WEBINAR HANDOUT

Yojana
 GIST OF YOJANA-NOVEMBER 2019

THE PEOPLE'S POLICY

Context

On 2nd October, 2019, the nation dedicated an open defecation free (ODF) country to Mahatma Gandhi’s
150th birth anniversary.

The article discusses how the SBM became the Global Benchmark for Participatory And Transformative
Development?

Background

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) or Clean India Mission was a nation-wide campaign in India for the period
2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India's cities, towns, urban and
rural areas.

The objectives of Swachh Bharat include eliminating open defecation through the construction of
household-owned and community-owned toilets and establishing an accountable mechanism of
monitoring toilet use.The concept of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to provide the basic sanitation facilities
like toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness and safe and adequate drinking
water supply to each and every person.

Initiated by the Government of India, the mission aimed to achieve an "open-defecation free" (ODF) India
by 2 October 2019, the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 100 million toilets in
rural India at a projected cost of ₹1.96 lakh crore.

It also contributes to India’s goal of reaching Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6), established by
the UN in 2015.The action plan for the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was laid by the Ministry of Drinking
Water and Sanitation.

Importance of Gandhian thoughts about Cleanliness

Mahatma Gandhi dreamt of an India where no one had to suffer the indignity of open defecation.Mahatma
Gandhi said "Sanitation is more important than independence". He made cleanliness and sanitation an
integral part of the Gandhian way of living.

There cannot be a better tribute to him than the transformation of the country, in the last five years, from
being on the higher side of global open defecation to a torch-bearer for global sanitation.
From being a major cause of the world’s sanitation crisis, with about 600 million people defecating in the
open, about 500 million people now have access to toilets through a sanitation revolution which has taken
place over the last four years.

Today, India has rural sanitation coverage of over 95 per cent. After building a phenomenal 87 million
individual household toilets, as many as 5.1 lakh villages, 529 districts and 25 States and Union Territories
are now open defecations free.

Role of Swachhata Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) in a behavioural change of

population in India
The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), had to change and amplify strategy, in order to address, the
challenge of the 4’Ss

Scale : To meet the need to change the behaviour of 600 million people, the SBM had to
acknowledge the scale it was dealing with and respond with a national team with the caliber to
change the behaviour of the individual, as well as the community.
Speed : The Prime Minister gave the vision of an ODF India by October 2019, the Chief
Ministers led at the State- level, District Magistrates prioritized sanitation and put the focus on
the SBM, further empowering the Village Motivators, the swachhagrahis, to partake in
interpersonal communication, and lead behaviour change in the villages.
Sustainability. With the sanitation revolution gaining momentum, the SBM also
maintained its parallel focus on sustaining the Jan Andolan and the progress being made on the
ground.
Sigmas and Myths. There were various common myths in rural India regarding sanitation
– toilets are only required for women and children, having a toilet within the premises of one’s
home is impure, cleaning the toilet is not one’s own duty and many more. To address this mass
media campaign was launched, each with their own messages and myth busters. The Darwaza
Band Campaign, starring Bollywood icons Amitabh Bachchan and Anushka Sharma, moved
beyond access to toilets and communicated the need to used toilets, not just by women and
children, but by each and every member of the household.

To address the challenge of 4 Ss, the SBM has guided discourse to lessons learnt in the form of the
importance of the 4 Ps,

Team Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin (SBM-G) has identified four key pillars of India's sanitation
revolution, which can, more or less, be applied to any large-scale transformation in the world.

● First is political leadership. Arguably, the biggest game-changer for the SBM-G was the Prime
 Minister investing his personal political capital in the mission.
● Second is public financing. Over Rs. 1 lakh crore was committed to ensuring universal access to
sanitation. About 90 per cent of 10 crore households which received toilets were from socially and
economically weaker sections of society and they received financial incentives to build and use
toilets.
● Third is partnerships. The SBM-G Partnered with implementers and influencers alike. This "all
hands on deck" approach, making sanitation everyone's business, helped to mainstream it into
the national consciousness.
● Fourth is peoples' participation. The SBM-G trained over half a million swachhagrahis,
grassroot motivators, who triggered behaviour change in every village of India. A large-scale
transformation can be truly successful if it captures the imagination of the people and becomes a
people's movement or a Jan Andolan.

