PILE FOUNDATIONS

CALCULATION
For The Dawson Grand Residencies Project

Construction Documents
Geotechnical Design

May, 2007

SAEGIL E&C Co., Ltd.

 CONTENTS

Tiltle Page

▣ Formulae & Notation 1/223

▣ TYPE-A 6/223
1.1 TYPE A-1 : Applied to BH-6 of additional investigation 7/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 5.5m)
1.2 TYPE A-2 : Applied to BH-7 of additional investigation 17/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 1.5m)
1.3 TYPE A-3 : Applied to BH-2 of additional investigation 27/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 3.5m)
1.4 TYPE A-4 : Applied to BH-8 of additional investigation 35/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 2.0m)

▣ TYPE-B 45/223
2.1 TYPE B1-1 : Applied to BH-8 of additional investigation 46/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 3.0m)
2.2 TYPE B1-2 : Applied to BH-11 of additional investigation 56/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 9.0m)
2.3 TYPE B1-3 : Applied to BH-12 of additional investigation 64/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 4.0m)
2.4 TYPE B1-4 : Applied to BH-13 of additional investigation 72/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 7.0m)
2.5 TYPE B1-5 : Applied to BH-10 of additional investigation 80/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 4.5m)
2.6 TYPE B2-1 : Applied to BH-3 of additional investigation 90/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 9.0m)
2.7 TYPE B2-2 : Applied to BH-3 of additional investigation 98/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 8.0m)
2.8 TYPE B2-3 : Applied to BH-11 of additional investigation 106/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 7.0m)
2.9 TYPE B2-4 : Applied to BH-11 of additional investigation 114/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 6.5m)
▣ TYPE-C 122/223
3.1 TYPE C1-1 : Applied to BH-5 of additional investigation 123/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 6.0m)
3.2 TYPE C1-2 : Applied to BH-4 of additional investigation 133/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 4.5m)
3.3 TYPE C1-3 : Applied to BH-9 of additional investigation 141/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 5.5m)
3.4 TYPE C2-1 : Applied to BH-2 of additional investigation 151/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 5.5m)
3.5 TYPE C2-2 : Applied to BH-5 of additional investigation 159/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 6.0m)
3.6 TYPE C2-3 : Applied to BH-4 of additional investigation 169/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 4.5m)
3.7 TYPE C2-4 : Applied to BH-9 of additional investigation 177/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 5.5m)

▣ TYPE-D 187/223
4.1 TYPE D-1 : Applied to BH-10 of additional investigation 188/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 1.5m)
4.2 TYPE D-2 : Applied to BH-9 of additional investigation 198/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 2.5m)
4.3 TYPE D-3 : Applied to BH-14 of additional investigation 208/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 2.5m)
4.4 TYPE D-4 : Applied to BH-13 of additional investigation 216/223
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 2.5m)
THE DAWSON GRAND RESIDENCIES PROJECT

‰ Design of Bored Pile Foundation

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile

Qu Qus + Qub πBL τ max + (πB 2 q max / 4)

Qa = = =
F .S F .S F .S

Where : Qa = allowable bearing capacity

Qu = ultimate bearing capacity
Qus = ultimate side shear resistance capacity
Qub = ultimate end bearing capacity
F.S = safty factor (generally from 2 to 4 ; BS 8004)
B=diameter of the pile
L=length of the pile
τmax = average side shear resistance
qmax = end bearing resistance

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

τ max = ψ [ Paσ c / 2]0.5

Where : τmax = ultimate side shear resistance

ψ = empirical factor(ψ =1~3, mean value applied to 2.)
Pa = atmospheric pressure(≈0.1MPa)
σc = unconfined compressive strength of rock core or of the drilled shaft concrete,
whichever is smaller

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

τ max = 0 . 15 σ c

Where : τmax = ultimate side shear resistance

σc = unconfined compressive strength of rock core or of the drilled shaft concrete,
whichever is smaller

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

τ max = 0 . 2 σ c

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Where : τmax = ultimate side shear resistance

σc = unconfined compressive strength of rock core or of the drilled shaft concrete,
whichever is smaller

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

τ max = 0 . 3σ c

Where : τmax = ultimate side shear resistance

σc = unconfined compressive strength of rock core or of the drilled shaft concrete,
whichever is smaller

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

τ max = 0.34σ c 0.51

Where : τmax = ultimate side shear resistance

σc = unconfined compressive strength of rock core or of the drilled shaft concrete,
whichever is smaller

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

τ max = 0.8σ c ( RF ) 0.45

Where : τmax = ultimate side shear resistance

σc = unconfined compressive strength of rock core or of the drilled shaft concrete,
whichever is smaller
RF = roughness factor
hm Lt
RF =
RL
Where : hm = average roughness(asperity) height of the pile(hm≈2mm)
Lt = total travel length along the pile of rock socket(Lt≈L)
R = nominal radius of the pile
L = nominal length of pile

7. Canadian Foundation Engineer Manual method(1985)

(1) compressive strength of rock < compressive strength of concrete

0 .5
⎛σ ⎞
τ max = bP a ⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟
⎝ pa ⎠

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Where : τmax = ultimate side shear resistance

σc = unconfined compressive strength of rock core
b = an empirical factor
Rowe & Armitage(1984,1987) : b=1.42(best-fit value)
Carter & Kulhawy(1988) : b=0.63(conservative value)
Pa = atmospheric pressure(≈0.1MPa)

(2) compressive strength of rock > compressive strength of concrete

τ max = 0.05σ c

Where : τmax = ultimate side shear resistance

σc = concrete compressive strength

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

τ max = nN55 (kN / m2 ) (Meyerhof Method(1976))

Where : τmax = ultimate side shear resistance

n = emprical coefficient equal to 2 for driven piles and to 1 for bored piles
N55 = statistical average of the blow count in the stratum

I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

q max = σ c ( N q + 1)

Where : qmax = ultimate end bearing

σc = unconfined compressive strength of rock core
( = σc(lab) /5)
Nq=bearing capacity factor
φ
N q = tan 2 ( 45 + )
2
Where : φ = friction angle of rock

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

q max = 4 . 83 [σ c ( Mpa )] 0 . 51

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Where : qmax = ultimate end bearing

σc = unconfined compressive strength of rock core or of the drilled shaft concrete,
whichever is smaller

3. Canadian Foundation Engineer Manual method(1985)

q max = 3σ c K sp D

Where : qmax = ultimate end bearing

σc = unconfined compressive strength of rock core or of the drilled shaft concrete,
whichever is smaller
Ksp = empirical factor
⎡ s⎤ ⎡ g ⎤
K sp = ⎢3 + ⎥ / ⎢10(1 + 300 ) 0.5 ⎥
⎣ B⎦ ⎣ s ⎦
Where : s = spacing of the discontinuities
B = pile diameter
g = aperture of the discontinuities
D = depth factor
L
D = 1 + 0 .4 ≤ 3. 4
B
Where : L = rock socket length

