SwachhBharatMission-A mile stone that yet to be reached.

Six (Seven) decades after Independence, India has embarked on a long-pending journey — to make
sanitation a ‘national obsession’, after cricket and Bollywood.
-UNICEF-WHO

“Cleanliness is next to Godliness”, a proverb that investigates its origin to ancient Indian times, is the
epitome of irony in the present Indian health situation. One of the oldest and richest civilizations of
the world-Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, was the best sanitation infrastructure in the world. Its
prominent and efficient sewage system was not only precious jewel, but also a gift of wisdom to other
civilization of the time and a source of inspiration even for today’s township planner. However,
history lives in the literature and has little relevance to the present. Providing basic facilities to the
native of the country is one of the important responsibilities of a democratic country like India.

The water supply and sanitation has been one of the most prominent problems in the country. Water
supply and sanitation were added to the national agenda during the first five-year planning period
(1951-1956), and increasing investments have been made in subsequent plans 1. However, the 1981
Census revealed that rural sanitation coverage was only1%2. Providing and maintaining the two
basic services of safe drinking water and improved sanitation to the citizens of the country has been a
challenging task to the governments. Around 600 million people in India currently practices open
defecation3. Open defecation refers to the practice of defecating outside and not in the toilets/latrine
built in designated place. Open defecation perpetuates a vicious cycle of diseases and poverty and is
widely seen as an aspersion on personal dignity. So far, to combat with this problem the government
of India has taken the following major initiatives:

 The Central Rural Sanitation Program (CRSP) the first and foremost
nationwide program of rural sanitation, was launched in 1986.
 Total Sanitation Campaign was launched in 1999.
 The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) was launched in 2012, as a successor of Total Sanitation
Campaign (TSC).
 Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM - Clean India Mission) in 2014

Swachh Bharat Mission -SBM

On 2nd October 2014, the Indian Prime Minister, Hon Narendra Modi, launched the Swachh Bharat
Mission (SBM - Clean India Mission) with the objective that India would be open defecation free
(ODF) country by October 2019. The Mission includes two sub-missions: the Swachh Bharat Mission
(Gramin) and the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban), which aimed to achieve Swachh Bharat (Clean
India) by 2019. India is a land of religious and social diversity. Open defecation has its origins from
caste prejudices which prevail in every nick and corner of the country. Practices like untouchability
and belief of ritual purity of certain caste groups has given oxygen to the issue. The government has
worked on providing toilets to the people but of lack social consciousness, water supply and poor
maintenance of existing toilets has worsened the condition. Providing access and maintenance is
easier compared to the herculean task of inducing behavioral change which calls for systemic efforts
and personal interventions. Just like previous campaigns, such as Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, SBM is
riddled with complexities, operational challenges and ground-level implementation problems 4.

Last year, Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman allocated Rs 12,300 crore for 2020-2021 for
Swachh Bharat Mission. According to Center for Policy Research- total budget allocated for the
missions for the last seven years is 12,294 crores for the financial year of 2020-21,9638 (FY 2019-

BudgetAllocatedtoSwachhBharatMission

18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0

2014-152015-162016-172017-182018-192019-202020-21

SBM-GSBM-U
Source: India Expenditure Budget,Vol2 for Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

20), 16978(FY2018-19), 19248 (FY2017-18),12800(FY2016-17),7525(FY2015-16),4599 (FY 2014-

15)5. It is an ambitious effort to stop open defecation and make the country free from this evil. So far
government has spent around Rs83082 crore in the last seven years on the mission, but still we are far
from reaching that goal. A total 10.21 crore toilets were constructed since October 2, 2014 to make
India- the country open-defecation free (ODF). About 30% of rural households still lacked access to
toilets by October 2018.

