Multivibrators

EEE 53 2s1819
L. R. Tria
 Multivibrators
n Monostable
n One stable state and may be triggered into
another temporary state (quasi-stable state)
n Astable
n No stable state; Circuit oscillates between two
quasi – stable states
n Normally designed to operate as square wave
generators
n Bistable
n Two stable states
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Mono – Stable Multivibrator
n Circuit with one stable state
n Maybe triggered into another temporary
state (Quasi – stable state) by the
application of a trigger pulse
n Remains with the quasi stable state
controlled by RC elements
n Will eventually return to its stable state
n A.k.a one shot
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Stable State: DC Condition
VCC

1. C is open, Q2 is
RC1 +VC - RB
RC 2 on, D1 is forward
C biased, VBE is
R1 forward biased
Q2
Q1 n VC2 = VCE,sat + VD
I B2
R2 D1

-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Stable State
VCC

2. VBE1 depends on
RC1 +VC - RB
RC 2 R1, R2, -VBB and
C VC2,
R1 n VB1 is negative
Q2
Q1 by design
I B2
R2 D1

-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Stable State
VCC

3. Q1 is off because
RC1 +VC - RB
RC 2 BE is reversed
C biased,
R1 n IB1=0, IC1=0
Q2
Q1 VC1=VCC
I B2
n Q2 is on, Q1 off
R2 D1
n VB2 = VBE2 + VD
-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Stable State
VCC

4. Initial Charge Eo:

RC1 +VC - RB
RC 2 Eo = VC1 – VB2
C = VCC – (VBE2 + VD)
R1 = VCC – Vγ – VD
Q2
Q1 = VC(0-)
R2 D1

-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Stable State
VCC

5. IRB is just enough

RC1 +VC - RB
RC 2 to saturate Q2:
C I B2,sat =
I C 2,sat I RC 2 − I R1
=
R1 βmin βmin
Q2 V −V
Q1 I RC 2 = CC C 2
I B2 RC 2
R2 D1 I R1 =
VC 2 − (−VBB )
R1 + R2
-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Stable State
VCC

5. IRB is just enough

RC1 +VC - RB
RC 2 to saturate Q2:
VCC −VC 2 VC 2 +VBB
C −
RC 2 R1 + R2
R1 Q2
I B2,sat =
βmin
Q1
I B2
R2 D1 VCC −VB2
I B2 = > I B2,sat
RB
-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Triggered Condition
VCC
1. Q1 has been
triggered into
RC1 +VC - RB
RC 2 saturation for
a brief
C instant
R1 Q2
Q1

R2 D1

-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Triggered Condition
VCC 2. At t = 0-
n VC(0-) = Eo
RC1 RB n Eo = VCC – Vγ – VD
+VC - RC 2 n VB2 = -Eo + VCE,sat
C = -VCC + Vγ +
R1 VD + VCE,sat
Q2
Q1 = -VCC
n -> Q2 turns off because
R2 D1 of the negative bias

-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Triggered Condition
VCC 3. VC2 moves rapidly
towards VCC.
n Q1 remains on
RC1 +VC - RB n Q1’s base above
RC 2
ground
VB1 becomes FB
C n

n Q1 assumes the Quasi

R1 – stable state
Q1

R2 D1

-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Triggered Condition
VCC 4. With VB2 negative, Q2
off
VCC −VB2
RC1 +VC - RB I RB =
IRB RC 2 RB
VCC − (−VCC +Vγ +VD +VCE,sat )
C I RB =
RB
R1
Q1 I RB =
2VCC
RB
R2

-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Triggered Condition
VCC 5. As long as current
flows in C, circuit is
not stable
RC1 +VC -IRB RB
RC 2
IRB causes discharge
C
VB2 will start from
R1 –VCC + VBE,sat + VD +
Q1 VCE,sat towards VCC

R2

-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Triggered Condition
VCC 6. When VB2 reaches VBE
+ VD, Q2 will turn on;

RC1 +VC - RB
RC 2 Q1 will turn off;

