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Outline
EE 121 Introduction to Power Electronics

n Linear vs Switching
n DC – DC Converters
Lecture 2

Carl Michael F. Odulio, PhD

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Linear Converter Switching Converter

vo
Vs

iL

Basic Linear Regulator

SW
- series pass regulator
- transistor acts as a variable resistor ON OFF ON OFF ON
Basic Switching Converter
- load current is equal to the source current DT T
- very lossy - aka dc chopper
(1-D)T

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Switching Converter DC – DC Converters

The dc component of the output is

w step down • isolated
( ,(
1 1
𝑉" = & 𝑣" 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = & 𝑉- 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉- 𝐷 w step up • offline
𝑇 ' 𝑇 '
w step up/down • non isolated
where 𝑡"/ 𝑡"/ • battery
𝐷= = w multiple outputs
𝑡"/ + 𝑡"11 𝑇 applications
Notes:
- output is always less than the input
- the ideal switch will have zero dissipation
- efficiency is 100%

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Buck Converter Buck Converter

Assumptions: Power
- operation is at steady state ideal
- inductor current is periodic PS = PO
𝑖3 (𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑖3 (𝑡) non ideal
PS = PO + losses
- average inductor voltage is zero
1 67( - inductor current is
• add capacitor and inductor to smoothen the voltage and current 𝑉3 = & 𝑣3 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0 continuous
𝑇 6
• connect two switches to maintain current flow - average capacitor current is zero - capacitor is large
enough to maintain
1 67( output voltage
𝐼: = & 𝑖: 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑇 6 - ideal components

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Buck Converter Buck Converter

vL

Inductor Voltage
Switch on
2 states
Diode off
vL
Inductor Current

Switch off
Diode on
Capacitor Current

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Buck Converter Buck Converter

Substituting,
Inductor current M 6
𝐼3M 𝑡 = 3 ∫' (𝑉- −𝑉" )𝑑𝑡 + 𝐼OP/ 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡"/
1 M 6
𝑖3 𝑡 = & 𝑣3 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐼" 𝐼3R 𝑡 = 3 ∫6,"/(−𝑉" )𝑑𝑡 + 𝐼OST 𝑡"/ ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
𝐿
where 𝑉- − 𝑉"
𝐼3M 𝑡 = 𝑡 + 𝐼OP/
• 𝑣3 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐿
• 𝐼" = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 −𝑉"
𝐼3R 𝑡 = 𝑡 − 𝑡"/ + 𝐼OST
DC levels (ignoring ripple) 𝐿
• 𝑉3,"/ = 𝑉- − 𝑉" @𝑡"/
• 𝑉3,"11 = −𝑉" @𝑡"11

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Buck Converter Buck Converter

1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑇𝐼OP/ + 𝑇(𝐼OST − 𝐼OP/ )
2
𝑉- − 𝑉\
𝐼OST = 𝑡"/ + 𝐼OP/
𝐿
𝑉- − 𝑉\ 6
𝐷 = ab
𝐼" = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼3 𝐼OST − 𝐼OP/ = 𝑡"/ (
𝐿 𝐷
𝐼: = 𝐴𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢 𝐶 1 𝑉- − 𝑉\ 𝑡"/ = 𝐷𝑇 =
𝐼S]^_S`^ = 𝐼OP/ + 𝑡"/ 𝑓
2 𝐿
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Buck Converter Buck Converter

Substituting, Solving for L:
1 𝑉- − 𝑉\ 𝐷 𝑉\ 1 𝑉- − 𝑉\ 𝐷
𝐼S]^_S`^ = 𝐼OP/ + − 𝐼OP/ =
2 𝐿 𝑓 𝑅 2 𝐿 𝑓
cd
1 𝐷 𝑉- − 𝑉\
also 𝐼S]^_S`^ = 𝐿=
e 2 𝑓 𝑉" − 𝐼
𝑅 OP/

𝑉\ 1 𝑉- − 𝑉\ 𝐷 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑒
= 𝐼OP/ + 𝑉- = 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅 2 𝐿 𝑓
𝑅 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑓 = 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝐼OP/ = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
𝑉" = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

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Buck Converter - Modes Buck Converter - CCM