TAIL PARAGRAPH- Challenges efforts,

The open defecation is the ‘way of life’ in the developing country like India. It is deep rooted in the
tradition and social customs of Indian. It is integrated in the day-to-day life of the people especially in
the rural areas and urban slums of India. It is very difficult to bend or break the iron rod of open
defecation perception of the people as they feel that they practice over many generations. While the
Swachh Bharat Mission has made rapid strides in terms of making toilets more pervasive throughout
the country, entrenched socioeconomic factors may be limiting access to and use of proper sanitation
practices in the country. Even after putting remarkable efforts, the government’s initiatives could not
succeed to motivate people and sustain sanitation efforts and it was assumed that providing sanitary
facilities would lead to improve the situation.
The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched in 2014, the government set the target to make
India free from open defecation practices by building 6.4 crore toilets. But four states –Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Odisha and Jharkhand which constitute 32% population of the country account for a massive
60% of the people in India who defecate in the open 6. Building toilets is one thing, ensuring the usage
is a challenge. Open defecation is more of related to deep rooted culture and social belief. These are
made by people and only people can alter or remove it. Incentivizing the change agent could be one
of the initiatives to stop this practice. Human by nature is more motivated by stick rather than by
carrot. Government should link general amenities with the ownership and usage of toilets. Why
should not responsibility and accountability be fixed from users to officers at various levels in
administration? Lot of advertisement and publicity has been initiated by endorsing famous public
figures, why can’t local figure like school teacher, postman, retired army personnel, religious person,
village head or Sarpanch etc .be associated with this mission officially? Should government not link
basic amenities like subsidized LPG cylinder, electric & water connection, and employment under
MNREGA with owning and using toilet in the house or in the community? Many efforts (campaigns)
by volunteers at village and district level have been initiated with positive results. Can these efforts
not be recognized and awarded to motivate others?

Even after spending Rs83082 crore in the last seven years, the results are not as per expectation; it is
the time where government should revisit its marketing efforts to achieve the target. Open defecation
is either a voluntary choice or a compulsion. This choice is closely linked with personal preferences,
cultural and traditional norms with special concerns for privacy for women and girls in different
communities. The ongoing campaigns to promote latrine construction and its use needs to carefully
consider these factors in order to reduce or eradicate the open defecation practices and increase the
use of sanitary latrines.

2. India-An Overview
India-the world’s most populous democracy, 2nd most populous country and the seventh-largest
country by land area in South Asia. It is the land of great Indus Civilization. The India comprises of
widely varying mixtures of ethnic strains drawn from peoples settled in the subcontinent before the
dawn of history from invaders. It is the country where agriculture has been in the centre of social and
economic growth and development. Roughly half of all Indians still derive their livelihood directly
from agriculture. According to Census of India 2021, the total literacy rate is 74.04%. The Male
literacy rate is 82.14% and Female literacy rate is 65.46% according to Census 20217.
Exhibit-1
Total Land Area 3,166,391 sq km. 
Total Population 1,394,858,105
Rural Population 90.3 crore
Urban Population 49.5 Crore
Total States 28
Union Territories 8
Total Districts 742
Total Village 649481
Literacy Rate 74%
Male Literacy Rate 82.14%
Female Literacy Rate 65.46%
 Smartphone Owners 50.2 Crores
TV Ownership 21 Crores Households

The country had the world’s second-largest internet population at over 56 crore users in 2021. Of
these, 39 crore users accessed the internet via their mobile phones. Estimates suggest that this figure
would reach over 62 crore by 2023 8. India is a country of religions, cultures, and traditions there is no
common language spoken by all Indians. More than 19,500 languages or dialects are spoken in India
as mother tongues, according to Census of India. There are 121 languages which are spoken by
10,000 or more people in India, which has a population of 121 crore 9. Other than Hinduism, Islam,
Sikhism, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism and the Bahai faith are the major
religion followed by Indians. Many festivals are celebrated in pan India with different religious and
social beliefs.

1 Problem-
The practice of open defecation is high and vulnerable in India and the country is the home to the
world’s largest population where people defecate in the open. India is the country which accounts for
60%of the practice in the world. Almost 640 million people defecate in the open. According to a
survey in 2018 conducted by the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics between 42% to
57% of rural population (in UP, Bihar, Rajasthan, MP) more than two years of age defecate in the
open, with a close estimate of 44%8. According to report from Swachhta Status Report 2016 prepared
by NSSO, in urban area the percentage of persons going for open defecation was estimated to be
44%, while in rural area 56% households contributed to open defecation 10. While there has been
considerable improvement since the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission — the National Annual
Rural Sanitation Survey 2018-19 has reported, as on March 2019, that the number of Indian s
defecating in the open has come down to under 50 million, from 550 million in 2014—we still have a
long way to go11.