Conclusion

The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation recently released the forward-looking 10-year Rural
Sanitation Strategy to move from ODF to ODF Plus, focusing on sustaining the SBM-G gains.

ODF- Quality (ODF-Q): Requires every toilet constructed under the Mission to be geo-tagged. All
villages are subject to a double verification system, which includes self-declaration as well as third-
party verification. In case of any report of poor quality, rapid response of reports and actions is sought
by the State governments.

ODF-Sustainability (ODF-S): Ensures continuous behaviour change communication, to remain much

after the achievement of ODF, Operation and Maintenance practices (O&M) are important for sustained
usage, and the SBM further supports institutional mechanisms and financial incentives to keep the safe
sanitation practices going. In addition, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation is currently
working on a Ten-Year Sanitation Strategy for sustainability post-SBM.

ODF plus (ODF+); SBM goes ' beyond toilets and works towards clean villages by prioritizing solid
and liquid waste management practices in ODF villages, as well as the prioritization on rural water
supply for ODF villages, in coordination with the National Rural Drinking Water Programme.

The next ambition goal announced by the Prime Minister on August 15 this year is to ensure piped water
supply to all households by 2024. With the programme in mission mode for the next five years, this will
be an additional shot in the arm for SBM-G's sustainability efforts.
 GRAM PANCHAYATS: BEYOND ODF
Context

The Millennium Development Goal on sanitation, which was not achieved by India, and the current
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - in particular SDG 6, which aims for universal water supply and
sanitation - intend to provide similar aspirational frameworks which India has incorporated in its various
national efforts, setting its own water and sanitation targets to be reached much sooner than 2030 as
prescribed by the SDGs.

Lessons that Shaped Swachh Bharat

The approach to SBM-G Itself was structured to allow more freedom in execution and a few unique
advances included:

● Strong public and political willpower publicised by the Prime Minister over the past five years.
● Adequate funding that paid necessary incentives to off-set high capital cost for 100 million
households - approximately Rs. 1.00,000 crore.
● District-level flexibility in administering the necessary activities and campaigns to increase
coverage, which allowed for creative and locally relevant initiatives to be tested out, especially
around behaviour change campaigns seeking mobilising communities en masse.
● Improving the ratio of financial investment in hardware with strong investment in software (i.e.
behaviour change communication) with the community-level outcomes (like ODF status) - not
single households in mind.
● Utilising the Community Approaches to Sanitation (CAS) methodology, which evoked emotional
reactions such as disgust to the practice of open defecation through facilitation and not
proselytisation; and
● Women-headed households and Scheduled Castes and Tribes prioritised in the programme, with
specific mention and attached incentives in the guidelines

The Way Forward

● The MoJS and UNICEF are collaborating on orienting master trainers at the State and district
levels who will then interact with the GP representatives across all states.
 ● There are still many lessons to be learned, especially when it comes to addressing critical
challenges, such as menstrual waste management, safe disposal of child faeces and retro-fitting of
pit-toilet models to make them functional and sustainable.
● These issues and more can only be effectively addressed if GPs are firstly given the authority and
there is buy-in and leadership from the GP leaders, because the power truly lies with them to make
a lasting difference for their people.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: THE WAY

FORWARD
Context

Solid Waste management is a major problem in India, where urbanisation industrialisation, and economic
growth has resulted in increased municipal solid waste (MSW) generation.

The main objective of an efficient SWM system is to maximise resource recovery and energy generation
from waste in the processing facility and minimise waste disposal in landfills.

Various initiatives arc being taken in different parts of the country, however, a lot still remains to be done
to comprehensively address the issue related to Solid Waste Management.

