RL Circuit

n Consider the RL

I
i (t ) R L vo (t )
T

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 I
i (t ) R L vo (t )
T

n@t=0
Recall general solution:
( )
vo (t ) = v L (t ) = V final + Vinitial - V final e -t /t t=
L
R
Assume iL(0)=0 (initial condition)
V final = 0 Vinitial = - IR

R
- t
\ vo (t ) = - IR * e L t>0

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 iL
I
n @t=T-
i(t ) R L vo = 0
( )
iL T - = - I T
iL

n @ t=T+
( ) ( )
iL T + = iL T - = - I

v (T ) = IR
R L vo
+
o

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 I
i (t ) R L vo (t )
T

n t>T
V final = 0 Vinitial = IR
L
t=
R R
- t
\ vo (t ) = IR * e L

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 RLC Circuits
n Consider the RLC circuit

I
i (t ) R C L vo (t )

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 I
i (t ) R C L vo (t )

I
I (s ) = Y = YR + YC + YL admittance
s
NB: Y=1/Z

1 1 s 2 RLC + sL + R
Y (s ) = + sC + = s = jw
R sL sRL
I sRL
Vo (s ) = I (s )Z (s ) =
s s 2 RLC + sL + R
I 1
Vo (s ) =
C s2 + s 1 + 1 Characteristic equation
RC LC
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 2 1 1
s +s + =0
RC LC

2 Discriminant, Δ
1 æ 1 ö 1
s1, 2 = - ± ç ÷ -
2 RC è 2 RC ø LC

1 1
Defn: a = w02 =
2 RC LC

s1, 2 = -a ± a 2 - w02

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 Definitions
n ω0 - resonant/natural frequency
1
w0 =
LC

n Rcritical – value for which Δ=0

1 L
Rcrit =
2 C

n k – damping constant 1 L
Rcrit Rcrit 2 C
k= = =
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L.A.R. Tria Rckt R R
 Definitions
n Q, quality factor
w0 w0 1
Q= = = w0 RC =
2a æ 1 ö 2k
2ç ÷
è 2 RC ø

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 s1, 2 = -w0 k ± (wo k )2 - w02
general equation
s1, 2 = -w0 k ± w0 k 2 - 1

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 Case 1: Critically damped
n k=1, real repeated roots
I 1
Vo (s ) =
C s2 + s 1 + 1
RC LC

I 1
Vo (s ) =
C (s + wo k )2
{ }
NB:L e - at t n =
n! I -wo kt I -at
L {Vo (s )} = Vo (t ) = te
-1
= te
(s + a ) n +1
C C

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 Case 2: overdamped
n k>1, 2 distinct real roots
s1, 2 = -w0 k ± w0 k 2 - 1

s1, 2 = -w0 k ± w0 k 1 - 1 / k 2
Binomial expansion
nx n(n - 1)x 2 n(n - 1)(n - 2 )x 3 n(n - 1)(n - 2 )(n - 3)x 4
(1 + x )
n
= 1+ + + + +•••
1! 2! 3! 4!

(
1 -1/ k 2 = 1 -1/ k 2 )1/ 2
= 1-
1
2k 2
-
1
8k 4
+•••

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 Case 2: overdamped
2
(
1 -1/ k = 1 -1/ k )
2 1/ 2
= 1-
2k
1
8k 2
-
1
4
+•••
1 1
if 2
>> 4
Þ 8k 4
>> 2 k 2
Þ 4 k 2
>> 1
2k 8k
1
!",$ = −'() ± '() 1 − $
2)
w0
s1 = -2w0 k s2 = -
2k
I 1
\Vo (s ) =
C æ w0 ö
(s + 2w0 k )ç s + ÷
è 2k ø
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 é ù
ê K1 K 2 úú
I ê
Vo (s ) = +
C ê (s + 2w0 k ) æ w0 ö ú
ê çs + ÷ú
ë è 2k ø û
1 1
K1 = - K2 =
w0 æ 1 ö w0 æ 1 ö
ç - + 4 k ÷ ç - + 4 k ÷
2 è k ø 2 è k ø

é wo ù
I 1 - t
L {Vo (s )} = Vo (t ) =
-1 - 2w
êe 2 k - e o ú kt
C wo æ 1 öê úû
ç - + 4k ÷ ë
2 è k ø
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 Case 3: underdamped
n k<1; imaginary roots
s1, 2 = -w0 k ± jw0 1 - k 2

I 1
Vo (s ) =
C æ s + w k - jw 1 - k 2 öæ s + w k + jw 1 - k 2 ö
ç 0 0 ÷ç 0 0 ÷
è øè ø
I 1
= 2
C
(s + w0 k )2 + æç w0 1 - k 2 ö÷
è ø

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 Case 3: underdamped
I 1
Vo (s ) = 2
C
(s + w0 k )
2
+ æç w0 1 - k 2 ö÷
è ø

[
NB : L e - at sin wt = ] w
(s + a )2 + w 2

I 1
\Vo (t ) = e -w0 kt sin æç w0 1 - k 2 t ö÷
C w 1- k 2 è ø
0

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 Example
n i(t)=1u(t)

I
i (t ) R C L vo (t )

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 Underdamped Case
n Example: L = 10uH, C = 1nF
n Rcrit = 50 W
n Let R = 300 W

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 Overdamped Case
n D>0
n Roots are real and distinct
n Let R = 10 W

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 Critically Damped Case
n D=0
n Roots are real and equal
n R = Rcrit = 50 W

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