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

qmax = 2.7σ c

Where : qmax = ultimate end bearing

σc = unconfined compressive strength of rock core or of the drilled shaft concrete,
whichever is smaller

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

QI p
δ=
BE d

Where : Q = pile head load

Ip = influence factor from Fig.1
B = diameter of socket
Ed = deformation modulus of the rock mass surrounding the pile shaft

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Fig. 1 Elastic settlement influence factors for rock socket skin friction on piles(after Pells and Turner)

III. Allowable Bearing Capacity of group bored piles founded on rock

1. Step 1 : Calculate ultimate bearing capacity of the group piles

Qu( group) = ∑Qu(single)

Where : Qu(group) = ultimate bearing capacity of the group pile

Qu(single) = ultimate bearing capacity of each pile without the group effect
the group effect

2. Step 2 : Calculate allowable bearing capacity of the group piles

Qu( group)
Qa( group) =
Fs

Where : Qa(group) = allowable bearing capacity of the group pile

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THE DAWSON GRAND RESIDENCIES PROJECT

1. TYPE-A

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1.1 TYPE A-1 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-6 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 5.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 43.80 m
Pile Socket Length 5.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 14.60 m
Weathered Rock 23.70 m
Weak Rock I 1.60 m
Weak Rock II 3.90 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-6 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock I 10.94 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock II 14.87 MPa (Average)
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock I 3.61 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock II 4.91 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.85 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.54 MPa

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3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.72 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 1.08 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.65 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 5.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 5.50 m
σc 3.61 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.63 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.38 MPa

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I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.91 MPa

τmax 0.99 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 4.91 MPa

τmax 0.74 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 4.91 MPa

τmax 0.98 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 4.91 MPa

τmax 1.47 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 4.91 MPa

τmax 0.77 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 3.90 m
R 0.60 m
L 3.90 m
σc 4.91 MPa

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RF 0.033

τmax 0.85 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.91 MPa

τmax 0.44 MPa

I-3. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

I-4. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 14.87 MPa
σc(design) 2.97 MPa

qmax 13.95 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 4.91 MPa

qmax 10.87 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 4.91 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.004 m

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Ksp 0.185

L 3.90 m

D 2.30

qmax 6.27 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 4.91 MPa

qmax 13.25 MPa

I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.85
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.54
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.72
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.08
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.65
Horvath et al(1983) 0.63
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.38
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.38

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.99
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.74
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.98
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.47
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.77
Horvath et al(1983) 0.85
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.44
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.44

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3. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

4. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 13.95
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 10.87
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 6.27
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 13.25
Minimum ultimate end bearing 6.27

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 3.57 MN

Qus(weak Rock I) 2.28 MN
Qus(weak Rock II) 6.49 MN
Qub(weak Rock II) 7.10 MN
Qu 19.44 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 7.78 MN

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 19.44 MN
L/B 4.58
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.009 m δ(Criteria)
9.36 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!

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III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.
ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 19.44
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

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3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) 2

Ac (=Ae) (m ) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 24 0.011781 1.13 1.0417 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2 2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m )
19.44 460 0.0063396 < 0.011781
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

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4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1119192.38 15109097

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 24 11780.97 5148285

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

7000000 2.00 14000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
20257382 > 14000000

→ O.K!!

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1.2 TYPE A-2 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-7 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 1.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 33.10 m
Pile Socket Length 1.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 14.60 m
Weathered Rock 17.00 m
Weak Rock I 1.00 m
Weak Rock II 0.50 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-7 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock I 36.24 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock II 48.10 MPa (Average)
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock I 11.96 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock II 15.87 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.96 MPa

τmax 1.55 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 11.96 MPa

τmax 1.79 MPa

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3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 11.96 MPa

τmax 2.39 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 11.96 MPa

τmax 3.59 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 11.96 MPa

τmax 1.21 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 1.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 1.50 m
σc 11.96 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 2.07 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.96 MPa

τmax 0.69 MPa

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I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 15.87 MPa

τmax 1.78 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 15.87 MPa

τmax 2.38 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 15.87 MPa

τmax 3.17 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 15.87 MPa

τmax 4.76 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 15.87 MPa

τmax 1.39 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 0.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 0.50 m
σc 15.87 MPa

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RF 0.033

τmax 2.75 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 15.87 MPa

τmax 0.79 MPa

I-3. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

I-4. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 30.00 MPa
σc(design) 6.00 MPa

qmax 28.14 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 15.87 MPa

qmax 19.78 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 15.87 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.003 m

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Ksp 0.204

L 0.50 m

D 1.17

qmax 11.34 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 15.87 MPa

qmax 42.86 MPa

I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.55
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.79
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.39
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 3.59
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.21
Horvath et al(1983) 2.07
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.69
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.69

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.78
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 2.38
Gupton and Logan(1984) 3.17
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 4.76
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.39
Horvath et al(1983) 2.75
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.79
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.79

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3. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

4. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 28.14
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 19.78
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 11.34
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 42.86
Minimum ultimate end bearing 11.34

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.56 MN

Qus(weak Rock I) 2.60 MN
Qus(weak Rock II) 1.50 MN
Qub(weak Rock II) 12.83 MN
Qu 19.49 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 7.79 MN

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 19.49 MN
L/B 1.25
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.009 m δ(Criteria)
9.38 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!

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III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.
ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 19.49
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

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3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) 2

Ac (=Ae) (m ) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 24 0.011781 1.13 1.0417 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2 2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m )
19.49 460 0.0063542 < 0.011781
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

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4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1119192.38 15109097

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 24 11780.97 5148285

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

7000000 2.00 14000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
20257382 > 14000000

→ O.K!!