Status of Solid Waste Management in India

● The overall solid waste generated in the country has been estimated to be 1,52,076 Tons per day
(TPD) as per the Annual Report 2018-19 submitted by the SPCBs/PCCs.
● Of this, 98.5% is collected and only 35% of waste is treated. 33% of waste is landfilled and 46,156
TPD of waste which is one-third of the total waste generated in the country remains unaccounted.
The unaccounted waste is littered on streets up in dumpsites.
● Recently, with National. Green Tribunal's intervention, biomining (a method for stabilisation of
waste so as to minimise its adverse environmental impact) of these dumpsites, has been initiated
in 11 states.
 Types of Solid Waste

It can be classified into different types depending on their source:

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): It consists of household waste, construction and demolition
debris (CnD), sanitation residue, and waste from streets, generated mainly from residential and
commercial complexes. As per the MoEF it includes commercial and residential waste generated in
municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes
but including treated bio-medical wastes;

Industrial Solid Waste (ISW): In a majority of cases it is termed as hazardous waste as they
may contain toxic substances, are corrosive, highly inflammable, or react when exposed to certain
things e.g. gases.

Biomedical waste or hospital waste: It is usually infectious waste that may include waste like
sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes,
etc., usually in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
These can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manne

Rules and regulations associated with SWM

Under the 74th Constitutional Amendment, Disposal and management of Municipal Solid Waste is one of the
18 functional domains of the Municipal Corporations and Nagar Panchayats. The various rules and regulations
for solid waste management are:

1. The Bio-Medical Waste (Management And Handling) Rules, 1998

2. Municipal Solid Waste (Management And Handling) Rules 2000
3. The Plastic Waste (Management And Handling) Rules, 2011
4. E-Waste (Management And Handling) Rules, 2011

Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC) notified MSW (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2000 and the revamped Solid Waste Management Rules in 2016 to ensure proper solid waste
management in India.

Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 delineate the responsibility of the different stakeholders including the
MoEF&CC, MoHUA, Central pollution control Board (CPCB), State pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), state
Urban Departments, Urban Local bodies, Gram panchayats, as well as waste generators.

Whereas MoHUA, State Urban Departments and Local Bodies have mainly been entrusted with the
responsibility of development of infrastructure related to waste management, MoEF&CC CPCB, SPCB, and
Pollution Control Committee (PCC) have been entrusted with the responsibility of monitoring the enforcement
of the Rules.

Solid Waste Management-Initiatives

I. Initiatives taken by CPCB

● Guidelines on Legacy Waste:
● Guidelines on Buffer Zone :
● Guidelines for Management of Sanitary waste: and
 ● Selection Criteria for Waste processing Technologies.
II. Initiatives taken by States/union Territories
● Door-to door collection, waste segregation, and transportation
● Land for waste processing facilities
III. Setting up Waste –to-Energy plants:
● Four waste-to- energy plants have been set-up in the country of which three plants are in Delhi.
Electricity generated by these plants is purchased by the power regulators and is fed to the national
grid.
IV. Development of Model Cities:
● Model cities have implemented efficient methods for collection, segregation, and waste processing
facilities.
V. Increased Judicial Intervention
● After the enactment of the NGT Act 2010, in past few years we have seen increasing judicial
intervention in ensuring compliance with the provisions of SWM Rules.

Challenges:

The various challenges faced in implementation of SWM Rules include the following:

● Segregation of waste at source by waste generators;

● Lack of infrastructure for collection and transportation of waste;
● Availability of land for setting up of waste collection and transportation facilities;
● Budgetary provisions for (ii and iii) above;
● Techno-economically viable solutions for fresh and legacy Waste;
● Management of legacy waste;
● Rural areas not covered in most of the States/UTs; and
● Enforcement issues.

Way Forward

As availability of land, lack of infrastructure, and availability of financial resources serve as a major
impediment for SWM, focus of the SWM is to maximise resource recovery from waste so as to facilitate
the availability of these resources for efficient SWM. The major steps in this direction would include:

● Creating public awareness for involvement of different stakeholders for SWM;

● Development of ULB-wise action plan for collection, segregation, transportation and processing
of waste. Inputs from model cities like Indore, Ambikapur, and Pune may be taken for
development and implementation of these plans;
● Emphasising on setting up of waste processing facilities rather than waste disposal facilities as in
the case of Chhattisgarh;
● Giving fillip to research and development activities with a focus on resource recovery from waste;
● Capacity building in various regimes of SWM;
● Laying down of an appropriate governance framework at State and district levels;
 ● Clear allocation of responsibility to ULBs and waste generators for setting up of infrastructure and
for involving informal sector in waste collection/segregation
● Adequate technical support to ULBs for processing technology and best practices in waste
management.

