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EEE 121 Introduction to Power Electronics

Outline

w Introduction
Introduction w Power Computations

Carl Michael F. Odulio, PhD

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What is Power Electronics Power Electronic Systems

SIMPLE DEFINITION: Power Converter

SUPPLY Semiconductor switches, Magnetics, LOAD
CONTROLLING/PROCESSING OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY USING Capacitors
SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCHES AND ENERGY STORAGE ELEMENTS (Inductors
and Capacitors) Supply measurements Control feedback,
Control signals Health, Protection
Load Measurements

• Power Electronics is an ENABLING technology – it enables

other technologies to function
• Power Electronics is a growth area
• Power Electronics has a vital role to play in energy efficiency
• Artesyn PEL is oldest industry academe partnership in the
institute
• 5 faculty members, 1 TA, 15 MS students, 30 to 40 undergrads
Controller- Microprocessors / DSPs/ FPGAs / VLSI/
digital/ analogue electronics
• Power converter matches “supply” characteristics to the “load” characteristics
• An appropriate power converter exists for all load and supply types (AC, DC, single phase, polyphase,
fixed freq, variable freq, fixed voltage, variable voltage etc)
• Power flow may be bidirectional (supply Û load) or unidirectional (supply Þ load)
• Switching technology gives very efficient power conversion
• Digital control gives sophisticated functionality, monitoring and protection capability for many
systems
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Some examples of where and why we use

Power Electronics
Power Electronic Applications

• Applications are vast spanning a huge power range

• < 1kW
• Small electronic power supplies (eg PCs), Lighting
• 1kW to 100kW (a 2 litre car engine is about 100kW)
• Industrial motor drives (pumps, fans, robots, elevators, etc), Transportation (eg electric
vehicles), Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
DC
Voltage
• 100kW to 1MW (MRT3 is about 500kW)
• Larger motor drives (paper mills, steel mills etc), Transportation (Trolleybuses, trams etc)
• 1MW to 10MW
• Very large industrial motor drives, industrial processes (furnaces etc), Transportation (eg Adjustable Speed= Variable
Railway locomotives) AC Voltage &Frequency

• 10MW to 1000+MW Hybrid/Electric Car

• Transportation (eg ships - 20MW), Control of electricity distribution - High Voltage DC links - Smaller combustion engine for mean power
(HVDC) – eg Leyte Luzon HVDC is 440MW at 350kV DC )
- Electrical motor for acceleration & braking
- Reduce fuel consumption/better efficiency
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Some examples of where and why we use

Power Electronics Power and Energy
Power supplies for TVs, PCs, Laptops, mobile phones Instantaneous Power
Washing machines, Vacuum cleaners, Air conditioning, Fridges
Interface with Renewables (photovoltaics) Max Power Point Tracking
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 𝑖(𝑡)
Compact Fluorescent Lamps Different solar irradiation
Voltage
Connecting large power systems via DC
Energy
Levitated Trains/Electric Trains Current *,
All/More Electric Airplanes Power
er 𝐸 = ) 𝑝 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Joules
Powonics
ctr
Electric Railgun ele *+

Electric Catapult for Airplanes

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Real or Active Power Power and Energy – L,C

Definition: Real or active power is defined as the

average value of the instantaneous power. It is the Inductor
power that is converted to useful work or heat. EL = ?
diL
vL = L
! dt

Watts
Capacitor
𝐸
𝑃= EC = ?
𝑇 1
The total average power absorbed in a circuit is equal to the
!
vC =
C ∫ iC dt
average power supplied

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Power and Energy – L,C Example 1

For periodic currents and voltages, Given i(t), determine the voltage,
instantaneous power and average
i(t+T) = i(t) PL = ? pL(t) = ? power of a 5mH inductor.
v(t+T) = v(t) PC = ? pC(t) = ?

L
1 *4 56 1 *4 56
𝑖 𝑡0 + 𝑇 = ) 𝑣7 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖(𝑡0) 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑣7 𝑡 = 𝑉7 = ) 𝑣7 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝐿 *4 𝑇 *4

C
1 *4 56 1 *4 56
𝑣 𝑡0 + 𝑇 = ) 𝑖= 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣(𝑡0) 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑖= 𝑡 = 𝐼= = ) 𝑖= 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝐶 *4 𝑇 *4

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Energy Recovery Energy Recovery

- energy must be removed from the inductor - energy is recovered by transferring it back to the source
- resistor dissipates energy from inductor and protects the switch

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Effective Values Example 2

Consider a DC (constant) current Idc or voltage Vdc and a periodic v(t) Determine the rms of the periodic pulse waveform.
current i(t) or periodic voltage v(t).
The current i(t) or voltage v(t) is said to be as effective as the current
𝑉E 0 < 𝑡 < 𝐷𝑇
Idc or voltage Vdc if i(t) or v(t) dissipates the same average power in 𝑣 𝑡 = D
the same resistor R. 0 𝐷𝑇 < 𝑡 < 𝑇
, ,
, , 𝑉?@ 𝑉BCC
𝑃 = 𝐼?@ 𝑅 = 𝐼BCC 𝑅 𝑃= =
𝑅 𝑅
The effective value is also called the RMS value (Root-Mean-
Square): Pulsed Waveform
1 T
()
2
FEFF = FRMS = ∫
T 0
f t dt 𝑉HEI = 𝑉E 𝐷