2. CULTURAL BELIEF (Social Barriers)

Through Swachh Bharat Mission, Indian government has not left any stone unturned to fight and
eradicate the open defecation from the country; still the problem seems to be standstill in some parts
of the country. The geography of the country and entrenched socioeconomic factors are limiting
efforts to reach the target audience. The situation becomes more challenging when rural population
has to be addressed. While the Swachh Bharat Mission has made rapid strides in terms of making
toilets more pervasive throughout the country, but limiting access to and use of sound sanitation
practices in Indian villages makes situation worse. India is a country of family, castes, rituals,
customs, traditions, etc. The most of the Indian household are patriarchal with the oldest male making
many of the decisions for the family and it flows from multiple generations living together in one
household. The caste system also heavily influences a family's future. The caste system is an easy of
ranking individuals by the social status that they were born into. In their book, Where India Goes,
Dean Spears and Diane Coffey examine the reasons for India’s enduring reluctance to use latrines.
They suggest that caste and notions of purity make Indians hesitant to use toilets, especially low-cost
latrines that involve emptying pits once they refilled. In one of her research, Ms. Amina Tarraf found
that the key to eliminating open defecation is to make young children develop the habit
of using latrines or toilets. This will break the inter-generational cycle of open
defecation. Communication can support this by changing the social norms around open
defecation in communities. At the moment, the social norm is that open defecation is
acceptable and sometimes even healthier than latrine use. There is low awareness that it
leads to health problems. The strategy is to use communications to create a new social norm
that open defecation is dirty, disgusting and bad for children’s health12.

Own TV, and Mobile

According to a study conducted in Feb-March 2021 by Broadcast Audience Research Council
(BARC) India, 21 crores Indian household own television in their home. The growth rate in TV in
India is higher than the overall home ownership growth. Rural India dominates TV ownership growth
— in 2016, it had 99 million television households; that number is 109 million in 2020, securing a
10% growth. There are macroeconomic factors driving the growth of TV penetration in the rural
market. The income level among the poor has increased and with this, TV has reached a position
where it becomes a necessity as well as an aspiration because everybody else has it. The urban
market, which is somewhat saturated now, grew by 4% over the last two years. The growth in rural
TV ownership contributed to 13% growth in viewership while the urban TV owners-hip growth
corresponded to 10% growth in overall TV viewership13. India is one of the fastest growing
Smartphone market and second most populous country in the world, India had 502.2 million
Smartphone users as of December 2019, which means over 77 per cent of Indians are now accessing
wireless broadband through Smartphone14.

The Constitution- The Indian Republic

26 January 1950 is coined as the birth date of the Indian Republic after getting freedom from British
on 15 August 1947. India is a Republic with a Parliamentary form of government which is federal in
structure with unitary features. There is a system of Council of Ministers with the Prime Minster as
its head to advice the President- the constitutional head of the country. The Indian Republic is
constituted by 28 states and 8 Union Territories. In states there is a Council of Ministers with the
Chief Minister as its head, who advices the Governor15. The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments
give recognition and protection to local governments and in addition each state has its own local
government legislation. For the development and welfare for the citizens, the central government
allocates budget for various schemes and programs. The budget is allotted to states and to Union
Territories to execute and implement the programs. The state governments distribute budget to local
bodies at district level and district administration to Municipal Corporation and to village
administrations16. As per Article 148 of the Indian Constitution, an independent office to the CAG of
India was set up. CAG is responsible for both accounting and auditing duties for central and state
governments. A 1976 amendment separated accounts from audits for the central government 17.  The
Comptroller and Auditor General of India perform the role to formulate policies and audit standards
and systems.
Administration and OD where is the problem? The power of states to the problems,
cooperation, budget allocation

Swachh Bharat Mission, India’s flagship sanitation intervention, set out to end open defecation by
October 2019. Though the Mission has shown some positive results, still it has not touched the
milestone which set at the time of its launch. When it comes to safely managing sanitation services in
the country, India is far behind that is from a country like Somalia. The center allocates funds and
passes instructions to address the problem, but according to Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation,
some recent instances of local administrations adopting inappropriate and gender-insensitive
approaches in the context of preventing open defecation were reported which is against the very spirit
of the Mission. Experts say that this is happening due to the fact that only a very miniscule percentage
of the total SBM budget is allocated to IEC (Information, Education and Communication) activities to
induce behavioral change in people who have been hitherto defecating in the open. 