SANITATION ECONOMY AND DIGNITY OF THE

SANITATION WORKERS
Context

Sanitation economy is not just about toilets but it also includes provision of clean drinking water,
elimination of waste and converting them into useful resources and digitised sanitation system that
optimises data for operating efficiencies maintenance, consumer use, and health information insights.

Sanitation, in addition to an economy in itself is also cross-cutting theme and has the potential to contribute
in a big way to the growth and employment of many other sectors such as health, consumer
goods and new and renewable energy.
 Saniational Economy : Addressing Risks, Creating Opportunities

2.3 billion people globally lack access to basic sanitation - a toilet

61% of the global population do not use a safely managed sanitation service; that is, excreta
safely disposed of in situ or treated off-site
892 million people worldwide still practise open defecation
Closing the sanitation gap through pit latrines would be expected to cause large increases
of India’s annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, equivalent to 7% of current levels
Water-use efficiency improvements are considered instrumental to address the projected
40% gap between demand and supply and mitigate water scarcities by 2030
Universal access to water and sanitation by 2030 implies all settings, not only households,
but also schools, health care facilities, workspaces and other public spaces
3.8 trillion litres of Toilet Resources (excreta) created each year (based on current
population) reliable, renewable resource (and growing) - which can be used to create treated
water, renewable energy, organic fertilisers and protein products
Data can be captured throughout the sanitation system to inform operational decision-
making. Data captured from within the composition of Toilet Resources can provide new
information related to human health and behaviour
For every US $1 invested in water and sanitation, US $4.30 is generated in economic returns
through increased productivity

Emergence of SANITATION ECONOMY in India

The major initiatives which have helped in propelling the sanitation economy of India are the ambitious
schemes launched by our Government in the form of Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in 2014, Jal Shakti
Abhiyan (JSA) and curbing single-use plastics in 2019. This aimed at providing basic sanitation to all
Indians, ensuring piped water supply to all rural households and combating pollution, respectively.

A recent report by the Toilet Board Coalition estimated the sanitation market opportunity in India
alone to be at US$ 32 billion in 2017 and doubling to US$ 62 billion by 2021.

It will help in improving the quality of life and ease of living of the citizens. In addition to this, the sector
holds immense potential in terms of generating a large number of new job opportunities for our youth.

India's success in this sector would help in achieving the global Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of
providing access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and ending open defecation by
2030 (SDG 6; Target 6.2).
Government's Initiatives Towards Sanitation

● The first building block of having a 'New India' by 2022 is the pledge towards a 'Clean India'.
● The first major initiative towards sanitation was the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) with an aim
to accelerate sanitation coverage to achieve an Open Defecation Free (ODF) and Clean India by 2
October 2019.
● A new Ministry of Jal Shakti was created in May 2019 by reorganising the existing ministries and
departments. Government launched Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) to bring piped-water supply to all
households (Har Ghar Jal) by 2024.
● Like the SBM, the JJM mission target is quite ambitious and challenging given the fact that of the
18 crore rural households, only 3 crore rural households have piped drinking water. The JJM will
further boost the sanitation economy and generate new employment in the country.
● Government's initiative to curb single-use plastics from 2 October, 2019 will help in significant
reduction in littering as about 14 million tonnes of plastic are used annually in the country. This
will not only scale up the ongoing sanitation movement significantly but will also help in
combating land and water pollution and improving the health of our citizens.

Dignity to the Sanitation Workers Sanitation workers are one of the major contributors to this vision.
However, the workers involved in this occupation suffer from social stigma with respect to their work,
especially the manual scavengers. Our Government has taken a number of steps to effect changes in the
perception of the people towards the sanitation workers.

Legal Protection for Eliminating Manual Scavenging

Sanitation workers are divided broadly into two categories: Safai Karmcharis & Manual Scavengers.
In order to prohibit employment of manual scavengers, the Government had enacted Prohibition of
Employment of Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.

The objectives of this Act are to

● Eliminate the insanitary latrines:

● Prohibit (a) employment as manual scavengers and, (b) hazardous manual cleaning of sewer
and septic tanks and, (iii) survey of manual scavengers and their rehabilitation within a time bound
manner.