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1.3 TYPE A-3 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-2 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 3.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 22.50 m
Pile Socket Length 3.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 16.00 m
Weathered Rock 3.00 m
Weak Rock 3.50 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-2 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 24.71 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 8.15 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 1.28 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 1.22 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 1.63 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 2.45 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 0.99 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 3.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 3.50 m
σc 8.15 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 1.41 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 0.57 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 24.71 MPa
σc(design) 4.94 MPa

qmax 23.18 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 8.15 MPa

qmax 14.08 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 8.15 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.004 m

Ksp 0.185

L 3.50 m

D 2.17

qmax 9.82 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 8.15 MPa

qmax 22.02 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.28
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.22
Gupton and Logan(1984) 1.63
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 2.45
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.99
Horvath et al(1983) 1.41
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.57
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.57

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 23.18
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 14.08
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 9.82
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 22.02
Minimum ultimate end bearing 9.82

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 0.45 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 7.51 MN
Qub 11.11 MN
Qu 19.07 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 7.63 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 19.07 MN
L/B 2.92
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.009 m
9.18 mm

III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 19.07
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 24 0.011781 1.13 1.0417 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
19.07 460 0.0062173 < 0.011781
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1119192.38 15109097

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 24 11780.97 5148285

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
20257382 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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1.4 TYPE A-4 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-8 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 2.0m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 27.70 m
Pile Socket Length 2.00 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 11.90 m
Weathered Rock 13.80 m
Weak Rock I 1.00 m
Weak Rock II 1.00 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-8 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock I 35.38 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock II 44.09 MPa (Average)
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock I 11.68 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock II 14.55 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 1.53 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 1.75 MPa

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3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 2.34 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 3.50 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 1.19 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 2.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 2.00 m
σc 11.68 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 2.02 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 0.68 MPa

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I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 1.71 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 2.18 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 2.91 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 4.36 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 1.33 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 1.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 1.00 m
σc 14.55 MPa

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RF 0.033

τmax 2.52 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 0.76 MPa

I-3. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

I-4. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 30.00 MPa
σc(design) 6.00 MPa

qmax 28.14 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 14.55 MPa

qmax 18.92 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 14.55 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.005 m

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Ksp 0.171

L 1.00 m

D 1.33

qmax 9.94 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 14.55 MPa

qmax 39.28 MPa

I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.53
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.75
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.34
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 3.50
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.19
Horvath et al(1983) 2.02
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.68
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.68

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.71
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 2.18
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.91
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 4.36
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.33
Horvath et al(1983) 2.52
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.76
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.76

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3. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

4. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 28.14
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 18.92
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 9.94
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 39.28
Minimum ultimate end bearing 9.94

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.08 MN

Qus(weak Rock I) 2.57 MN
Qus(weak Rock II) 2.86 MN
Qub(weak Rock II) 11.24 MN
Qu 18.76 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 7.50 MN

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 18.76 MN
L/B 1.67
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.009 m δ(Criteria)
9.03 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!

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III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.
ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 18.76
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

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3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) 2

Ac (=Ae) (m ) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 24 0.011781 1.13 1.0417 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2 2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m )
18.76 460 0.0061163 < 0.011781
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

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4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1119192.38 15109097

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 24 11780.97 5148285

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

7000000 2.00 14000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
20257382 > 14000000

→ O.K!!

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2. TYPE-B

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2.1 TYPE B1-1 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-8 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 3.0m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 21.80 m
Pile Socket Length 3.00 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 5.00 m
Weathered Rock 13.80 m
Weak Rock I 1.00 m
Weak Rock II 2.00 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-8 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock I 35.38 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock II 44.09 MPa (Average)
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock I 11.68 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock II 14.55 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 1.53 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 1.75 MPa

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3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 2.34 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 3.50 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 1.19 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 3.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 3.00 m
σc 11.68 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 2.02 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.68 MPa

τmax 0.68 MPa

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I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 1.71 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 2.18 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 2.91 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 4.36 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 1.33 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 2.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 2.00 m
σc 14.55 MPa

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RF 0.033

τmax 2.52 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 14.55 MPa

τmax 0.76 MPa

I-3. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

I-4. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 30.00 MPa
σc(design) 6.00 MPa

qmax 28.14 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 14.55 MPa

qmax 18.92 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 14.55 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.003 m

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Ksp 0.204

L 2.00 m

D 1.67

qmax 14.85 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 14.55 MPa

qmax 39.28 MPa

I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.53
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.75
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.34
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 3.50
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.19
Horvath et al(1983) 2.02
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.68
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.68

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.71
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 2.18
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.91
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 4.36
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.33
Horvath et al(1983) 2.52
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.76
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.76

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3. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

4. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 28.14
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 18.92
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 14.85
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 39.28
Minimum ultimate end bearing 14.85

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.08 MN

Qus(weak Rock I) 2.57 MN
Qus(weak Rock II) 5.73 MN
Qub(weak Rock II) 16.80 MN
Qu 27.18 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 10.87 MN

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 27.18 MN
L/B 2.50
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.013 m δ(Criteria)
13.09 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!

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III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.
ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 27.18
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

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3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) 2

Ac (=Ae) (m ) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2 2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m )
27.18 460 0.0088619 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

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4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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2.2 TYPE B1-2 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-11 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 9.0m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 32.70 m
Pile Socket Length 9.00 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 6.80 m
Weathered Rock 16.90 m
Weak Rock 9.00 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-11 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 13.10 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 4.32 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.93 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.65 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.86 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 1.30 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.72 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 9.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 9.00 m
σc 4.32 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.75 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.41 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 13.10 MPa
σc(design) 2.62 MPa

qmax 12.29 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 4.32 MPa

qmax 10.19 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 4.32 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.003 m

Ksp 0.204

L 9.00 m

D 3.40

qmax 9.00 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 4.32 MPa

qmax 11.67 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.93
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.65
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.86
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.30
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.72
Horvath et al(1983) 0.75
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.41
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.41

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 12.29
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 10.19
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 9.00
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 11.67
Minimum ultimate end bearing 9.00

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.55 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 14.05 MN
Qub 10.18 MN
Qu 26.79 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 10.71 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 26.79 MN
L/B 7.50
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.013 m δ(Criteria)
12.90 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 26.79
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
26.79 460 0.0087344 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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2.3 TYPE B1-3 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-12 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 4.0m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 29.40 m
Pile Socket Length 4.00 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 6.90 m
Weathered Rock 18.50 m
Weak Rock 4.00 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-12 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 34.06 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 11.24 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.24 MPa

τmax 1.50 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 11.24 MPa

τmax 1.69 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 11.24 MPa

τmax 2.25 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 11.24 MPa

τmax 3.37 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 11.24 MPa

τmax 1.17 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 4.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 4.00 m
σc 11.24 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 1.95 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.24 MPa

τmax 0.56 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 30.00 MPa
σc(design) 6.00 MPa

qmax 28.14 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 11.24 MPa

qmax 16.59 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 11.24 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.004 m

Ksp 0.185

L 4.00 m

D 2.33

qmax 14.58 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 11.24 MPa

qmax 30.35 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.50
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.69
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.25
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 3.37
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.17
Horvath et al(1983) 1.95
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.56
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.56

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 28.14
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 16.59
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 14.58
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 30.35
Minimum ultimate end bearing 14.58