C
Circuit will return to
R1 Q2 its stable state
Q1
I B2
R2 D1

-VBB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Trigger
VBE
-V VB1

VCC
VC1
VCE , sat

VBE 2 + VD1
VB 2
VCE , sat - EO
VCC
VC 2
VCE.sat + VD1

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria PW

 Output pulse width
VBE 2 + VD1
VCC
VB 2
VCE , sat - EO

RC1 RB VCC
+VC - IRB RC 2 VC 2
VCE.sat + VD1
C +
( )
VB 2 (t ) = V f + Vi - V f e -t / t
PW
IB2
Q1 -
(
VB 2 (t ) = VCC + VCE, sat - Eo - VCC e -t /t )
!"# $% = !'' + !'),+,- − /0 − !'' 1 234/6 = !"),+,- + !7
2!'' − !"),+,- − !'),+,- − !7
8 ln
!'' − !"),+,- − !7
= $% t = CRB
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Designing a Monostable
Multivibrator
n VCC = 9V VBB=-9V
n IC = 2mA
n hfe(min) = 50
n Output pulse of 250us

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Stable state: Q2 on, Q1 off
VCC
9 - (0.2 + 0.7 )
RC 2 = = 4.05kW = 4.7kW
2mA
RB
IC 2mA
RC 2
I B 2, sat = = = 40µA
b min 50

9 - (0.7 + 0.7 )
RB = = 190kW » 180kW Q2
40µA
I B2
D1

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Quasi stable state: Q2 of, Q1
on V CC

9 - 0.2 RC1 RB
RC1 = = 4.4kW » 4.7kW +VC -
2mA
C
IC 2mA
I B1 = = = 40µA R1
b min 50
Q1
I C 2mA I B2
ROT: I2 = = = 200µA
10 10 R2
VB1 - VBB 0.7 + 9
R2 = = = 48.5kW » 47kW -VBB
I2 200µA

I = I B1 + I 2 = 240µA

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Quasi stable state: Q2 off, Q1
on V CC

9 - 0.7 RC1 +VC - RB

R1 + RC = = 34.6kW
240µA !"#

R1 = 34.6kW - 4.7kW = 29.9kW » 27kW

C
R1
Q1
I B2
R2

-VBB

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 With PW=250usec

#$ 25056
!= = = 1800>?
2*++ − *&-,/01 − *+-,/01 − *2 2 9 − 0.7 − 0.7 − 0.2
%& ln 1809Ω ln
*++ − *&-,/01 − *2 9 − 0.7 − 0.7

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Summary
+9,

180$Ω
4.7$Ω −1.8./
4.7$Ω

27$Ω Q2
Q1
I B2
47$Ω D1

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria −9,

 Astable Multivibrator
n Has no stable states
n Duration of each quasi – stable state is
determined by RC values
n Continuously flips back and forth
n Used as a square wave generator
n Vary pulse widths and duty cycle by
changing time constants

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Collector Coupled Astable
VCC

RC1 RB1 C1 RB2 RC 2

VO
Q1 C2 Q2

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Quasi stable state
n At t=0-
VCC
n Q1 is off

RC1 RB1 C2 RB2 RC 2

E 2 = VCC - VBE , sat
VO

VO
Q1 C1 Q2

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Quasi stable state
n At t=0+
VCC
n Q1 has just
turned on
n Vce=Vce,sat
RC1 RB1 C2 RB2 RC 2
E 2 = VCC - VBE , sat
VO

+ VO
VCE , sat
C1 Q2
-

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Quasi stable state
n At t=0+
VCC
n Q2 is off

RC1 RB1 C2 RB2 RC 2

VO
+ E2 -
+ VO
VCE , sat C1 Q2
-

VB 2 = - E 2 + VCE , sat = -(VCC - VBE , sat ) + VCE , sat

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 Quasi stable state
n 0<t<PW
VCC
n VCE2 will rise

towards VCC
RC1 RB1 RB2 RC 2 n C2 will start
C2
discharging
VO ! =RB2C2
n VB2 will rise
VO
towards VCC
Q1 C1 Q2

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Quasi stable state
n 0<t<PW
VCC
n C1 charges

thru RC2
RC1 RB2 !=RC2C1
RB1 C2
RC 2

VO

VO
Q1 C1 Q2

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Quasi stable state
n t=PW-
VCC
n VC1=VCC-VBE,sat

RC1 RB1 C2 RB2 RC 2

VO

VO
Q1 C1 Q2

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Quasi stable state
n t=PW+
VCC
n VB2 reaches

VBE,sat
RC1 RB1 RB2 RC 2 n VCE2 drops to
C2
VCE,sat
VO n VB1 drops to
-VC 1 + –VCC
VO
+ n Q1 off
Q1 C1 VCE , sat
-
( )
VB1 = -VC1 T - + VCE , sat = -(VCC - VBE , sat ) + VCE , sat
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
 VBE
VB 2
! = #$% &%
» -VCC
VCC
! = #*% &' VC 2
VCE.sat