Any contravention of the provisions is punishable with imprisonment up to 2 years and fine up to Rs.2
lakh, or both. In 2014, convergence between various line Ministries and their respective schemes were
achieved for faster identification and elimination of insanitary latrines and for eradication of manual
scavenging.

Ensuring Minimum Wages, Safe Working Conditions and Pension Benefits

● For ensuring minimum wages and timely payment of wages to all workers including the sanitary
workers, Ministry of Labour and Employment has enacted the Code on Wages Bill, 2019.
● This bill also provides for higher wage premium for workers engaged in arduous and hazardous
work in difficult circumstances. The code also prohibits gender discrimination in wages,
recruitment, and conditions of work, which will benefit women sanitation workers.
● In addition to the Code on Wages, 2019 Government also introduced in the Lok Sabha the Code
on Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions, 2019.
● The various enabling provisions of this Code will not only boost the well-being of the sanitation
workers but will also ensure a safe and healthy work environment.
● Efforts are currently underway to draft a Social Security Code, which will benefit not just the
minuscule organised sector workers but will also include vast unorganised sector workers under
its scope and ambit.
● The Ministry has also introduced a pension scheme for unorganised workers namely Pradhan
Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM) to ensure old-age protection for unorganised workers,
which will benefit the sanitation workers.

Housing Education, Financial Assistance and Skill Development Schemes

● Under Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) of the Ministry of Rural Development, there is a provision for
providing assistance for construction of new houses and upgradation of kutcha or dilapidated
houses.
 ● Assistance of up to Rs.75,000 is provided to the eligible households. A provision has been made
under IAY for special coverage of identified manual scavengers for providing them housing
facilities in rural areas, irrespective of their BPL Status.
● Under the Scheme of Pre-Matric Scholarship, the children of manual scavengers, tanners and
flayers, waste pickers and those engaged in hazardous cleaning are also provided scholarship
between Rs. 225 to Rs. 700 per month for a period of 10 months in a year for pursuing their studies
up to class 10th.
● Further, the National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC) acts
as an Apex Corporation for the all-round socio-economic upliftment of the safai karmacharis,
scavengers and their dependents by creating alternate means of livelihoods. NSKFDC was set up
in 1997 as a wholly-owned GoI Undertaking under the Ministry of Social Justice &
Empowerment.

Way Forward

● Maintaining ODF status is important so that villagers are not returning to the old practice of open
defecation. We must focus on putting in place a robust monitoring mechanism to check the
condition of sanitation at the district and Panchayat level.
● We must focus on circular economy for converting our waste into resources. The first step in this
regard will be 100 per cent achievements in terms of waste segregation, successful disposal, and
streamlining waste infrastructure.
● Despite a ban on manual scavenging, its existence is reported from time to time. Therefore, use of
technology can play a key role.
● Prioritization and faster identification of insanitary latrines and manual scavengers through a
timebond plan must be seriously and earnestly pursued for effective rehabilitation of manual
scavengers.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. “The government is focussing so severely on toilet provision in tandem with Swacch Bharat
Abhiyan, the focus on behavioural change towards sanitation and a moral change towards
sanitation workers is what is lagging behind’, Critically Discuss, what are the challenges faced by
the sanitation workers and What are the steps to effect changes in the perception of the people
towards the sanitation workers.
2. Examine the role of Swacch Bharat Abhiyaan in a behavioural change towards sanitation.
3. “Swacch Bharat Mission has set a benchmark for participatory and transformative
development” Comment.
4. What is solid waste and its management? Why is waste management a problem in India?
5. “Swachh Bharat is not just about chasing toilets, but also about paradigm shift towards a
Solid waste management plan” Discuss
 6. Despite various rules and regulations for solid waste management, why Municipal Solid
Waste Management poses the utmost challenge in Urban planning.
7. “The Sanitation Economy is smart, sustainable, innovative, cost saving and revenue
generating” How can India can help from this robust market, which would help in
achieving the global Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of providing access to
adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and ending open defecation by 2030.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following statements

1. World Toilet Day is marked by the United Nations and its sister organizations every year on
November 19 since inception of Swacch Bharat Mission.
2. World Toilet Day day helps in achieving the SDG 6 ensures Clean Water and Sanitation for
all by 2030.

