Taxonomic

Taxonomy is the practice of

identifying different organisms,
classifying them into categories, and
naming them.

All organisms, both living and extinct,

are classified into distinct groups with
other similar organisms and given a
scientific name.

There are eight distinct taxonomic

categories.

With each step down in classification,

organisms are split into more and
more specific groups.

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 Domain
Each domain contains
organisms with similar
properties and
evolutionary histories.

There are currently 3

agreed groups at this
level:

Bacteria domain.
Archaea domain. } Prokaryote

Eukarya domain.
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 Kingdom
All living things can be grouped into six
categories.

Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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 Kingdom Bacteria
Bacteria are microscopic organisms that are
prokaryotes (microscopic unicellular organisms).

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Instead,

they have a specialized region of the cell
containing DNA.
They can survive in many different environments
(air, water, soil, our body, etc.)
Some are aerobic organisms that need oxygen to
survive, while others are anaerobic organisms
that die in the presence of oxygen.

Some bacteria are autotrophic and produce their

own food, but most are heterotrophic and get
their nutrition from other organisms.

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Bacteria: Examples

They reproduces asexually.

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 Kingdom Archaea
Archaea are microscopic organisms that are
prokaryotes (microscopic unicellular organisms).

They are diverse in shape and nutrition

requirements.

Archaea are called extremophiles because they

can live in extreme environments. Theyhave been
found in boiling hot springs, salty lakes, thermal
vents on the ocean’s floor, and in the mud of
marshes where there is no oxygen.

Some archaea are autotrophic (produce their

own food), but most are heterotrophic (get their
nutrition from other organisms.

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Archaea: Examples

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 Kingdom Protista
Protists are eukaryotic organisms that can be
unicellular, colonial, or multicellular.

Unlike plants or animals, protists do not have

organs.

They are classified into three broad groups:

* Plant­like: Algae are autotrophs that

perform photosynthesis. (i.e. Kelp)

* Animal­like: Protozoans are Animal­like

and heterotrophs. (i.e. Amoebas)

* Fungus­like: Euglenoids have both plant­

like and animal­like characteristics. Some
have chloroplasts and can perform
photosynthesis.
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Reproduce asexually.

Protozoans move by
cell extension:

* Flagella.
* Pseudopodia.
* Cilia.

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 Kingdom Fungi
A fungus is a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote
that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in
its environment (heterotrophic that are
decomposers).

T h e y l a c k m o t i l i t y —t h e a b i l i t y t o m o v e —a n d h a v e
cell walls.
They are classifing according to nutrition in:

* Parasites: Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from the

living cells of another organism, called a host.

* Saprobes: A saprobe is an organism that feeds on

dead organisms or organic wastes.

* Mutualistics: Some fungi live in a mutualistic

relationship with another organism, such as a plant or
an alga.
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 Kingdom Plantae
All plants are multicellular and have cell walls
composed of cellulose.

Most plants are autotrophs (contain chloroplasts,

where photosynthesis is carried out), but a few
plants are heterotrophic.
All plants possess cells that are organized into
tissues, and many plants also possess organs
such as roots, stems, and leaves.

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Kingdom Plantae - Adaptation 1
CUTICLE

Cuticle is a fatty coating on the outer surface of

their cells.

The cuticle helps prevent the evaporation of

water from plant tissues and also can act as a
barrier to invading microorganisms.

Wax also can be a component of the cuticle,

giving it a grayish appearance.

STOMATA

It prevent the exchange of gases between a

plant and its environment.

Most plants carry on photosynthesis that produces

glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and
water.
Kingdom Plantae - Adaptation 2
VASCULAR TISSUES

Vascular tissue enables faster movement of

substances than by osmosis and diffusion, and
over greater distances.

Vascular tissues also provide structure and

support.

REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
Plant reproduction is the production of new
offspring in plants, which can be accomplished
by sexual or asexual reproduction.

SEEDS

A seed is a plant structure that contains an

embryo, contains nutrients for the embryo, and is
covered with a protective coat.
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 Kingdom Plantae - Structure 1
ROOT

* Roots take in water and dissolved minerals that

are transported to the rest of the plant.

