EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems 80

Lecture 3
Overview of Power Systems:
Distribution and Load

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University of the Philippines
EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems 81

Video

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University of the Philippines
EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems 82

Recall from Last Lecture

❑ Generation Concepts
Types of Plants
✓ Hydro
✓ Thermal
✓ Renewable Energy
❑ Transmission Concepts

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems 83

Lecture Outcomes
at the end of the lecture, the student must be able to …

❑ Identify components of the distribution

networks.
❑ Identify the role of the substation
❑ Identify components of electricity bill.

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems 84

Things to watch out for…

❑ Distribution System
❑ Measuring Energy consumption
❑ Electricity Bill

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Electric Power System

SUBSTATIONS

TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Electricity Distribution
⚫ The system of wires and associated
facilities, usually owned by a
Distribution Utility, that delivers
energy from the transmission system
to end-users in a franchise area.
⚫ Distribution voltages in the

Philippines (Less than 34.5 KV)

− Primary Distribution:
⚫ 13.2-kV, 13.8-kV, 23-kV, or 34.5-kV

− Secondary Distribution:
⚫ 220V, 230V, or 240V

⚫ Arranged in a Radial or Dendritic

configuration
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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Radial Structure

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Substation Components

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Feeder Components
❑ Feeder components:
• 3-phase primary
“main” feeder
• 3-phase, 2-phase and
single phase laterals
• Step type voltage
regulators
• In-line transformers
• Shunt capacitor banks
• Distribution
transformers
• Secondaries
• Service drops

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Distribution Voltage
Classification
❑ Primary ❑ Secondary
 From substation  From Distribution
 3-phase primary transformer
“main” feeder  To customer
 to distribution  Utilization Voltage
transformer ✓ 230 to 600V
 Distribution Voltage
✓ 13.8 to 34.5 kV

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Distribution System Pole

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Distribution Lines
Primary Primary
Distribution Distribution
Lines Lines

Secondary
Distribution Distribution
Lines Transformer
Secondary
Distribution
Lines

Source of figures: unknown

Source of figures: unknown

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Distribution Transformer

Source of figures: unknown

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Distribution Transformers

Pole-Mounted Pad-Mounted
Transformer Transformer
Source of figures: unknown

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Voltages in the Philippines

❑ Generation voltage is at 4.16kV, 6.6kV, 13.2 kV,

13.8kV, others;
❑ Transmission voltage is at 230kV or 500kV;
❑ Subtransmission voltage is at 115kV or 69kV
❑ Primary distribution voltage is at 13.2kV,
13.8kV, 23kV, or 34.5kV
❑ Secondary distribution voltage is at 230V

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 103 2nd Sem 2013-14
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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Transmission & Distribution Utility

❑ Refers to any electric cooperative,

private corporation, government- or local
government unit (LGU)-owned utility that
has been granted an exclusive franchise
to operate a transmission or distribution
system.
 1 Transmission Utility (NGCP)
 119 Electric Cooperatives
 19 Private/Gov’t-Owned Distribution Utilities

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Substation
Power transformation at different voltage levels takes
place in the substation where a power transformer and
other equipment are located

❑ Plant Substation – steps up power from generation

voltage to transmission voltage
❑ Transmission Substation – steps down power from
transmission voltage to subtransmission voltage
❑ Distribution Substation – steps down power from
transmission voltage to primary distribution voltage

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Components of EPS

❑ Generation
Power Plants
❑ Transmission Primary
Distribution
Feeder

Transmission Substations Distribution

Transformer
Transmission Lines
Sub-transmission Lines
❑ Distribution Source: Unknown

Power Substation
Primary Distribution Feeders
Distribution Transformers
Secondary Distribution Feeders and Services
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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Basic Substation Equipment

❑ Power Transformers
❑ Circuit Breakers
❑ Switches and Disconnects
❑ Protective Relays
❑ Instrument Transformers
❑ Lightning Arresters
❑ Communication Equipment
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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Distribution Substation

Source of figures: unknown

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Power Transformer

Source of figures: unknown

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Outdoor High-Voltage Switchyard

Source of figures: unknown

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Power Circuit Breakers

Source of figures: unknown

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems

Consumer Loads

❑ The system of structures, houses, and

buildings being provided power by the
electric distribution network.
 Types of Loads
✓ Residential – Noisy and Irregular
✓ Commercial – more “stable” than residential
✓ Industrial – Typically high, dictated by industrial
processes