VBE

! = #$' &'
VB1
» -VCC

! = #*' &% VC1

VCE.sat

()' ()%

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Output pulse width VBE , sat
VCC
VB 2
-VCC + VBE , sat + VCE , sat

RC1 RB 2 VCC
+VC - VC 2
VCE .sat
+
C2 ( )
VB 2 (t ) = V f + Vi - V f e -t / t
PW
Q1 -
I B1 VB 2 (t ) = VCC + (- VCC + VBE , sat + VCE , sat - VCC )e -t /t
VB1 (PW ) = VCC + (- 2VCC - VBE , sat - VCE , sat )e - PW /t = VBE , sat
æ 2VCC - VBE , sat - VCE , sat ö
t lnç ÷ = PW t = C 2 RB 2
ç VCC - VBE , sat ÷
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria è ø
 Example
n Vcc=10V, β=50 PW=0.7usec
VCC VCC - VCE , sat
I C , sat =
RC
RC1 RB1 C1 RB2 RC2 VCC - VBE , sat I C , sat
IB = > I B , sat =
RB b min

VO
VCC - VBE , sat VCC - VCE , sat
>
Q1 C2 Q2 RB b min RC

\ b min RC > RB

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Example
n Vcc=10V, β=50 PW=0.7msec
VCC
0.7 ms
C=
æ 2VCC - VBE , sat - VCE , sat ö
RC1 RB1 RB2 RC2 RB lnç ÷
C1 ç VCC - VBE , sat ÷
è ø

VO
Q1 C2 Q2

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Example
n 1kHz sq wave, Vcc=5V, IL = 20uA;
β=50; VCC - VCE , sat
VCC I C , sat =
RC
VCC - VBE , sat I C , sat
IB = > I B , sat =
RC1 RB1 C1 RB2 RC2 RB b min
VCC - VBE , sat VCC - VCE , sat
>
VO RB b min RC
Q1 C2 Q2
\ b min RC > RB

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 %" = 100%/ = 2()
$"" 5$
!" = = = 2.5+Ω
%" 2()
!0 < 70 ∗ 2.7+Ω = 189+Ω
1
67 = = 0.5(9
28
67
:= = 4800=>
0.69!0

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 n Modify the previous example to make
the output frequency adjustable by
+/-10%

Ans. RB = 100k

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Bi-stable Multivibrator
n 2 stable states
n Can be switched from one state to the
other by applying a triggering input
n Flip-flop (memory circuits)

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Bi – Stable Multivibrator
VCC

RC1 RC 2
RB 2 RB1

Q2
Q1

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Bi-Stable Multivibrator
n Assume Q1 is off (cutoff)
Let RB1 = RB2 = RB
VCC RC1 = RC2 = RC

IC 2 VCC −VBE,sat
I B2 I B2 =
RC1
RC 2 RC + RB
RB1
RB 2
VCC −VCE,sat
IC 2 =
Q2 RC
Q1

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Bi-Stable Multivibrator
n Condition for Q2 to be saturated when
Q1 is off: I B2 >
IC 2
V CC βmin
I B2 IC 2 VCC −VBE,sat VCC −VCE,sat
RC 2 >
RC1 RB1 RC + RB RC βmin
RB 2

βmin >
(VCC −VCE,sat ) ( RC + RB )
Q2
Q1 (VCC −VBE,sat ) RC
RC + RB
βmin >
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria
RC
 Bi-Stable Multivibrator
n Verify Q2 is saturated and Q1 is off:
VCC VCC - VBE , sat
I B2 =
IC 2 RC + RB
I B2
RC 2 æ I C , sat ö
RC1
RB 2 RB1 I B 2 ?çç I B min = ÷÷
è b min ø
VCC - VCE , sat
Q1 Q2 I B min =
RC b min
VCC - VCE , sat VCC - VCE , sat
I B min = =
æ RC + RB ö RC + RB
RC çç ÷÷
EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria è RC ø
 Triggering
n Designed to turn off the on transistor
n Two types:
n Asymmetrical – 2 trigger inputs; set and
reset
n Symmetrical – only 1 trigger input

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Asymmetrical collector
triggering
VCC

RC1 RC 2
RB1
RB 2
B
A
Q3 Q2 Q4
Q1

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria

 Symmetrical triggering
VCC

RC1 D3
D1 D2 RC 2

Vi

RB 2 RB1
Q2
Q1

EEE53 2s1819 L.A.R. Tria