Joensuu 12.6.

2006

•Determining the need of heating power

•Determining the size of solid fuel boiler
•Scaling of the district heating network
•Acquisition of the heating plant

veli-matti.alanen@jsp.fi
The need of heating power in the house
• Demand of the heating is based of
– Conduction to air and ground
– Pre-heating of changed air, ventilation
– Heating of leakage air
– Warming of hot tap water
• Demand of the heating power is the sum of these details minus
inner heat sources and sunshine
• In practice we use typical key figures, e.g. 22 W/m³, excluding
power demand of hot tap water heating
– To a single house the power demand for hot tap water must
always be calculated when choosing the boiler
– The size of a boiler depends of volume of existing hot water
tank
The need of heating power in the house
continues..
• Determining the output demand according the old boilers
– Plates on the boiler tell only the theoretical maximum output
– Jets of oil burner tell the effect that is lead to the boiler,
estimated efficiency gives you the output to the water
– A person who’s answering for boilers can tell how long times
the oil burners run
– Light fuel oil holds appr. 10 kWh/l
Rules of thump in Finland
• A house needs 20-30 W / m³
• Energy consumption is 40-50 kWh / m³
• Use of wood chips is 12-15 times the use of oil
• Use of pellets is 2,2 kg or 3,3 litres to one litre oil
• The loss in district heating network is 20-30 W/m and 150-250
kWh/m/a
• These rules are valid, when outside temperature is –30 degrees
when coldest
• In summer warm water heating is only 10 % of connection output
• Mean temperature of winter is about -5 ºC, then heat demand
averages 50 % of connection output
Alternative equipment
• Grates
– Solid inclined grate
– Moving grate
– Plane grate
– Wanderrost
– Spreader stoker
• Exhaust cleaners
– Cyclone for particles more than 0,01 mm
– Multicyclone
– Scrubber takes over 90 % of particles over 0,005 mm
– Electrostatic precipitator for small particles and good cleaning
result
 Determining the size of the solid fuel boiler
• Traditional way: Up to 500 kW solid fuel boiler is sized according
to total output demand and in over 500 kW plants solid fuel boiler is
sized appr. 50 % of the total output
– When solid fuel boiler is 50-60 % of the total output, it can make
85-90 % of the total energy
– Oil boiler is a secondary boiler covering peak loads and summer
time during the overhaul of the main boiler
– Advantages: Cheaper investment, better function in summer
time, good efficiency (most of the year load is 50-80 %)
• Alternative way: Sizing main boiler bigger we are able to use
expensive oil less. It puts high demands to combustion control,
because the solid fuel boiler has to work well on very low level, 10-
15 %. Also the efficiency has to be good on low load.
 DURATION CURVE AND THE HEAT PRODUCED WITH THE MAIN BOILER (red
area)

120 %

100 %

80 %

60 %

40 %

20 %

0%
1 284 567 850 1133 1416 1699 1982 2265 2548 2831 3114 3397 3680 3963 4246 4529 4812 5095 5378 5661 5944 6227 6510 6793 7076 7359 7642 7925 8208 8491

h/v
 Directive table for sizing district heat pipes, flow speed 0,8 m/s

Effect kW t 20oC DN t 30oC DN t 40oC DN

50 32 32 25
100 50 40 32
150 65 50 40
200 65 50 50
250 65 65 50
300 65 65 65
350 100 65 65
400 100 80 65
450 100 80 65
500 100 100 80
600 125 100 80
700 125 100 100
800 125 100 100
900 150 125 100
1000 150 125 100
1250 200 125 125
1500 200 150 125
2000 200 200 150
 Acquisition of the heating plant
• Alternatives:
– “Sell me a 100 kW boiler plant”
– “Sell me a 200-2000 kW boiler, fuel feeding and combustion system,
controlling system and exhaust gas equipment, I’ll take care of building
process”
– “Offer us a detailed part of 3 MW boiler plant according to our
acquisition program”
• Acquisition program in 200-2000 kW size is not a list of equipment, and
definitely not a list of products or trademarks that should be used.
• Acquisition program is a list of needs and demands and levels, that should
be reached:
– Output with sizing fuel = nominal effect
– Efficiency (actually details that affect to it: flue gas temperature, CO,
unburned volatiles, ash losts… )
– Minimum and maximum sizes of equipments
– And so on
 Acquisition program
• Storage large enough (5 days or more?, )
• Storage suitable for fuel transportation vehicles
• Level of automation, on/off or logic?
• Main boiler to half or maximum output, need for secondary boiler
• Exhaust gas cleaners
• Height of chimney, according to surroundings
• Ash removing, storing and treatment
• Fire safe equipments
• District heating pumps and controlling device
• Expansion unit
• Alarming unit, remote monitoring, remote controlling?
• Social premises
 Tender asking
• No lists of detailed equipments, but limits and levels for outfits, fuels and
capacities
• Description of the target ( houses or industrial estate, single building or
network, surrounding…)
• Content of tender, total delivery or which parts
• Technical demands
– Sizing fuel, quality and moisture
– Other possible fuels, single or mixture
– Max and min output with sizing fuel
– Pipes and pumps
– Fuel storage, size and conveying units
– Chimney and exhaust gas treatment
– Alarm and remote control
• Schedules
• Limits for delivery
 Tender
• Price + VAT
• Schedules
– Payment
– Delivery
• Guarantee, time and content
• Description of delivery, outputs, sizes, manufacturers, materials
• Need of electricity
• Practicability = time when fully useable, normally min 95 %
• Solid fuel boiler, critical issues
– Min and max output with sizing fuel
– Exhaust gas temperature, O2 and CO content on 50 % (and
100 %) output
 Final assignment
• Written instructions and personal training (1…3 days)
• Diagrams of connections
• Testing period, one week without faults
• Measuring of guaranteed capacity figures
• Sanctions
– Output too low price reduction
– Use of electricity higher than guaranteed compensation for
10 or 15 years according to el price
– Efficiency too low compensation e.g. 2 % of total price for
every %-unit
– Practicability compensation according to difference of fuel
prices
– Flue gas emissions no compensation, correction
Control measurements