves of their liability by transferring their
excess carbon credit to another party ( under join party scenario) as permitted by Article 13
(4(h) which confers this power of establishment of a subsidiary body
Amendment - Art 10 (E) – Instead of each developing nation that is fulfilling the reduction
commitments conducting their own training programs, they should hold an international
training program session every year. The program should encompass cost effective
measures and preventive measures of greenhouse gases emissions and suggest
implementation policies. The funding of this program can be include in the financial
amounts mentioned in Art 11 (2a) “which states that to meet the agreed full incremental
costs of advancing the implementation of existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1,
of the Convention that are covered by Article 10 and that are agreed between a developing
country Party and the international entity or entities referred to in Article 11 of the
Convention, in accordance with.”
Based on eligibility which means that if the developing nation cannot afford to hold training
programs then a yearly one should be conducted by these bodies.
If given a 2/3 majority approval by the parties then Observers, either private, public,
international, national or even the UN can participate and on request of the developing
countries can provide funds. They must express their wish to be represented.
Criteria:
Bodies have to express wish / intention to be represented
2/3 majority of voting parties have to approve
Conference of parties has discretion

*may not need

*Amendments Art 10 para 1. – Mentions reference to Art 4 para 3,5,7. But 7 does not exist
so change that to Para 3,5,6.
Amendment Art 18 – Non-compliance of commitments

The list of consequences for noncompliance has to be enlisted. This can be taken up by the
disciplinary committee as mentioned earlier which will take action against defaulters of the
agreed upon provisions of non-compliance taking into account the cause, type, degree
and frequency of non-compliance.
Intro –
Kyoto is a protocol means guidelines and not an imposing on parties or infringe their rights.
Some provisions are too arbitrary in nature and they are recommendatory/ suggestive, thus
placing excessive power in hands of the parties. Larger economies will have an upper hand.
Since Kyoto was envisioned only till 2012, through amendments and additions we strive to
bring its provisions up to date with the on-going changes in technology and climate.
Industrialisation in parties to this protocol is growing at an alarming rate hence updated
provisions that are in sync the rising industrialisation may enhance a strong hold on the
Conclusion –
The Doha amendment tried to bring about a substantive change in the parties’ approach to
the implementation of the guidelines by instituting slightly stringent measures as compared
to the actual guidelines.
-The provision of Doha Amdt- states that EU and Australia must reduce emissions by 20% by
2020. This 20% shared by the EU and Annex 1 countries (29)
-Also the amdt holds developed countries more accountable for emissions from land use
and forestry.
As of July 2016- Only 66 countries have accepted the doha agreement and 7 have ratified it.
Within their jurisdiction we are trying to establish guidelines that create minimal liability so
as to not exceed our jurisdiction as well as some incentive and restrictive measures, so as to
induce them to adhere to the provisions.
We live in an era where nations now have the capacity to control the climate and we fail to
take into account that these extensive technology advancements have dire consequences
on the environment. Cloud seeding is one such process. China has adopted the same, which
allows them to change the climate according to their whims and fancies.