Lec # 10 - Global System Mobile - Group 6

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE, GSM)
GROUP 06
NAMES REG. NUMBER
AMBE CLOVIS NGWA UBa17E0070
TAAH PATIENCE TIFUH UBa17E0063
WANKI CHEMBOPOH CHARLES UBa17E0079
NYANGA FABRICE UBa17E0080
NTAFUM NELLY-LAURE UBa17E0091
MEBOLUYEN DESTINE UBa17E0096
NGWASI KENNETH
EEEE 4117: Wireless and Mobile Communicaiton systems Dr J.N. Mungwe 2019/2020
OUTLINE:
General concept of GSM and

development
GSM Architecture
Location Area Identity
The SIM concept
User addressing in the GSM network
Mobile station routing number
Calls to mobile terminals
Security related to network functions
Operation and maintenance security
GENERAL CONCEPT OF GSM AND DEVELOPMENT
 It is a 2G technology
It started in 1980 in Europe lead by Ericson and latter
GSM initially it was 900 MHz frequency network but
today it extern up to 1.8 GHz.
The major objective of GSM was to create a digital
system suitable for low cost mass production and
should
provide ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
service
o It uses TDMA/FDD (Time Division Multiple
Access/Frequency Division Duplexing)
GSM services include:
 Global roaming
Authentication (fraud control)
Ciphering (speech, data signal)
User confidentiality
ARCHITECTURE OF GSM
 GSM has 3 main parts – the radio access network(RAN),
core network and management network. Which are also
called the BSS, NSS and OSS respectively, together with MS
and the hardware like power supply makes up the GSM.
 The BSC manages the resources in the BS, enables RF
location and also take part in the call setup and handover.
 The BSC and BS are held together by a system called
mobile Backhaul.
 The BSS is connected to the NSS which compresses of MSC,
HLR and other parts like the GMSC, EIR and AUC.
 The MSC performs all switching functions and network
roaming.
The HLR and VLR store the current location of a mobile user
and other administrative issues about the user.
At the level of security the AUC stores security related data,
while the EIP registers the equipment data.
Network management is centralized at operation and
maintenance center (OMC) which include:
 Administration of the subscriber;
Terminals;
Network configuration.
The Public land mobile network (PLMN) runs
different operators in the PSTN. When the PSTN is
initiated to a call, it now interfere with the PLMN.
 Hence getting the details of the subscriber from the
HLR and the process continues.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAI):
 LAI uniquely identifies a location area(LA) within
a network
 LAI consist of three parts :
 MCC(mobile country code): It’s made up of 3 digits,
for example Cameroon has +237 as MCC.
 Mobile network code(MNC): It is made up of 2
digits, for instance in Cameroon, initially MTN has
MNC as 67 and Orange 69, though some has been
modified.
Local Code Area(LCA): It has maximum
of 5 digits or a minimum of 16bits (that’s
2x8 bits) coded in a hexadecimal.
The LAI broadcasts regularly using the
Broadcasting Control Channel (BCCH) so
as to identify each cell uniquely on the radio
channel as belonging to an LA and each
mobile station can determine its current
location.
USES OF LAI
 The LAI is used to keep track of the mobile subscriber in the
network. This record is kept in a database such as the Visitor
Location Register(VLR) in the GSM network
EQUATION OF LAI:
LAI=MCC + MNC + LA
This equation helps us to know the LAI of a country.
For instance, MTN in Cameroon :
MCC = 237, MNC= 67, LAC=676780, if we
combine, we will have: 237+67+676780
which gives us 23767676780, a + could be
added in front to have:
+ 23767676780
SIM CONCEPT
 SIM(Subscriber Identity Module or Subscriber
Identification Module ) can be inserted and removed
from a GSM cellular phone that encrypt voice and
data transmission.
 It stores data about the specific user so that the user
can be authentically identified to the network
supplying the phone service.
 When the SIM is inserted in a mobile phone its makes
the mobile phone a Mobile Station (MS)
The SIM has an Personal Identification Number(PIN)
code, the addressing book with names and a telephone
number, hence also performs security functions
The SIM is a integrated circuit , which is a chip and