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.79 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 8.47 MN
Qub 16.49 MN
Qu 27.75 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 11.10 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 27.75 MN
L/B 3.33
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.013 m δ(Criteria)
13.36 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 27.75
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
27.75 460 0.0090497 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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2.4 TYPE B1-4 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-13 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 7.0m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 31.90 m
Pile Socket Length 7.00 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 9.70 m
Weathered Rock 15.20 m
Weak Rock 7.00 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-13 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 17.47 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 5.77 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 1.07 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 0.86 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 1.15 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 1.73 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 0.83 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 7.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 7.00 m
σc 5.77 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 1.00 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 0.48 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 17.47 MPa
σc(design) 3.49 MPa

qmax 16.39 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 5.77 MPa

qmax 11.80 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 5.77 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.004 m

Ksp 0.185

L 7.00 m

D 3.33

qmax 10.68 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 5.77 MPa

qmax 15.57 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.07
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.86
Gupton and Logan(1984) 1.15
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.73
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.83
Horvath et al(1983) 1.00
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.48
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.48

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 16.39
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 11.80
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 10.68
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 15.57
Minimum ultimate end bearing 10.68

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.29 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 12.62 MN
Qub 12.08 MN
Qu 27.00 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 10.80 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 27.00 MN
L/B 5.83
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.013 m δ(Criteria)
13.00 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 27.00
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
27.00 460 0.0088034 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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2.5 TYPE B1-5 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-10 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 4.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 28.20 m
Pile Socket Length 4.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 8.00 m
Weathered Rock 15.70 m
Weak Rock I 1.00 m
Weak Rock II 3.50 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-10 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock I 9.09 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock II 33.47 MPa (Average)
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock I 3.00 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock II 11.05 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.77 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.45 MPa

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3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.60 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.90 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.60 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 4.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 4.50 m
σc 3.00 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.52 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.35 MPa

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I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 1.49 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 1.66 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 2.21 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 3.31 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 1.16 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 3.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 3.50 m
σc 11.05 MPa

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RF 0.033

τmax 1.91 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 0.66 MPa

I-3. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

I-4. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 30.00 MPa
σc(design) 6.00 MPa

qmax 28.14 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 11.05 MPa

qmax 16.44 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 11.05 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.004 m

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Ksp 0.185

L 3.50 m

D 2.17

qmax 13.30 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 11.05 MPa

qmax 29.82 MPa

I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.77
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.45
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.60
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 0.90
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.60
Horvath et al(1983) 0.52
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.35
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.35

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.49
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.66
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.21
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 3.31
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.16
Horvath et al(1983) 1.91
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.66
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.66

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3. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

4. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 28.14
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 16.44
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 13.30
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 29.82
Minimum ultimate end bearing 13.30

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.37 MN

Qus(weak Rock I) 1.30 MN
Qus(weak Rock II) 8.74 MN
Qub(weak Rock II) 15.05 MN
Qu 27.45 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 10.98 MN

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 27.45 MN
L/B 3.75
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.013 m δ(Criteria)
13.22 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!

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III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.
ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 27.45
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

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3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) 2

Ac (=Ae) (m ) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2 2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m )
27.45 460 0.008951 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

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4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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2.6 TYPE B2-1 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-3 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 9.0m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 26.70 m
Pile Socket Length 9.00 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 4.70 m
Weathered Rock 13.00 m
Weak Rock 9.00 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-3 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 10.95 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 3.61 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.85 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.54 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.72 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 1.08 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.65 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 9.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 9.00 m
σc 3.61 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.63 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.38 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 10.95 MPa
σc(design) 2.19 MPa

qmax 10.27 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 3.61 MPa

qmax 9.30 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 3.61 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.004 m

Ksp 0.185

L 9.00 m

D 3.40

qmax 6.83 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 3.61 MPa

qmax 9.76 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.85
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.54
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.72
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.08
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.65
Horvath et al(1983) 0.63
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.38
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.38

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 10.27
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 9.30
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 6.83
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 9.76
Minimum ultimate end bearing 6.83

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 1.96 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 12.85 MN
Qub 7.72 MN
Qu 22.53 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 9.01 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 22.53 MN
L/B 7.50
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.011 m δ(Criteria)
10.85 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 22.53
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
22.53 460 0.0073479 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

8500000 2.00 17000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 17000000

→ O.K!!

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2.7 TYPE B2-2 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-3 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 8.0m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 26.40 m
Pile Socket Length 8.00 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 5.40 m
Weathered Rock 13.00 m
Weak Rock 8.00 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-3 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 10.95 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 3.61 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.85 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.54 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.72 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 1.08 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.65 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 8.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 8.00 m
σc 3.61 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.63 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 3.61 MPa

τmax 0.38 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 10.95 MPa
σc(design) 2.19 MPa

qmax 10.27 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 3.61 MPa

qmax 9.30 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 3.61 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.004 m

Ksp 0.185

L 8.00 m

D 3.40

qmax 6.83 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 3.61 MPa

qmax 9.76 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.85
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.54
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.72
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.08
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.65
Horvath et al(1983) 0.63
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.38
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.38

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 10.27
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 9.30
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 6.83
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 9.76
Minimum ultimate end bearing 6.83

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 1.96 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 11.42 MN
Qub 7.72 MN
Qu 21.11 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 8.44 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 21.11 MN
L/B 6.67
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.010 m δ(Criteria)
10.16 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 21.11
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
21.11 460 0.0068824 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

8000000 2.00 16000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 16000000

→ O.K!!

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2.8 TYPE B2-3 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-11 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 7.0m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 29.20 m
Pile Socket Length 7.00 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 5.30 m
Weathered Rock 16.90 m
Weak Rock 7.00 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-11 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 13.10 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 4.32 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.93 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.65 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.86 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 1.30 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.72 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 7.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 7.00 m
σc 4.32 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.75 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.41 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 13.10 MPa
σc(design) 2.62 MPa

qmax 12.29 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 4.32 MPa

qmax 10.19 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 4.32 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.004 m

Ksp 0.185

L 7.00 m

D 3.33

qmax 8.01 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 4.32 MPa

qmax 11.67 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.93
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.65
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.86
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.30
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.72
Horvath et al(1983) 0.75
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.41
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.41

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 12.29
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 10.19
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 8.01
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 11.67
Minimum ultimate end bearing 8.01

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.55 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 10.93 MN
Qub 9.06 MN
Qu 22.54 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 9.02 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 22.54 MN
L/B 5.83
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.011 m δ(Criteria)
10.85 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 22.54
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
22.54 460 0.0073497 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

8500000 2.00 17000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 17000000

→ O.K!!