A study conducted by the Institute of Development Studies, Water Aid and Praxis, which was
published in October 2017, claimed that several ODF villages are not free from open defecation. The
study was done in three villages of Madhya Pradesh’s Sehore district, two of Uttar Pradesh’ Shamli
district and three of Rajasthan’s Pali district. All of these villages were not only declared ODF but
even verified so by a third party for the government. It may be mentioned here after the declaration of
ODF, the government gets a survey conducted to verify the ODF status. In all the surveyed villages of
UP and Rajasthan, the researchers found open defecation prevalent and even identified the areas of
open defecation in few of them. In one of the villages of Pali, where 900 households were surveyed,
they found that the total current usage of toilets was only 1 per cent.  While in two villages of Shamli,
it was 63 per cent and 16 per cent respectively18.

In Sehore, researchers reported imposition of sanctions like stopping of rations, seizure of ration
cards, and disallowance of benefits from any panchayat-related scheme and disconnection of
electricity. How can IEC be replaced by such sanctions? Experts wonder. Finding faults with the IEC
Program, the report said, “Promotion of sanitation was not a holistic and sustained effort, but relied
heavily on carrot (toilet incentive) and stick (shaming and sanctions), which were reportedly effective
in enforcing toilet construction and short- term use,” the report said.

Even the comptroller and auditor general found that due importance was not given to IEC and 25 per
cent of total IEC expenditure was incurred on activities unrelated to IEC. According to the CAG, the
ministry failed to utilize funds approved under monitoring and evaluation (M&E) head. Only Rs  0.32
crore out of Rs 22.40 crore allocated was utilized on the activities covered under M&E from 2009-10
to 2013-14, diverting the remaining Rs 22.08 crore to other activities. The lack of proper monitoring
kills the Program objective. The CAG Reports  show that toilets  constructed  in the villages  are
incomplete  and of  poor  quality  resulting in instances where  these  toilets  are  not  being  used  by
people. Such instances have also been found in villages that have been declared as open defecation
free. This is a serious lapse and tantamount to false and incorrect reporting on the Program status19.
Another grey area of the Program which requires both financial and administrative attention:
technology for solid and liquid waste disposal. Toilets without proper waste management lead to
slugging on roads. According to the figures available on SBM portal, out of the total fund given by
the Centre to states, merely 0.5 per cent was spent on solid and liquid waste management. The states
spent 0.97 per cent of their budget for the same 20. The Centre has also failed to take on board
corporate houses for the implementation of the SBM as part of Corporate Social Responsibility for
which they had designed Rashtriya Swachhta Kosh (RSK).  The government got Rs. 253 crore in
2015-16, Rs 245.04 crore in 2016-17, Rs 175.31 crore in 2017-18, Rs 94.72 crore in 2018-19 and in
2019-20 Rs 9.62.21.

Not enough has been invested in training people at the ground level who are foot soldiers of the
Program. Lack of adequate capacities is a major challenge in scaling up the Program. The CAG
pointed to few other irregularities as well. It was reported that 12.97 lakh individual household
latrines (IHHLs) involving expenditure of Rs 186.17 crore were constructed by engaging contractors/
NGOs in violation of the mission’s guidelines. Further, financial irregularities like expenditure
without approval, diversion of funds amounting to Rs 7.81 crore were also noticed in the construction
of Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) infrastructure in 13 districts. According to CAG,
the central government must stop direct funding to states for constructing toilets rather they must
incentivize. An honest performance evaluation of the states should be done first. The states
performing better should be incentivized for performing better.

According to expenditure details for FY 17-18 available on the government SBM portal, the total
available fund with states in terms of Centre’s share was Rs 10678.49 crore, out of which, Rs 200.70
crore was spent on IEC activities, which is a meager 1.87 per cent of the total fund. As far as state’s
share is concerned, the total available fund with all the states was Rs 2589.19 crore, out of which, Rs
104.33 crore was spent on IEC activities—4 per cent of the total fund available. The states, therefore,
were spending a tad more on behavioral change aspect of the SBM. Studies after studies have pointed
out that ending open defecation is not just about building toilets but changing the behavior of people
and inspiring them to use toilets22.

