Wind Loads

Assumptions
- We will assume a uniform pressure along our surfaces by using the pressure at z = height of
structure.
- The most critical frames will be analysed for wind in the cross-wind and longitudinal
direction.
- The most critical frame in cross-wind direction is the interior frame.

Site Wind Speed

Calculate site wind speed:

𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡,𝐵 = 𝑉𝑅 𝑀𝑑 (𝑀𝑧,𝑐𝑎𝑡 𝑀𝑠 𝑀𝑡 )

Structure located in Melbourne (Region A5). Taking an average recurrent interval R of 500 years.

𝑉𝑅 = 45𝑚/𝑠
Assume a terrain category of 2 since the structure is located at a port. The height of our structure is
12.5, we can linearly interpolate Mz,cat.
1.05 + 1
𝑀𝑧,𝑐𝑎𝑡 = = 1.025
2
Assume the worst-case scenario for all wind directions:

𝑀𝑑 = 1.0
Assume the worst-case scenario for shielding:

𝑀𝑠 = 1.0
Assume that the structure is not located on any slope, therefore:

𝑀𝑡 = 1.0
Therefore:

𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑡,𝐵 = 45 ∗ 1.0 ∗ (1.025 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0) = 46.13𝑚𝑠/𝑠

Wind Pressure
Calculate wind pressure:
2
𝑝 = (0.5𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 )(𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 ) 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔 𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛

Taking density of air to be 1.2kg/m3:

𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.2𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
We’ve assumed the design wind speed in all directions takes the worst-case scenario therefore:

𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 = 46.13𝑚/𝑠

We can assume that the structure is not dynamically wind sensitive and therefore:

𝐶𝑑𝑦𝑛 = 1.0
Cross-Wind

Internal Pressure
𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑖 = 𝐶𝑝,𝑖 𝐾𝑐,𝑖

There are 4 effective surfaces:

𝐾𝑐,𝑖 = 0.8

Since we don’t have any openings on the East and West walls, the ratio of opening of the East and
West surface to total open area of other surface is 0.

𝐶𝑝,𝑖 = −0.3 𝑜𝑟 0

Kc,i Cp,i P (kPa)

0.8 -0.3 or 0 -0.25 or 0

External Pressure
𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑒 = 𝐶𝑝,𝑒 𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑐,𝑒 𝐾𝑙 𝐾𝑝

Cp,e Ka Kc,e Kl Kp P (kPa)

LW -0.3 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 -0.25
WW 0.7 0.81 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.58
SW -0.65 0.85 0.8 1.0 1.0 -0.56
Roof Upslope -1.16 or 0.88 0.8 1.0 1.0 -1.04 or -
-0.53 0.48
Roof Downslope -0.63 0.88 0.8 1.0 1.0 -0.57
 LW WW SW
Cp,e External pressure External pressure The length of our side wall is
coefficient for roof pitch of coefficient for windward 10.4m which falls in the
10 degrees. wall. Structure on ground range of 0 to 1h.
and taking z=h.

Ka The tributary area for Same as LW. The tributary area for side
windward/leeward wall is wall is given by spacing of
given by spacing of the columns in the
columns in the longitudinal transverse direction
direction multiplied by h multiplied by h
15.2 10.4
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∗ 12.5 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∗ 12.5 = 65𝑚2
2 2
= 95𝑚2
Ka for windward and Ka for side wall = 0.85
leeward wall can be
calculated using linear
interpolation:
5
𝐾𝑎 = ∗ 0.1 + 0.8
75
= 0.81

Kc,e There are 4 effective Same Same

surfaces.
Kl Take as 1.0 Same Same
Kp Non-permeable cladding Same Same
 Roof upslope Roof downslope
Cp,e ℎ 12.5 Using linear interpolation for h/d =
= = 0.82
𝑑 15.2 0.82.
𝐶𝑝,𝑒 (𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒) = −1.16 𝑜𝑟 − 0.53
Ka The tributary area for upwind/downwind Same
slope is given by spacing of columns in
the longitudinal direction multiplied by
the roof’s width.
10.4
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∗ 7.6 = 40𝑚2
2cos(10)
Ka for upwind and downslope can be
calculated using linear interpolation:
15
𝐾𝑎 = 0.9 − ∗ 0.1 = 0.88
75

Kc,e There are 4 effective surfaces due to Same

internal pressures and pressure from
side and roof walls.
Kl Take 1.0 Same
Kp Non-permeable cladding Same
Longitudinal-wind from South
South is the wall opposite to the opening that the ACC enters from.

Internal Pressure
𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑖 = 𝐶𝑝,𝑖 𝐾𝑐,𝑖

There are 4 effective surfaces:

𝐾𝑐,𝑖 = 0.8

Since we don’t have any openings:

𝐶𝑝,𝑖 = −0.3 𝑜𝑟 0

Kc,i Cp,i P (kPa)

0.8 -0.3 or 0 -0.25 or 0
External Pressure
There is no leeward wall.

Cp,e Ka Kc,e Kl Kp P (kPa)

WW 0.7 0.85 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.61
SW -0.5 0.81 0.8 1.0 1.0 -0.41
R (cross wind -0.78 0.88 0.8 1.0 1.0 -0.70
roof slope)

WW SW R
Cp,e 10 degrees roof pitch. The length of our side ℎ 12.5
= = 1.2
wall falls in the range of 𝑑 10.4
1h to 2h. By linear interpolation we
get the coefficient.
Ka Tributary area = 65m2. Use Tributary area = 95m2. Calculated before for our
linear interpolation. downwind and upwind
slope.
Kc,e There are 4 effective Same Same
surfaces.
Kl Take as 1.0 Same Same
Kp Non-permeable cladding Same Same
Longitudinal-wind from North

North is where the opening that the ACC enters from is located.