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2.9 TYPE B2-4 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-11 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 6.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 28.70 m
Pile Socket Length 6.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 5.30 m
Weathered Rock 16.90 m
Weak Rock 6.50 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-11 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 13.10 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 4.32 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.93 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.65 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.86 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 1.30 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.72 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 6.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 6.50 m
σc 4.32 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.75 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.32 MPa

τmax 0.41 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 13.10 MPa
σc(design) 2.62 MPa

qmax 12.29 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 4.32 MPa

qmax 10.19 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 4.32 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.004 m

Ksp 0.185

L 6.50 m

D 3.17

qmax 7.61 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 4.32 MPa

qmax 11.67 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.93
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.65
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.86
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.30
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.72
Horvath et al(1983) 0.75
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.41
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.41

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 12.29
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 10.19
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 7.61
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 11.67
Minimum ultimate end bearing 7.61

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.55 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 10.15 MN
Qub 8.61 MN
Qu 21.31 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 8.52 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 21.31 MN
L/B 5.42
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.010 m δ(Criteria)
10.26 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 21.31
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
21.31 460 0.0069473 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

8000000 2.00 16000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 16000000

→ O.K!!

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3. TYPE-C

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3.1 TYPE C1-1 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-5 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 6.0m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 29.30 m
Pile Socket Length 6.00 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 9.10 m
Weathered Rock 14.20 m
Weak Rock I 2.90 m
Weak Rock II 3.10 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D= 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-5 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock I 12.60 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock II 31.00 MPa (Average)
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock I 4.16 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock II 10.23 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 0.91 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 0.62 MPa

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3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 0.83 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 1.25 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 0.70 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 6.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 6.00 m
σc 4.16 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.72 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 0.41 MPa

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I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 1.43 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 1.53 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 2.05 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 3.07 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 1.11 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 3.10 m
R 0.60 m
L 3.10 m
σc 10.23 MPa

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RF 0.033

τmax 1.77 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 0.64 MPa

I-3. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

I-4. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 30.00 MPa
σc(design) 6.00 MPa

qmax 28.14 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 10.23 MPa

qmax 15.81 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 10.23 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.003 m

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Ksp 0.204

L 3.10 m

D 2.03

qmax 12.74 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 10.23 MPa

qmax 27.62 MPa

I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.91
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.62
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.83
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.25
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.70
Horvath et al(1983) 0.72
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.41
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.41

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.43
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.53
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.05
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 3.07
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.11
Horvath et al(1983) 1.77
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.64
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.64

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3. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

4. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 28.14
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 15.81
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 12.74
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 27.62
Minimum ultimate end bearing 12.74

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.14 MN

Qus(weak Rock I) 4.44 MN
Qus(weak Rock II) 7.45 MN
Qub(weak Rock II) 14.41 MN
Qu 28.44 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 11.38 MN

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 28.44 MN
L/B 5.00
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.014 m δ(Criteria)
13.69 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!

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III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.
ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 28.44
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

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3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) 2

Ac (=Ae) (m ) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2 2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m )
28.44 460 0.0092739 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

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4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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3.2 TYPE C1-2 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-4 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 4.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 30.80 m
Pile Socket Length 4.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 11.70 m
Weathered Rock 14.60 m
Weak Rock 4.50 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D= 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-4 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 31.44 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 10.38 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 1.44 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 1.56 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 2.08 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 3.11 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 1.12 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 4.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 4.50 m
σc 10.38 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 1.80 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 0.52 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 30.00 MPa
σc(design) 6.00 MPa

qmax 28.14 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 10.38 MPa

qmax 15.93 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 10.38 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.003 m

Ksp 0.204

L 4.50 m

D 2.50

qmax 15.89 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 10.38 MPa

qmax 28.01 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.44
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.56
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.08
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 3.11
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.12
Horvath et al(1983) 1.80
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.52
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.52

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 28.14
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 15.93
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 15.89
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 28.01
Minimum ultimate end bearing 15.89

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.20 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 8.80 MN
Qub 17.97 MN
Qu 28.97 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 11.59 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 28.97 MN
L/B 3.75
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.014 m δ(Criteria)
13.95 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 28.97
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
28.97 460 0.0094473 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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3.3 TYPE C1-3 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-9 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 5.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 40.10 m
Pile Socket Length 5.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 16.60 m
Weathered Rock 18.00 m
Weak Rock I 1.50 m
Weak Rock II 4.00 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D= 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-9 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock I 14.35 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock II 25.81 MPa (Average)
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock I 4.74 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock II 8.52 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.97 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.71 MPa

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3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.95 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 1.42 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.75 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 5.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 5.50 m
σc 4.74 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.82 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.43 MPa

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I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.31 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.28 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.70 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 2.56 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.01 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 4.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 4.00 m
σc 8.52 MPa

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RF 0.033

τmax 1.47 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 0.58 MPa

I-3. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

I-4. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 25.81 MPa
σc(design) 5.16 MPa

qmax 24.21 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 8.52 MPa

qmax 14.40 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 8.52 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.003 m

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Ksp 0.204

L 4.00 m

D 2.33

qmax 12.17 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 8.52 MPa

qmax 23.00 MPa

I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.97
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.71
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.95
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.42
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.75
Horvath et al(1983) 0.82
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.43
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.43

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.31
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.28
Gupton and Logan(1984) 1.70
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 2.56
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.01
Horvath et al(1983) 1.47
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.58
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.58

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3. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

4. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 24.21
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 14.40
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 12.17
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 23.00
Minimum ultimate end bearing 12.17

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.71 MN

Qus(weak Rock I) 2.45 MN
Qus(weak Rock II) 8.77 MN
Qub(weak Rock II) 13.77 MN
Qu 27.70 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 11.08 MN

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 27.70 MN
L/B 4.58
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.013 m δ(Criteria)
13.34 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!