Past Efforts and Results

Water supply and sanitation were added to the national agenda during the first five-year planning
period (1951-1956), and increasing investments have been made in subsequent plans. However, the
1981 Census revealed that rural sanitation coverage was only1%. The Central Rural Sanitation
Program (CRSP) the first and foremost nationwide Program of rural sanitation, was launched in
1986 with the objective of improving the quality of life along with maintaining the privacy and
dignity to the women. This was intended to supplement the efforts of the Stateswith100% subsidy for
construction of sanitary latrines for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and landless laborers and
subsidy as per the rate prevailing in the States for the general public. Analysis of sanitation coverage
data from various sources shows that despite the acceleration of coverage under the Eighth Plan, only
between 18 to19 per cent of all rural households had a toilet. However, there had been increase in
coverage, from around10percentin1990.

Even after putting remarkable efforts, the approach could not succeed to motivate people and
sustain sanitation efforts as it was based on the assumption that providing sanitary facilities
would lead to coverage and usage. As a result of the limitations of this approach, the Total
Sanitation Campaign was launched in 1999 under the umbrella of a “demand- driven”
methodology. In2012, the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) was launched as a successor of
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). Its objective was to accelerate sanitation coverage in rural
areas through renewed strategies. Despite the efforts there were implementation difficulties
as funding from different sources caused delays.

Swachh Bharat Mission- Implementation and promotion- process of implementation, and how it
was promoted,

On 2nd October 2014, the Indian Prime Minister, Hon Narendra Modi, launched the Swachh
Bharat Mission (SBM - Clean India Mission) with the objective that India would be open
defecation free(ODF) country by October 2019.The Mission includes two sub-missions: the
Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) and the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban),which aimed to
achieve Swachh Bharat (Clean India) by 2019. The focus of the strategy was on the Swachh
Bharat Gramin, which aims at “improving the levels of cleanliness in rural areas through
solid and liquid waste management activities and making Gram Panchayats open defecation
free, clean and sanitized.

Overcoming resistance to toilet usage requires addressing values, norms and beliefs that will lead to
behavior change, and ultimately the health and economic benefits. The toilets were constructed under
the mission and most of them are unused because of lack of household water connection. According
to a survey conducted by CAG in July 2020, 72% of toilets in government schools don’t have a
running water facility, 11% are non-existent or partially constructed. India, the world’s second-largest
country by population, has the highest number of people (732million) without access to toilets,
according to a new report. Around 355million women and girls lack access to a toilet 23. If they were
to stand in a line, the queue could circle the Earth more than four times said the report prepared by
WaterAid, titled Out Of Order: The State of the World’s Toilets 201724.
 Exhibit: Lack of Access to a toilet: Top Five Countries

Behavior change has been the key differentiator of Swachh Bharat Mission and therefore emphasis is
placed on:

Behavior Change Communication (BCC) - BCC is not a 'stand-alone' separate activity to be done as
a 'component' of SBM-G, but about mobilizing and nudging communities into adopting safe and
sustainable sanitation practices through effective BCC.

Collective Behavior Change: The suggested approach was to adopt Community Approaches to
Sanitation (CAS) focusing heavily on triggering entire communities and on achieving collective
behavioral change. Emphasis is to be placed on awareness generation, triggering mindsets leading to
community behavior change and demand generation for sanitary facilities in houses, schools, Angan
wadis, places of community congregation, and for Solid and Liquid Waste

Inter Personal Communication (IPC): The program primarily focused on the use of Inter Personal
Communication (IPC), triggering the demand and use of toilets through social and behavioral change
communication and house-to house interventions.

District Swachhta Plan (DSP): An indicative format for districts to develop a ‘District Swachhta
Plan’ is designed and made available to manage SBM activities at local level. Since Open Defecation
Free villages cannot be achieved without all the households and individuals conforming to the desired
behavior of toilet use every day and every time, community action and generation of social norms are
key.