- power dissipated or absorbed by resistances may be computed using rms values

of voltages or currents

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RMS Value of the Sum of

Example 3
Waveforms
RMS Values of Sinusoids If a periodic voltage is the sum of two periodic voltages,
- determine rms values of v(t) = v1(t) + v2(t)
a) sinusoidal voltage - term v1v2 is zero if they are
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b) full wave rectified voltage and a , =
1 orthogonal, i.e. different
𝑉HEI ) (𝑣 + 𝑣,), 𝑑𝑡
c) half wave rectified voltage 𝑇 0 + frequencies

For more than two periodic voltages/currents,

, , M
𝑉E 𝑉E 𝑉E 𝑉HEI = 𝑉+,HEI + 𝑉,,HEI + ⋯ 𝑉M,HEI
2 2 2 , , M
𝐼HEI = 𝐼+,HEI + 𝐼,,HEI + ⋯ 𝐼M,HEI
a) b) c)
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Apparent Power and Power

Example 4
Factor
v(t) = 4 + 8sin(ω1t + 10 ˚) + 5sin(ω2t +50˚)
Apparent Power, S – product of the rms voltage and rms
current magnitudes
Solve for Vrms.
S = VrmsIrms
a) ω2 = 2ω1
b) ω2 = ω1 Power Factor – ratio of the average power to apparent power
N N
pf = O = P
QRS TQRS

- cos 𝜃 as the power factor is a special case; used only in sinusoidal waveforms

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Power for Non Sinusoidal Power for Non Sinusoidal

Periodic Waveforms Periodic Waveforms
Given periodic voltage and current waveforms
Note:
X The total average power is the sum of the powers at the
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉0 + V 𝑉M cos(𝑛𝜔0𝑡 + 𝜃M ) frequencies in the Fourier series.
MW+ - linear load
X - non sinusoidal periodic voltage
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼0 + V 𝐼M cos(𝑛𝜔0𝑡 + 𝜙M ) is equivalent to the series
MW+ combination of the Fourier
Average Power series voltages
X X - superposition may be used
𝑃 = V 𝑃M = 𝑉0𝐼0 + V 𝑉M,HEI 𝐼M,HEI cos(𝜃M − 𝜙M )
MW+ MW+

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Sinusoidal Source with Sinusoidal Source with

Nonlinear Load Nonlinear Load
power factor is
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉+sin(𝜔0 + 𝜃+)
𝑃 𝑃
𝑝𝑓 = =
X 𝑆 𝑉HEI 𝐼HEI
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼0 + V 𝐼M cos(𝑛𝜔0𝑡 + 𝜙M ) - current is nonlinear
MW+
𝑉+,HEI 𝐼+,HEI cos(𝜃+ − 𝜙+) 𝐼+,HEI cos(𝜃+ − 𝜙+)
𝑝𝑓 = =
𝑉+,HEI 𝐼HEI 𝐼HEI
Power is 𝑃 = 𝑉+,HEI 𝐼+,HEI cos(𝜃+ − 𝜙+)
where X X ,
,
𝐼M
𝐼HEI = V 𝐼M,HEI = 𝐼0, +V
- dc component? other harmonics? 2
MW0 MW+

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Sinusoidal Source with Sinusoidal Source with

Nonlinear Load Nonlinear Load
Total harmonic distortion (THD) – ratio of the rms value of all
displacement power factor the harmonics to the rms value of the fundamental term
cos(𝜃+ − 𝜙+) , ,
𝐼HEI − 𝐼+,HEI
distortion factor, DF – reduction in power factor due to non 𝑇𝐻𝐷 = ,
𝐼+,HEI
sinusoidal nature of current
𝐼+,HEI - normally applied when DC term is zero
𝐷𝐹 =
𝐼HEI Distortion may also be written as
power factor
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𝑝𝑓 = cos(𝜃+ − 𝜙+)DF 𝐷𝐹 = ,
1 + 𝑇𝐻𝐷

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Sinusoidal Source with

Example 5
Nonlinear Load
Reactive power Other terms are A non sinusoidal periodic voltage has a
Q= 𝑉+,HEI 𝐼+,HEI sin(𝜃+ − 𝜙+) Fourier series of v(t) = 10 + 20cos(2𝜋60t-
Form Factor and Crest Factor 25˚) + 30cos(4𝜋60t+20˚) V. This voltage is
Apparent Power
connected to a load that is a 5𝛺 resistor and
𝑆= 𝑃, + 𝑄, + 𝐷, 𝐼HEI
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = a 15-mH inductor connected in series as in
𝐼lmn
D - distortion volt-amps the figure on the left. Determine the power
where 1.11 for pure sinusoids absorbed by the load.
Topqr
Crest 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = TQRS
X
,
𝐷 = 𝑉+,HEI V 𝐼M,HEI
1.414 for pure sinusoids
Mg+

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Exercise

𝐼E
𝐼HEI =
3

Solve for the rms value of the

current i(t).

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