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III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.
ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 27.70
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

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3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) 2

Ac (=Ae) (m ) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2 2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m )
27.70 460 0.0090332 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

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4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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3.4 TYPE C2-1 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-2 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 5.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 20.00 m
Pile Socket Length 5.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 11.50 m
Weathered Rock 3.00 m
Weak Rock 5.50 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D= 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-2 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 24.71 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 8.15 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 1.28 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 1.22 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 1.63 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 2.45 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 0.99 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 5.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 5.50 m
σc 8.15 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 1.41 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 8.15 MPa

τmax 0.57 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 24.71 MPa
σc(design) 4.94 MPa

qmax 23.18 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 8.15 MPa

qmax 14.08 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 8.15 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.003 m

Ksp 0.204

L 5.50 m

D 2.83

qmax 14.15 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 8.15 MPa

qmax 22.02 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.28
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.22
Gupton and Logan(1984) 1.63
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 2.45
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.99
Horvath et al(1983) 1.41
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.57
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.57

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 23.18
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 14.08
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 14.15
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 22.02
Minimum ultimate end bearing 14.08

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 0.45 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 11.80 MN
Qub 15.93 MN
Qu 28.18 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 11.27 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 28.18 MN
L/B 4.58
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.014 m δ(Criteria)
13.57 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 28.18
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
28.18 460 0.0091884 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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3.5 TYPE C2-2 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-5 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 6.0m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 26.00 m
Pile Socket Length 6.00 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 5.80 m
Weathered Rock 14.20 m
Weak Rock I 2.90 m
Weak Rock II 3.10 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D= 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-5 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock I 12.60 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock II 31.00 MPa (Average)
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock I 4.16 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock II 10.23 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 0.91 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 0.62 MPa

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3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 0.83 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 1.25 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 0.70 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 6.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 6.00 m
σc 4.16 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.72 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.16 MPa

τmax 0.41 MPa

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I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 1.43 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 1.53 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 2.05 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 3.07 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 1.11 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 3.10 m
R 0.60 m
L 3.10 m
σc 10.23 MPa

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RF 0.033

τmax 1.77 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 10.23 MPa

τmax 0.64 MPa

I-3. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

I-4. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 30.00 MPa
σc(design) 6.00 MPa

qmax 28.14 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 10.23 MPa

qmax 15.81 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 10.23 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.003 m

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Ksp 0.204

L 3.10 m

D 2.03

qmax 12.74 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 10.23 MPa

qmax 27.62 MPa

I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.91
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.62
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.83
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.25
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.70
Horvath et al(1983) 0.72
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.41
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.41

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.43
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.53
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.05
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 3.07
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.11
Horvath et al(1983) 1.77
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.64
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.64

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3. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

4. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 28.14
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 15.81
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 12.74
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 27.62
Minimum ultimate end bearing 12.74

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.14 MN

Qus(weak Rock I) 4.44 MN
Qus(weak Rock II) 7.45 MN
Qub(weak Rock II) 14.41 MN
Qu 28.44 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 11.38 MN

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 28.44 MN
L/B 5.00
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.014 m δ(Criteria)
13.69 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!

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III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.
ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 28.44
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

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3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) 2

Ac (=Ae) (m ) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2 2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m )
28.44 460 0.0092739 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

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4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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3.6 TYPE C2-3 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-4 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 4.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 27.70 m
Pile Socket Length 4.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 8.60 m
Weathered Rock 14.60 m
Weak Rock 4.50 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D= 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-4 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 31.44 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 10.38 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 1.44 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 1.56 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 2.08 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 3.11 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 1.12 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 4.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 4.50 m
σc 10.38 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 1.80 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 10.38 MPa

τmax 0.52 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 30.00 MPa
σc(design) 6.00 MPa

qmax 28.14 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 10.38 MPa

qmax 15.93 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 10.38 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.003 m

Ksp 0.204

L 4.50 m

D 2.50

qmax 15.89 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 10.38 MPa

qmax 28.01 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.44
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.56
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.08
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 3.11
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.12
Horvath et al(1983) 1.80
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.52
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.52

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 28.14
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 15.93
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 15.89
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 28.01
Minimum ultimate end bearing 15.89

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.20 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 8.80 MN
Qub 17.97 MN
Qu 28.97 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 11.59 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 28.97 MN
L/B 3.75
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.014 m δ(Criteria)
13.95 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 28.97
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
28.97 460 0.0094473 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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3.7 TYPE C2-4 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-9 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 5.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 36.80 m
Pile Socket Length 5.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 13.30 m
Weathered Rock 18.00 m
Weak Rock I 1.50 m
Weak Rock II 4.00 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D= 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-9 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock I 14.35 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock II 25.81 MPa (Average)
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock I 4.74 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock II 8.52 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.97 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.71 MPa

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3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.95 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 1.42 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.75 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 5.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 5.50 m
σc 4.74 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.82 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.43 MPa

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I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.31 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.28 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.70 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 2.56 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.01 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 4.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 4.00 m
σc 8.52 MPa

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RF 0.033

τmax 1.47 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 0.58 MPa

I-3. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

I-4. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 25.81 MPa
σc(design) 5.16 MPa

qmax 24.21 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 8.52 MPa

qmax 14.40 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 8.52 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.003 m

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Ksp 0.204

L 4.00 m

D 2.33

qmax 12.17 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 8.52 MPa

qmax 23.00 MPa

I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.97
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.71
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.95
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.42
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.75
Horvath et al(1983) 0.82
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.43
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.43

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.31
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.28
Gupton and Logan(1984) 1.70
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 2.56
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.01
Horvath et al(1983) 1.47
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.58
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.58

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3. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

4. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 24.21
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 14.40
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 12.17
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 23.00
Minimum ultimate end bearing 12.17

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.71 MN

Qus(weak Rock I) 2.45 MN
Qus(weak Rock II) 8.77 MN
Qub(weak Rock II) 13.77 MN
Qu 27.70 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 11.08 MN

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 27.70 MN
L/B 4.58
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.013 m δ(Criteria)
13.34 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!

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III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.
ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 27.70
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

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3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) 2

Ac (=Ae) (m ) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 32 0.015708 1.13 1.3889 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2 2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m )
27.70 460 0.0090332 < 0.015708
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

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4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1115265.39 15056083

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 32 15707.96 6864380

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

10000000 2.00 20000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
21920463 > 20000000

→ O.K!!

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4. TYPE-D

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4.1 TYPE D-1 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-10 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 1.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 32.30 m
Pile Socket Length 1.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 15.10 m
Weathered Rock 15.70 m
Weak Rock I 1.00 m
Weak Rock II 0.50 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-10 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock I 9.09 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock II 33.47 MPa (Average)
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock I 3.00 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock II 11.05 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.77 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.45 MPa

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3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.60 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.90 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.60 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 1.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 1.50 m
σc 3.00 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.52 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 3.00 MPa

τmax 0.35 MPa

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I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 1.49 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 1.66 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 2.21 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 3.31 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 1.16 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 0.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 0.50 m
σc 11.05 MPa

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RF 0.033

τmax 1.91 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 11.05 MPa

τmax 0.66 MPa

I-3. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

I-4. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 30.00 MPa
σc(design) 6.00 MPa

qmax 28.14 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 11.05 MPa

qmax 16.44 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 11.05 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.003 m

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Ksp 0.204

L 0.50 m

D 1.17

qmax 7.89 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 11.05 MPa

qmax 29.82 MPa

I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.77
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.45
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.60
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 0.90
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.60
Horvath et al(1983) 0.52
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.35
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.35

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.49
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.66
Gupton and Logan(1984) 2.21
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 3.31
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.16
Horvath et al(1983) 1.91
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.66
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.66

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3. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

4. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 28.14
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 16.44
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 7.89
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 29.82
Minimum ultimate end bearing 7.89

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.37 MN

Qus(weak Rock I) 1.30 MN
Qus(weak Rock II) 1.25 MN
Qub(weak Rock II) 8.93 MN
Qu 13.84 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 5.54 MN

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 13.84 MN
L/B 1.25
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.007 m δ(Criteria)
6.67 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!