The major obstacles to eliminating the practice of open defecation are cultural and social mindset.
Many Indians have grown up in an environment where everyone does it. Defecating in the open is
frequently considered good and healthy among rural Indians. To eliminate the problem, education and
changing the social acceptability of open defecation should be a priority. Currently, the government of
India is attempting to create awareness through various modes of communication but the success is not
as per expectation.

Government’s initiatives so far:

The Indian government has dedicated significantly more resources to sanitation as well. The
government has allocated 0.5% of its annual budget on toilet construction. And the individual subsidy
for toilet construction has also been increased: the SBM provides Rs 12,000 for every toilet compared
to Rs 10,000 under NBA and Rs 4,500 in the TSC. A 2018 survey conducted by the Research Institute
for Compassionate Economics (RICE) suggests that open defecation is still widely prevalent (44% of
households) across Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan—despite three of these states
already being declared fully or largely open defecation free by the Union Government at that time.

The reduction has been driven almost entirely by new toilet constructions: 57% of rural households
who did not have a toilet in 2014had one by 2018 and 42%of these households received government
support (i.e. through SBM). Similarly, the National Sample Survey Office’s Swachhta Status survey
shows that the percentage of people who defecated in the open in rural India fell to33% in 2017-18
from 52% in 14-15, while households with toilets rose from 45% to 64% in the same period.

SBM –The Promotion

The Swachhta Abhiyan had turned into a National Movement. A sense of responsibility has been
evoked among the people through the Clean India Movement. People from different sections of the
society had come forward and joined this mass movement of cleanliness. From government officials to
jawans, bollywood actors to the sportspersons, industrialists to spiritual leaders, all have lined up for
the noble work. Millions of people across the country had been day after day joining the cleanliness
initiatives of the government departments, NGOs and local community centers to make India clean.
Organising frequent cleanliness campaigns to spread awareness about hygiene through plays and
music is also being widely carried out across the nation.

Bollywood celebrities to television actors came forward and actively joined the initiative. Noted
personalities like Amitabh Bachchan, Aamir Khan, Kailash Kher, Priyanka Chopra, Vidya Balan and
entire cast and crew of SAB TV show ‘Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah’ lent a hand to Swachh
Bharat Mission.. Numerous sportspersons like Sachin Tendulkar, Sania Mirza, Saina Nehwal and
Mary Kom’s contribution the clean India drive have been commendable25.

Exhbit-2
Progress and achievements

Exhibit 3 - https://scroll.in/article/910562/the-modi-years-how-successful-is-the-swachh-bharat-
mission-or-clean-india-campaign

Current Status Reports-what Media reports, Newspapers critics,

Way forward- fund leftover budget, suggestions, Qs from tail Paragraph

What went wrong?

Failure to set the accountability: Will India become a cleaner, healthier and more hygienicnation
without fixing accountability at local administration like Gram Panchayat, Tehsil or Districtlevel?
Local Public Involvement and their Accountability: While access to toilets are increasing,the use
remains a matter of even greater concern as many of the toilets are not used. Whycan’t local people
be involved, or awarded and general amenities (like LPG subsidy,
freerationormedicalfacilities)beassociatedwiththeusageoftoiletbuiltintheir households?
Advertisement and Publicity: Bollywood stars like Amitabh Bachchan or VidyaBalanarepublic
figures and have impact on public, but most of the rural part either lacks of TV orelectricity supply.
How can reach of such advertisement be ensured and impact can
becalculatedwithoutproperinfrastructuralsupport?
People with Religious and Social Influence: India is a country of religions, castes, andunique social
system. OD is a socially accepted traditional behaviour. Influential Peoplefrom these groups can be
pivotal to change the behaviour of the people like they have
doneinpastwithPulsePolioCampaign.TilldatetheirinvolvementinOpenDefecationCampaign is missing.
Will engagement of such people not reduce the load of government inimplementingsuchschemes?

ManagementApproach

The SBM has always been about toilets, numbers and incentives, but not about mindset change.
Thetime has come to look beyond toilets and establish a connection between sanitation and health
inordertotriggerabehavioralchangeinthepublic.Atvillagelevel,amodelbasedon opendefecation-
freeandeffectivesolidandliquidwastemanagementmechanismatplacecanbedeveloped and the residents
should be trained to assess the sanitation situation. Initiatives at locallevelshouldbeencouraged and
recognized bygovernmentbodiesasand when itisreported.

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