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Consumer Loads

RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

INDUSTRIAL
Source of figures: Audel

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Load Characteristics: Residential

100

80
Percent of Peak Load

60

40

20

0
12 4 8 12 4 8 12

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Load Characteristics: Commercial

100

80
Percent of Peak Load

60

40

20

0
12 4 8 12 4 8 12

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Load Characteristics: Industrial

100

80
Percent of Peak Load

60

40

20

0
12 4 8 12 4 8 12

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems 110

Philippine Demand Statistics

❑ https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/file
s/pdf/energy_statistics/08_2018_power_s
tatistics_as_of_29_march_2019_monthly_
lvm_peak_demand.pdf

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Measuring Energy
Consumption
❑ Power meter
❑ Electricity meter
❑ Watt-hour meter
❑ Kilowatt-hour meter

❑ For billing, only real

power is measured.

Source of figures: unknown

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EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems 112

Generation Charge
Electricity Bill Paid to power suppliers such as the
National Power Corporation (NPC),
as well as Independent Power
Producers (IPPs), for the electricity
they generate, which DU
distributes.
Transmission Charge
Paid to Transmission Network Operator
(NGCP), this fee is for delivery of
electricity from generators,
normally in remote areas or
provinces to DU's distribution
system.
System Loss Charge
Set at a maximum of 8.5% (for PDUs).
In accordance with Republic Act
7832, this is allowed for the
recovery of technical and non-
Source of figures: MERALCO technical losses.
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Electricity Bill Distribution Charge

This pays the cost of building,
operating and maintaining the
distribution system of DUs, which
brings power from high-voltage
transmission grids, to commercial
and industrial establishments, to
residential end-users.

Metering Charge
This includes the cost of reading, and
operating and maintaining power
metering facilities.

Supply Charge
This includes the cost of rendering
service to customers, such as billing,
collection, customer assistance and
associated services.
Source of figures: MERALCO

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University of the Philippines
EEE 103 – Introduction to Power Systems 114

Electricity Bill Lifeline Discount

The EPIRA (Section 73) provides
that poor residential
customers must enjoy a
Lifeline Discount on
generation, transmission,
distribution, supply, metering
and system loss charges

Lifeline Subsidy
This is paid by all customers and
used to fund the Lifeline
Discount.

Senior Citizen
Discount/Subsidy

Source of figures: MERALCO

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Local Franchise Tax

Electricity Bill Levied by provinces and cities for
businesses enjoying a franchise.

Value Added Tax

Universal Charge
This is remitted to the Power Sector
Assets and Liabilities
Management Corporation
(PSALM), a company owned and
controlled by government,
created by Republic Act 9136.
Part of this is in your bill as
missionary electrification and
environmental charges.
▪ Missionary
▪ Environmental Fund
Source of figures: MERALCO ▪ NPC Stranded Contract Cost
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Electricity Bill
Currency Exchange Rate
Adjustment
This covers adjustments for
unavoidable fluctuations in the
Philippine Peso-U.S. Dollar
exchange rate.

Source of figures: MERALCO

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Recommended Animation

❑ https://www.rappler.com/business/featur
es/8985-rappler-animate-why-electricity-
rates-in-philippines-are-high

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Guide Questions
❑ List two different characteristics of transmission and
distribution systems.
❑ Explain the main purpose of the substation.
❑ What are the three major categories of loads?
❑ List three components of your electricity bill.Supply,
Lifeline Discount, Lifeline subsidy, local franchise tax, Value Added
Tax, Universal Charge, Exchange Rate Adjustment

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University of the Philippines
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Guide Questions
❑ List two different characteristics of transmission and
distribution systems.
 Voltage Level (Below and Above 34.5 kV)
 Configuration ( Loop vs Radial)
❑ Explain the main purpose of the substation.
 To step up to step down voltage
❑ What are the three major categories of loads?
 Residential, Commercial, and Industrial
❑ List three components of your electricity bill.
 Generation, Distribution, Transmission, System Loss, Metering,
Supply, Lifeline Discount, Lifeline subsidy, local franchise tax,
Value Added Tax, Universal Charge, Exchange Rate Adjustment
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Read
Chapter 2
Power System Analysis
and Design
Glover, Sarma, Overbye

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute

University of the Philippines Diliman
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute EEE 103 2nd Sem 2013-14
University of the Philippines