Check for Mode of Operation
Continuous Conduction Mode
𝑉\ 1 𝑉- − 𝑉\ 𝐷
𝐼OP/ = −
𝑅 2 𝐿 𝑓
Discontinuous Conduction Mode
𝐼OP/ > 0 for CCM

at the boundary,
𝐷 𝑉- −𝑉\ 𝑅 - how do you compute for the boundary?
Critically Discontinuous Conduction Mode 𝐿y =
2𝑓𝑉\
- this puts you in CDCM, operating
L should be higher than 𝐿y

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Buck Converter - CCM Buck Converter - CCM

Substituting,
𝐷 𝑉- 𝐷𝑅
𝐿y = 𝑅−
2𝑓 𝑉\ 2𝑓
e ,e e(M},)
= R1 − R1 = R1
Volt-second balance
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖(𝑡 + 𝜏)
< 𝑉3 ≥= 0
(𝑉- −𝑉\ )𝑡"/ − 𝑉\ (𝑇 − 𝑡"/ ) = 0
𝑉\ 𝑡"/
= =𝐷
𝑉- 𝑇

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Buck Converter - CCM Sample Problem

Minimum Inductor Current A buck converter is suppled from a 50V source and outputs
𝑉\ 12V at 2A. Determine the boundary inductance if the PWM
𝐼\ = switching frequency is 50Khz.
𝑅
M, c~}cd
rearranging 𝐿=
R 1 •d}•€•b
M , c~}cd
=
R 1•d M}‚€•b
‚d
What is the boundary if Io = 1A?
1 𝐷 (𝑉- −𝑉\ )𝑅 1 𝐷 (𝑉- −𝑉\ )
𝐿y = =
2𝑓 𝑉\ 2𝑓 𝐼\
3ƒ
𝐿= ‚ • L approaches infinity as Imin approaches Io
M} ۥb
‚d
• IO cannot be zero because of Imin

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Sample Problem 2 Exercise

The buck converter’s load current varies from 0.5 to 3.4A

while the source voltage may vary from 40V to 60V.
Determine the minimum inductance required to maintain
CCM under all circuit conditions.

Compute for the voltage conversion ratio of this converter

in CCM.

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Buck Converter - CCM Buck Converter - CCM

Capacitor
𝑖„ = 𝑖3 − 𝑖\ 𝑉P − 𝑉\ 1 𝑉P − 𝑉\
𝑖„M = 𝑡 − 𝑡"/
𝐿 2 𝐿
c• }cd 𝑉P − 𝑉\ 𝐷
𝑖„M = 𝑡 + 𝐼OP/ − 𝐼\ 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡"/ = 𝑡−
}cd
3 𝐿 2𝑓
𝑖„R = (𝑡 − 𝑡"/ ) + 𝐼OST − 𝐼\ 𝑡"/ ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
3
−𝑉\
Recall, 𝑖„R = 𝑡 − 𝑡"/ + 𝐼OST − 𝐼\
1 𝑉P − 𝑉\ 𝐿
𝐼S]^_S`^ = 𝐼OP/ + 𝑡"/
2 𝐿 c• }cd
𝐼S]^_S`^ = 𝐼\ Recall 𝐼OST = 3
𝑡"/ + 𝐼OP/
1 𝑉P − 𝑉\
𝐼OP/ − 𝐼\ = − 𝑡"/
2 𝐿

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Buck Converter - CCM Buck Converter - CCM

}c c }c
𝑖„R = 3 d (𝑡 − 𝑡"/ ) + • 3 d 𝑡"/ + 𝐼OP/ − 𝐼\ 𝐷
−𝑉\ 𝑉\ 𝑉P 𝑉" 1 𝑉P 1 𝑉\ @ 𝑖„M = 0 = 𝑡M −
= 𝑡 + 𝑡"/ + 𝑡"/ − 𝑡"/ − 𝑡"/ + 𝑡 2𝑓
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 2 𝐿 2 𝐿 "/ 𝐷
−𝑉\ 𝑉\ 𝐷𝑇 1 𝑉\ 1 𝑉\ 𝐷𝑇 𝑡M =
= 𝑡+ − 𝐷𝑇 + 2𝑓
𝐿 𝐷𝐿 2 𝐷𝐿 2 𝐿 1+𝐷
−𝑉\ 1 𝑉\ 𝑇 1 𝑉\ 𝐷𝑇 @ 𝑖„R = 0 = − 𝑡R
= 𝑡+ + 2𝑓
𝐿 2 𝐿 2 𝐿 1+𝐷
𝑉\ 1 + 𝐷 𝑡R =
𝑖„R = −𝑡 2𝑓
𝐿 2𝑓