Which of the given above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution

(b)

Explanation

World Toilet Day is marked by the United Nations and its sister organizations every year on
November 19 since 2013, hence statement 1 is incorrect. In July 2013, the United Nations
passed a resolution to mark the event by its member nations. The objective is to bring behavioural
changes and implementation of policies that will end open defecation and increase access to
sanitation among poor.

The day helps in achieving the SDG 6 that promises sanitation for all by 2030.The SDG 6 Ensures
Clean Water and Sanitation for all, hence only statement 2 is correct.
2.

(Improvisation)

Who among the following has launched first global guidelines on sanitation and health, which
summarize evidence on effectiveness of range of sanitation intervention and also articulate role
of health sector in maximizing health impact of sanitation interventions?

(a) World Health Organization

(b) World Bank
(c) United Nation
(d) Government of India

Solution

(a)

Explanation

World Health Organization has launched first global guidelines on sanitation and health, which
summarize evidence on effectiveness of range of sanitation intervention and also articulate the
role of the health sector in maximizing health impact of sanitation interventions.

Hence, option (a) is correct.

About WHO

WHO is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as coordinating authority on
international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, it succeeded the Health
Organization, which was an agency of the League of Nations.

3.

In the context of 'Darwaza Band- Part 2' campaign, consider the following statements

1. The primary focus of the campaign is on behaviour change and promoting sustainable usage of
toilets, at both community and village levels.
2. The campaign was produced by the Union Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation and
World Bank.
Which of the given above statements is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution

(a)

Explanation

The Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) on February 6, 2019 launched the 'Darwaza Band -Part
2' campaign for sustainability of the Open Defecation Free (ODF) status of villages across the
country.

Highlights of the 'Darwaza Band- Part 2' campaign

● 'Darwaza Band- Part 2' campaign is supported by the World Bank and was rolled out
countrywide immediately after the launch.
● The campaign was produced by the Union Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation,
hence statement 2 is incorrect.
● The primary focus of the campaign is on behaviour change and promoting sustainable
usage of toilets, at both community and village levels.
● Three “Darwaza Band Part 2” films were launched by Amitabh Bachchan during the
event. These films will be aired across various television channels over the next few weeks
in various regional languages.

4.

(Improvisation)

Consider the following statements

1. The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan has been restructured into the Swachh Bharat Mission
(Gramin).
 2. The Ministry of Human Resource Development has launched the Swachh Vidyalaya
Programme under the Swachh Bharat Mission.

Which of the given above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Solution

(c)

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct : The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan has been restructured into the Swachh
Bharat Mission (Gramin). The mission aims to make India an open defecation free country in
Five Years. It seeks to improve the levels of cleanliness in rural areas through Solid and Liquid
Waste Management activities and making Gram Panchayats Open Defecation Free (ODF), clean
and sanitised.

Statement 2 is also correct

The Ministry of Human Resource Development has launched Swachh Vidyalaya Programme
under Swachh Bharat Mission with an objective to provide separate toilets for boys and girls in
all government schools within one year.

5.

As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 in India, which one of the following statements
is correct?

(a) Waste generator has to segregate waste into five categories.

(b) The Rules are applicable to riotified urban local bodies, notified towns and all industrial
townships only.

(c) The Rules provide for exact and elaborate criteria for the identification of sites for landfills
and waste processing facilities.
(d) It is mandatory on the part of waste generator that the waste generated in one district cannot
be moved to another district.

Solution

(c)

Explanation

Under the Solid Waste Management, Rules 2016, waste processing facilities will have to be set
up by all local bodies having 1 million or more population within two years. In case of census
towns below 1 million population, setting up common, or stand-alone sanitary landfills by, or for
all local bodies having 0.5 million or more population and for setting up common, or regional
sanitary landfills by all local bodies and census towns under 0.5 million population will have to
be completed in three years. Hence, rules provide for exact and elaborate criteria for identification
of landfill sites and waste processing facilities. Hence option C is correct.