has
the physical view like a plastic of various forms such
as:
 Mini SIM
 Micro SIM
 Nano SIM
 Embedded SIM
IMEI
Under user addressing we equally have the
international mobile station equipment
identity(IMEI) which is always written behind the
phone.
The IMEI can be used to identify stolen phones,
that is, it helps in GSM tracking system.
USER ADDRESSING IN THE GSM NETWORK
In GSM user addressing , all users must be assigned
a certain address or identities in order to identify,
authenticate and localize them.
The address is a number called Integrated Service
Digital Network(ISDN).
In the ISDN there are other identifiers in the GSM
network, which are the User Identity stored in the
SIM and Equipment Identities on mobile equipment.
MOBILE STATION ROUTING NUMBER
(MSRN)
The MSRN is temporary location dependent ISDN
number.
It’s assigned by VLR to each MS in its area.
Calls are also routed to the MS, using the MSRN.
The MSRN also has the structure as the MSISDN
(that’s CC, country code; NDC, national
destination code and SN, subscriber numbers)
CALLS TO MOBILE TERMINAL
The PSTN or ISDN has a particular way of entering
the MSISDN of the B- party, hence it establishes a
connection with gateway(GMSC), with the aid of the
CC, NDC and SN.
The GSM invokes the HLR in order to get B- party
located to route the call to correct MSC.
When a mobile subscriber register in the network, it
obtains the MSRN number that identifies a user in a
specific area location of the MSC/VLR.
The MSRN is then stored in the HLR.
When the MS enters another LA the MSRN
changes accordingly and the HLR is updated
Hence the GMSC then routes the call correctly to
the MSC
SECURITY RELATED NETWORK FUNCTIONS
(Authentication and Encryption)
GSM security information is based on the SIM.
The SIM contain 128bit secret key(ki) associated with
IMSI.
The GSM subscriber authentication is based on the
secret key(ki).
A smart card present in the SIM contains a
key and generation protocol, as processing
and response to challenges.
The permanent secret key is stored in the
AUC.
During call setup the AUC first checks the
ki of the mobile users then proceed by
sending a random 128-bit string (RAND) to
the terminal.
The AUC also generate a Signed Response
(SRES) using A3 Algorithm and ki security key.
The MS responds by using the RAND and ki,
computing with the A3 Algorithm and
returning the 32- bit output SRES to the
network.
Authentication is successful when 2 SRES are
identified. In addition to the RAND, the SRES
and the AUC is generated
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
SECURITY
To ensure security for the Base Station, an
administrative authority system is implemented
in the man-machine interface (MMI) system
for operation and maintenance.
The MMI system can be operated only by a
person with a defined user ID and password.
Internal security is ensured by restricting the
rights of the users.
• This is seen when some users may use only
certain man-machine language(MML)
commands. But with the GSM security system
this illegal action can easily be detected.
CONCLUSION
To conclude, GSM is a 2G network system and

covers a very large area.
 GSM is TDMA/FDD
The main aim of GSM creation was to create a
network system which can facilitate
transmitting/receiving of voice and text.
 GSM network operates and connects with the
mobile
phone through the SIM card, hence making the
mobile
phone a based transceiver Station.
GSM has a data rate of about 120bps to 140bps
 Most GSM modem operate between 900MHz
to
1.8GHz frequency band, depending on the
country, the common, here is GSM900, which
operates at 900MHZ.
GSM is highly secured network system, with the
aid of the PIN, the PUK and other codes related
to the system like IMEI code in the phone
provides a good security system for privacy.

Lec # 10 - Global System Mobile - Group 6

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Lec # 10 - Global System Mobile - Group 6

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GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE, GSM)

General concept of GSM and

To conclude, GSM is a 2G network system and

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