API 571 EXAM CRACK SHEET

CORROSION MECHANISM DESCRIPTION

sudden rapid fracture under stress
(residual or applied) where the material
exhibits
BRITTLE FRACTURE little or no evidence of ductility or
plastic deformation.

at elevated temp ,
Graphitization carbide decomposition is called
graphicatization

Softening carbide forms large

(Spheroidization) agglomerated carbides

ductile-to-brittle transition at
Temper Embrittlement startup and shutdown

combined effects of deformation and

STRAIN AGING aging at an intermediate temperature

885 EMBRITTLEMENT

Sigma Phase Embrittlement Formation of a metallurgical phase

CORROSION MECHANISM DESCRIPTION

 At high temperatures, metal
components can slowly and
Creep and Stress Rupture continuously deform under load below
the
yield stress.
 API 571 EXAM CRACK SHEET

AFFECTED UNITS OR EQUIPMENTS TEMP IN F

Eq. manufacture prior to asme bpvc priot to dec 1987 addenda
during auto refrigeration event
hydrotesting in ambient temp

hot wall piping

equipment in Fcc like coker,catalytic reformer 800-1100
boilingsurface tubing

hot wall piping and equipment in the FCC

, catalytic reforming and coker. 850-1400
Fired heater tubes in boilers

reactors, hot feed/effluent exchanger components, and hot HP

separators. 650-1070
catalytic reforming units (reactors and
exchangers), FCC reactors, coker and visbreaking units.

thick wall vessels manufactured from susceptible materials that

have
not
been stress relieved.

fractionator trays and internals in high temperature vessels used in

FCC, 600-1000
crude, vacuum and coker units.

stainless steel cyclones, piping ductwork and valves in high

temperature
FCC Regenerator service.
SS HEATER TUBES
300SS DURING PWHT

AFFECTED UNITS OR EQUIPMENTS TEMP IN F

 Heater
tubes in fired heaters are especially susceptible as well as tube
supports, hangers and other furnace
internals.
HOT FURNACE ,CATALYRIC REACTIVE,
DISSIMILAR WELD METAL
 AFFECTED MATERIAL PREVENTION INSPECTION METHOD
CS, LAS,400SS used material design for low inspect for preexist flaws defects
temp
periodic inspection at high stress
location
control pressure temp
perform pwht
perform warn pretest hydro

0.5Mo steel use CR Las for temp above 800 metallographics

Annealed steels are more

resistant to spheroidization than
CS,LAS,C-0.5Mo1CR-0,5Mo,1.25Cr- limit system pressure
normalized to about 25
steels
0.5Mo, 2.25Cr-1Mo, 3Cr-1Mo, percent of the maximum
Spheroidization design
is difficult to metallographics
5Cr-0.5Mo, and 9Cr-1Mo steels. pressure
prevent except by minimizing
MPT’s generally
long-term exposure range from
to elevated
350oF (171oC) for the earliest,
temperatures.
most highly temper embrittled
steels,
down to 125oF (52oC) or lower
2.25Cr-1Mo LAS, 3Cr-1Mo , and the for newer, temper embrittlement
high-strength low alloy resistant steels (as required to
Older generation 2.25Cr-1Mo also minimize effects of hydrogen
Cr-Mo-V rotor steels. embrittlement).
If weld repairs are required, the
effects of temper embrittlement
can be temporarily reversed
(de-embrittled) by heating at
1150°F (620°C) for two hours per
older (pre-1980’s) carbon steels with inch of thickness,
a Applying PWHT to weld repairs
large grain size and C-0.5 Mo low
alloy steel.

use low ferrite or non-ferritic

400SS ,DSS
300 Series SS,400 Series SS,DSS
AFFECTED MATERIAL
alloys, or to avoid
useexposing theare
alloys that susceptible
resistant to
material tosigma
the embrittling
formation orrange.
to avoid exposing
the material to the embrittling
range.
The 300 Series SS can be de-
sigmatized by solution annealing
at 1950°F (1066°C) for four hours
followed by a water quench.
However, this is not practical for
PREVENTION
most equipment. INSPECTION METHOD
All metals and alloys.

UT, RT, EC,

 CRITICAL FACTORS Appearance
presence of embrittling phases straight , non branching cracks,intragrancar cracks
+THICKMATERIAL

chemistry,sress,temp,time

Metal chemistry, microstructure,

exposure time, and temperature are critical
factors.

Alloy steel composition, thermal history, metal

temperature and exposure time
presence of the alloying elements
manganese and silicon, and the tramp
elements phosphorus, tin, antimony, and
arsenic

older (pre-1980’s) carbon steels with a large

grain size and C-0.5 Mo low alloy steel.
equipment that contains cracks.

The alloy composition, particularly chromium

content, amount of ferrite phase, and
operating
temperature are critical factors.

Alloy composition, time and temperature are

the critical factors

CRITICAL FACTORS Appearance

The rate of creep deformation is a function of
the material, load, and temperature. The rate
of
damage (strain rate) is sensitive to both load
and temperature. Generally, an increase of
about 25°F
(12°C) or an increase of 15% on stress can cut
the remaining life in half or more, depending
on the
alloy.
I ambient 120 140 150 165 175 180 200 220 225 250 300 350 425 450 500 510
A A
A AC
A AB AMINE C
C CAUSTIC , >200 V HIGH
C CO2
C CARBON SCC
C CL SCC
D
D DA
E
G G
H HF
H HE
M
N
N
N
O
O
P PHOS 316SS ALLOY 85%
P PHOS 300SS 100%
P P(ca) MINIMAL
P
S SULPHI CU ALLOY 500
S
S
T TF
T TITA
T TITA
W WER H2S
 600 650 750 800 850 900 1000 1100 1400 1500 1750
AMMO CL

AMINE C
AUSTIC , >200 V HIGH
CARBU

SCC
DMW

885 E
G
HF
HIGH TEMP H2S
MD
NITRI SEVERE
NITRI START
NAPH , >750 SEVERE
OXI 300SS
OXI

P(ca) cs and 304ss

PASCC
SULPHII
SPE
S
TE
TITA
TITA IN HYDROGEN ATMPSPHERE