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III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.
ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 13.84
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

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3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) 2

Ac (=Ae) (m ) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 24 0.011781 1.13 1.0417 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2 2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m )
13.84 460 0.0045142 < 0.011781
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

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4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1119192.38 15109097

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 24 11780.97 5148285

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

5000000 2.00 10000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
20257382 > 10000000

→ O.K!!

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4.2 TYPE D-2 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-9 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 2.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 38.30 m
Pile Socket Length 2.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 17.80 m
Weathered Rock 18.00 m
Weak Rock I 1.50 m
Weak Rock II 1.00 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-9 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock I 14.35 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Laboratory)-Weak Rock II 25.81 MPa (Average)
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock I 4.74 MPa
Unconfined Compressive Strength(Design)-Weak Rock II 8.52 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.97 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.71 MPa

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3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.95 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 1.42 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.75 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 2.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 2.50 m
σc 4.74 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.82 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 4.74 MPa

τmax 0.43 MPa

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I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.31 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.28 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.70 MPa

4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 2.56 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 1.01 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 1.00 m
R 0.60 m
L 1.00 m
σc 8.52 MPa

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RF 0.033

τmax 1.47 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 8.52 MPa

τmax 0.58 MPa

I-3. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

I-4. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 25.81 MPa
σc(design) 5.16 MPa

qmax 24.21 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 8.52 MPa

qmax 14.40 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 8.52 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.005 m

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Ksp 0.171

L 1.00 m

D 1.33

qmax 5.82 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 8.52 MPa

qmax 23.00 MPa

I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock I

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 0.97
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.71
Gupton and Logan(1984) 0.95
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.42
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.75
Horvath et al(1983) 0.82
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.43
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.43

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock II

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.31
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 1.28
Gupton and Logan(1984) 1.70
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 2.56
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 1.01
Horvath et al(1983) 1.47
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.58
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.58

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3. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

4. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 24.21
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 14.40
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 5.82
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 23.00
Minimum ultimate end bearing 5.82

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.71 MN

Qus(weak Rock I) 2.45 MN
Qus(weak Rock II) 2.19 MN
Qub(weak Rock II) 6.58 MN
Qu 13.94 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 5.58 MN

II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 13.94 MN
L/B 2.08
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.007 m δ(Criteria)
6.71 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!

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III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.
ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 13.94
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

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3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) 2

Ac (=Ae) (m ) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 24 0.011781 1.13 1.0417 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2 2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m )
13.94 460 0.0045457 < 0.011781
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

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4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1119192.38 15109097

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 24 11780.97 5148285

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

5000000 2.00 10000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
20257382 > 10000000

→ O.K!!

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4.3 TYPE D-3 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-14 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 2.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 38.30 m
Pile Socket Length 2.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 13.20 m
Weathered Rock 22.60 m
Weak Rock 2.50 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-14 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 16.00 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 5.28 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 5.28 MPa

τmax 1.03 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 5.28 MPa

τmax 0.79 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 5.28 MPa

τmax 1.06 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 5.28 MPa

τmax 1.58 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 5.28 MPa

τmax 0.79 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 2.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 2.50 m
σc 5.28 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 0.91 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 5.28 MPa

τmax 0.46 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 16.00 MPa
σc(design) 3.20 MPa

qmax 15.01 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 5.28 MPa

qmax 11.28 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 5.28 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.004 m

Ksp 0.185

L 2.50 m

D 1.83

qmax 5.38 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 5.28 MPa

qmax 14.26 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.03
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.79
Gupton and Logan(1984) 1.06
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.58
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.79
Horvath et al(1983) 0.91
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.46
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.46

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 15.01
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 11.28
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 5.38
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 14.26
Minimum ultimate end bearing 5.38

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 3.41 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 4.31 MN
Qub 6.09 MN
Qu 13.81 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 5.52 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 13.81 MN
L/B 2.08
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.007 m δ(Criteria)
6.65 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 13.81
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 24 0.011781 1.13 1.0417 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
13.81 460 0.0045027 < 0.011781
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

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dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1119192.38 15109097

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 24 11780.97 5148285

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

5000000 2.00 10000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
20257382 > 10000000

→ O.K!!

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4.4 TYPE D-4 CALCULATION

(Applied to BH-13 of additional investigation)
(Pile Socket Length on Weak Rock = 2.5m)

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‰ Pile size
Pile Diameter 1.20 m
Pile Total Length 33.80 m
Pile Socket Length 2.50 m

‰ Layer Thickness
Soil 16.10 m
Weathered Rock 15.20 m
Weak Rock 2.50 m (Weak Rock criterion : R.Q.D = 20% over)

‰ Material Properties(Applied to BH-13 of additional investigation)

1. Rock Core Strength
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Laboratory) 17.47 MPa
Safety Coefficient for Design 0.33
Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Core(Design) 5.77 MPa

2. Concrete Strength
Concrete Cube Strength at 28 days 30.00 MPa

I. Allowable bearing capacity of single bored pile founded on rock

I-1. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Kulhawy and Phoon method(1993)

ψ 2.00
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 1.07 MPa

2. Reese and O'Neill method(1987)

σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 0.86 MPa

3. Gupton and Logan method(1984)

σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 1.15 MPa

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4. Reynolds and Kaderbek method(1980)

σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 1.73 MPa

5. Rosenberg and Journeaux method(1976)

σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 0.83 MPa

6. Horvath et al method(1983)

hm 0.02 m
Lt 2.50 m
R 0.60 m
L 2.50 m
σc 5.77 MPa

RF 0.033

τmax 1.00 MPa

7. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

b 0.63
Pa 0.10 MPa
σc 5.77 MPa

τmax 0.48 MPa

I-2. ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

n 1.00
N55 40.00

τmax 40.00 kPa

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I-3. ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

1. Goodman method(1980)

φ 35.00 ˚
Nq 3.69
σc(lab) 17.47 MPa
σc(design) 3.49 MPa

qmax 16.39 MPa

2. Zhang and Einstein method(1998)

σc 5.77 MPa

qmax 11.80 MPa

3. Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992)