Internal Pressure
𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑖 = 𝐶𝑝,𝑖 𝐾𝑐,𝑖

There are 4 effective surfaces:

𝐾𝑐,𝑖 = 0.8

Since we don’t have any openings:

𝐶𝑝,𝑖 = −0.3 𝑜𝑟 0

Kc,i Cp,i P (kPa)

0.8 -0.3 or 0 -0.31 or 0
External Pressure
There is no windward wall.

Cp,e Ka Kc,e Kl Kp P (kPa)

LW -0.3 0.85 0.8 1.0 1.0 -0.26
SW -0.5 0.81 0.8 1.0 1.0 -0.41
R (cross wind -0.78 0.88 0.8 1.0 1.0 -0.70
roof slope)

LW SW R
Cp,e Roof pitch of 10 degrees. The length of our side ℎ 12.5
= = 1.2
wall falls in the range of 𝑑 10.4
1h to 2h. By linear interpolation we
get the coefficient.
Ka Tributary area = 65m2. Use Tributary area = 95m2. Calculated before for our
linear interpolation. downwind and upwind
slope.
Kc,e There are 4 effective Same Same
surfaces.
Kl Take as 1.0 Same Same
Kp Non-permeable cladding Same Same
Design of Bracing for Longitudinal
Try 100 x 100 x 10 EA and M20 4.6/S bolts

We will design the bracing for tension and ignore compression.

𝑁𝑡 = 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.85𝑘𝑡 𝐴𝑛 𝑓𝑢

𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑦 = 1810 ∗ 320 = 579.2𝑘𝑁

0.85𝑘𝑡 𝐴𝑛 𝑓𝑢 = 0.85 ∗ 1.0 ∗ (1810 − 20 ∗ 10) ∗ 440 = 567𝑘𝑁

𝑁𝑡 = 567𝑘𝑁
𝜙𝑁𝑡 = 0.9 ∗ 567 = 510.3𝑘𝑁
To calculate the axial load on our bracing, we will model our longitudinal frame as a truss and
consider the following factored loads. We will consider the case where we have wind from the south
which is more critical.

Load Comment Value

Lateral wind
Wind uplift
Dead and Live load on the top of
frame
Staircase dead load (1)
Staircase live load (1)
Staircase dead load (2)
Staircase live load (2)
WW pressure is 0.61kPa and 55.9kN or 40kN
internal pressure is -0.25 or
0kPa. Lateral pressure is
equal to 0.86kPa or 0.61kPa.
Tributary area of windward
wall is 65m2.
The wind pressure on the 3.64 kN/m or 2.34kN/m
roof is -0.70 kPa and the
internal pressure is -0.25kPa
or 0. Therefore wind uplift on
roof is 0.70kPa or 0.45kPa.
Using a tributary width of 5.2
we can get a line load for
uplift.
5.94kN/m
(1) here means applied on an 1.47kN
exterior column
4.25kN
(2) here means applied on 1.94kN
the interior column
6.97kN
Below is a representation of when we have maximum axial load (internal pressure = -0.25kPa). We
will design for maximum tension of our frame which is 15.71kN.

15.71 ≤ 510.3𝑘𝑁 

Design of bracing connections

Bolts needs to be able to resist shear.

𝑉𝑓∗ ≤ 𝜙𝑉𝑓

𝜙𝑉𝑓 = 0.8 ∗ 0.62𝑓𝑢𝑓 𝑘𝑟 (𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑛𝑥 𝐴𝑜 ) = 0.8 ∗ 0.62 ∗ 400 ∗ 1.0 ∗ (1 ∗ 225 + 0) = 44.64𝑁

Using one bolt should be enough.

15.71 ≤ 44.64𝑘𝑁 
The plate needs to be checked for bearing. (Use a 10mm thick plate)

𝑉𝑏∗ ≤ 𝜙𝑉𝑏
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 3.2𝑑𝑓 𝑡𝑝 𝑓𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑒 𝑡𝑝 𝑓𝑢𝑝

3.2𝑑𝑓 𝑡𝑝 𝑓𝑢𝑝 = 3.2 ∗ 20 ∗ 10 ∗ 300 = 192𝑘𝑁

𝑎𝑒 𝑡𝑝 𝑓𝑢𝑝 = 20 ∗ 10 ∗ 300 = 60𝑘𝑁

Therefore:

𝑉𝑏 = 60𝑘𝑁
𝜙𝑉𝑏 = 0.8 ∗ 60 = 48𝑘𝑁
15.71 ≤ 48𝑘𝑁 
The weld needs to be checked for shear (no moment is being transferred).

𝑣𝑤∗ ≤ 𝜙𝑣𝑤
Using an 8mm throat thickness for the fillet weld:
8
𝑣𝑤 = 0.6𝑓𝑢𝑤 𝑡𝑡 𝑘𝑟 = 0.6 ∗ 430 ∗ ∗ 1.0 = 1.46𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚
√2
The weld length is 190mm

𝜙𝑣𝑤 = 0.8 ∗ 1.46 ∗ 190 = 221𝑘𝑁

15.71 ≤ 221𝑘𝑁 
Longitudinal Bracing Drawings