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Buck Converter - CCM Buck Converter - CCM

𝑉P − 𝑉\ 𝐷
Ripple Voltage 𝑖„M 𝑡"/ = 𝑡"/ −
𝐿 2𝑓
∆𝑉\ = 𝑉OST − 𝑉OP/ 𝑉P − 𝑉\ 𝐷 𝐷
= −
For a capacitor, 𝐿 𝑓 2𝑓
∆𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉\ 𝑉P − 𝑉\ 𝐷
=
1 𝐿 2𝑓
∆𝑄 = 𝑡R − 𝑡M 𝐼‡ˆ 1 𝑉P − 𝑉\ 𝐷
2 ∆𝑄 =
1 1+𝐷 𝐷 4𝑓 𝐿 2𝑓
= − 𝐼 𝑉\ − 𝑉\ 𝐷
2 2𝑓 2𝑓 ‡ˆ
1 1 =
8𝐿𝑓 R
= 𝐼
2 2𝑓 ‡ˆ 𝑉\ 1 − 𝐷
=
𝐼‡ˆ = 𝑖„M(𝑡"/ ) 8𝐿𝑓 R

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Buck Converter - CCM Sample Problem 3

the ripple voltage becomes
In the previous example, what capacitor can be specified for a
∆𝑄 𝑉\ 1 − 𝐷 1% ripple? Where should C be based on to meet ripple
∆𝑉\ = =
𝐶 8𝐿𝐶𝑓 R requirements under all loading conditions?
𝑉\ 1 − 𝐷
𝐶=
∆𝑉\ 8𝐿𝑓 R
M},
=
‹_31 Œ
∆𝑉\
𝑟= = 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉\
What is the other component of output ripple?

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Capacitor Resistance (ESR) Sample Problem 4

Equivalent Series Resistance Given:

Vs = 50V Calculate:
D = 0.4 a) output voltage, Vo
∆𝑉",•Že = ∆𝑖: 𝑟: = ∆𝑖3 𝑟: b) maximum and minimum inductor current
L = 400 𝜇H
C = 100 𝜇F c) output voltage ripple
∆𝑉" < ∆𝑉",: + ∆𝑉",•Že - not same peak
f = 20 kHz
R = 20 𝛺
- ripple voltage due to ESR may be significantly larger
than ripple voltage due to the capacitance
∆𝑉" ≈ ∆𝑉",•Že = ∆𝑖: 𝑟:

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Sample Problem 4 Sample Problem 4

a) assuming continuous inductor current c) output voltage ripple

Vo = VsD = 50 x 0.4 = 20V ∆𝑉" 1−𝐷 1 − 0.4
M M},
b) 𝐼OST = 𝑉" (e + R31 ) = R =
𝑉" 8𝐿𝐶𝑓 8(400𝜇)(100𝜇)(20𝑘 R)
M M}'.“ =0.00469 = 0.469%
= 20(R' + R(“''”)(R'ˆ))
= 1.75A - if the capacitor has an ESR of rC = 0.1𝛺
1 1−𝐷 ∆𝑉",•Že = ∆𝐼3 𝑟: = (1.5)(0.1) = 0.15V
𝐼OP/ = 𝑉" ( − )
𝑅 2𝐿𝑓 ∆ca '.M–
= R' = 0.75%
= 1 – 0.75 = 0.25 c
a

note:
- CCM assumption is correct. - total ripple may be approximated to be 0.75%
- ripple current is 1.5A
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Synchronous Rectification

The End
- MOSFET replaces diode for higher efficiency
- for low voltage high current applications
- dead time must be considered to prevent shoot through
- diode is required for dead time conduction
- should be operated in CCM

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