σc 5.77 MPa
s 0.50 m
B 1.20 m
g 0.004 m

Ksp 0.194

L 2.50 m

D 1.83

qmax 6.15 MPa

4. Rowe and Armitage method(1987b)

σc 5.77 MPa

qmax 15.57 MPa

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I-4. Determination of ultimate bearing capacity for single bored pile

1. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Kulhawy and Phoon(1993) 1.07
Reese and O'Neill(1987) 0.86
Gupton and Logan(1984) 1.15
Reynolds and Kaderbek(1980) 1.73
Rosenberg and Journeaux(1976) 0.83
Horvath et al(1983) 1.00
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual(1992) 0.48
Minimum ultimate side shear resistance 0.48

2. Determination of ultimate side shear resistance of single bored pile founded on weathered rock

ultimate side shear resistance

Design Method
MPa
Meyhof(1976) 0.04

3. Determination of ultimate end bearing of single bored pile founded on weak rock

ultimate end bearing

Design Method
MPa
Goodman method(1980) 16.39
Zhang and Einstein method(1998) 11.80
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual method(1992) 6.15
Rowe and Armitage method(1987b) 15.57
Minimum ultimate end bearing 6.15

I-5. Allowable bearing capacity for single bored pile

Qus(weathered Rock) 2.29 MN

Qus(weak Rock) 4.51 MN
Qub 6.96 MN
Qu 13.76 MN
F.S 2.5

Qa 5.50 MN

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II. Settlement of single bored pile founded on weak rock

Q 13.76 MN
L/B 2.08
Ip 0.52
B 1.20 m
Ed 900.00 MPa
Ec 25742.96 MPa
Ec/Ed 28.60

δ 0.007 m δ(Criteria)
6.62 mm < 25.4 mm
→ O.K!!
III. Structural Design of bored pile

1. Pile strength and stiffness

(1) Concrete
Concrete shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1700 and have a minimum characteristic strength
at 28 days of 30N/mm².

fcu (concrete cube strength at 28 days) 2

30.00 N/mm

(2) Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with MCHW 1 Series 1800.

Diameter of longitudinal reinforcement (dl) 25 mm

Diameter of transverse reinforcement (dt) 10 mm

(3) Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4: 1990 Table 13 as implemented by
BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1) plus the additional requirements of BS 8004 Clause 2.4.5. The requirements of
BD 57 (DMRB 1.3.7) shall be deemed to be satisfied.

Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

2. Ultimate structural capacity of bored piles (BS5400)

The resistance of pile lengths ubject to compressive axial forces , where the ground surrounding pile has
a shear strength ≥ 20kN/m2, shall be calcilated using the following formulae;
i) For an applied axial force N < 0.4fcuAc, no reinforcement is required, subject to the requirements of
Section C12 of BD74.

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ii) For an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc, provide reinforcement in accordance with Clauses 5.5.3.2
and 5.5.4 od BS 5400:Part 4: 1990 omplemented by BD 24 (DMRB 1.3.1). The requirements of
Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply.
iii) Reinforcement provided for an applied axial force N ≥ 0.4fcuAc shall be at least equal to the minimum
reinforcement requirements stated in Section C9. The requirements of Section C9. The requirements
of Section 12 shall also be considered.

fcu (N/mm2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Pn (MN) N (MN)

30.00 1.13 13.57 < 13.76
→ The requirements of Sections C9 and C12 shall also apply!!

3. Minimum reinforcement requirements (BS5400)

(1) Longitudinal reinforcement

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces, the greater of the following areas
of reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Minimum of 0.4% of the cross sectional area of the pile
ii) Minimum of 6 No bars spaced evenly around the perimeter subject to a maximum spacing of 300 mm.
Minimum bar size, shall be 12 mm diameter.
iii) Not less than 0.15N/fyl, where N is the ultimate axial load acting on the pile and fyl is the characteristic
strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.

dl (mm) No of bar (EA) Al (m2) Ac (=Ae) (m2) Al/Ac (%) Minimum (%)
25 24 0.011781 1.13 1.0417 > 0.4
→ O.K!!

2
N (MN) fyl (N/mm ) 0.15N/fy Al (m2)
13.76 460 0.0044868 < 0.011781
→ O.K!!

(2) Transverse reinforcement (link)

Where reinforcement is required to resist axial compression forces need to be considered the following
minimum area of transverse (link) reinforcement shall be provided.
i) Links shall be at least one-quarter the size of the largest longitudinal bar at the section
under consideration.
ii) Spacing of links shall be no greater than 12 times the size of the smallest longitudinal bar at the
section under consideration.
iii) Where reinforcement is required to resist shear forces the area of reinforcement,
At≥(0.4dst)/(0.87fyt) shall be satisfied.
where, At is the cross sectional area of all the legs of the links at a particular cross section, d is
the pile diamater, st is the link spacing, and fyt is the characteristic strength of link reinforcement.

SAEGIL ENGINEERING and CONSULTING CO., LTD.

Seoul Korea / http://www.saegil.co.kr /
Phone:82-2-2203-0303 / Fax:82-2-418-0905 2007-05 Axial load capacities of bored piles (222/223)
THE DAWSON GRAND RESIDENCIES PROJECT

dt (mm) No of bar (EA) At (m2)

10 20 0.0015708

d (m) st (m) fyt (N/mm2) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)

1.20 0.3 250 0.0006621

2
At (m ) (0.4dst)/(0.87fyt)
0.0015708 > 0.0006621

→ O.K!!

4. The resistance of bored piles for axial load (BS 8110)

Nuz = 0.45 fcu Ac + 0.95 fy Asc > N

(including allowances, as appropriate for γm)
where : Nuz = design ultimate capacity of section when subjected to axial load only
fcu = concrete cube strength at 28 days
Ac = net cross-sectional area of concrete
Asc = area of vertical reinforcement
N = design ultimate axial load (= allowable axial load × safety factor)

fcu(N/mm2) Ac(mm2) 0.45fcuAc (N)

30 1119192.38 15109097

fy(N/mm2) d (mm) No of bar (EA) Asc(mm2) 0.95fyAsc (N)

460 25 24 11780.97 5148285

Allowable axial load(N) Safety factor N(N)

5000000 2.00 10000000

Nuz(N) N(N)
20257382 > 10000000

→ O.K!!

SAEGIL ENGINEERING and CONSULTING CO., LTD.

Seoul Korea / http://www.saegil.co.kr /
Phone:82-2-2203-0303 / Fax:82-2-418-0905 2007-05 Axial load capacities of bored piles (223/223)