* Roots also support a plant against the effects of

gravity, extreme wind, and moving water.
STEM
The main function of a plant’s stem is support of a
plant’s leaves and reproductive structures.

LEAVES

The main function of leaves is photosynthesis, and

their structure is well­adapted for this function.

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 Plantae - Reproduction 2
VEGETATIVE

Some fruits do not produce seeds, and vegetative

reproduction is the only way to reproduce them.
Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual
reproduction in which new plants grow from parts
of an existing plant. The new plants are clones of
the original plant.

Liverworts Strawberry

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 Plantae - Reproduction 2
FLOWERING

Anthophytes are the most diverse and widespread

group of plants.

They are unique because they have flowers.

Anthophytes have distinctive life cycles and, like
all plants, exhibit an alternation of generations.

* Gametophyte.
* Pollination and fertilization.

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 Kingdom Animalia
All animals are heterotrophic, multicellular
eukaryotes.

Animal cells do not have cell walls.

All animal cells are organized into tissues, and

most tissues are organized into organs, such as
skin, a stomach, and a brain.

They live in the water, on land, and in the air.

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 Animalia - Characteristics 1
FEEDING AND DIGESTION

Animals are heterotrophic, so they must feed on

other organisms to obtain nutrients.

SUPPORT
Invertebrates: animals
without backbones.

* Exoskeletons provide a
framework of support, protect
soft body tissues, prevent
water loss, and provide
protection from predators.

* Endoskeletons have internal

skeletons.

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 Animalia - Characteristics 2
SUPPORT

Vertebrates have an endoskeleton and a

backbone.

An endoskeleton protects internal organs,

provides support for the body, and can provide
an internal brace for muscles to pull against.

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 Animalia - Characteristics 3
HABITATS

Animal bodies have a variety of adaptations,

such as those for feeding, digestion, and support.

These body variations enable animals to live in

numerous habitats.
Vertebrates and invertebrates live in oceans, in
freshwater, and on land.

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Animalia - Characteristics 3

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Animalia-Invertebrate-Sponges
SPONGES

They have no tissues, no

organs, and most have no
symmetry.

A sponge gets its food by

filtering small particles from
water, it is called a filter
feeder. Digestion of nutrients
takes place within each cell.

Sponges can reproduce

asexually by fragmentation,
through budding, or by
producing gemmules.

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 Animalia-Invertebrate-
Cnidarians
CNIDARIANS

cnidarians have one body

opening and most have two
layers of cells, organized into
tissues with specific functions.
The outer layer functions in
protecting the internal body,
while the inner layer functions
mainly in digestion.
Capture prey with
nematocysts and tentacles
The digestion takes place in
t h e g u t c a v i t y —a m a j o r
evolutionary adaptation.

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 Animalia - Vertebrate
Vertebrates have a vertebral column and
specialized cells that develop from the nerve
cord.

The vertebral column, also called a spinal

column, is the hallmark feature of vertebrates.
Classes of vertebrates include fishes, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN

The vertebral column functions is a strong, flexible

rod that muscles can pull against during
swimming or running. Separate vertebrae
enhance an animal’s ability to move quickly and
easily. Bones enable forceful contraction of
muscles, improving the strength of an animal.

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 Animalia - Vertebrate
NEURAL CREST

A neural crest is a group of cells that develop

from the nerve cord in vertebrates.

These features include portions of the brain and

skull, certain sense organs, parts of pharyngeal
pouches, some nerve fibers, insulation for nerve
fibers, and certain gland cells.

INTERNAL ORGANS

kidneys, liver, heart and closed circulatory system

also are features of all vertebrates.

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 Vertebrate - Fishes
Most fishes have:

* Vertebral columns,

* Jaws,

* Paired fins (a paddle­shaped structure that is used for

balance, steering, and propulsion),

* Scales (a small, flat, platelike structure near the surface

of the skin),

* Gills (are composed of thin filaments that are covered

with highly­folded, platelike lamellae), and

* Single­loop blood circulation (system in which the heart

pumps blood through blood vessel).

* They are not able to synthesize certain amino acids.

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 Vertebrate - Fishes
All the vertebrates that evolved from them must
get these same amino acids from the foods they
eat.

Fishes have receptors for the sense of smell that

enable them to detect chemicals in the water.
The majority of fishes reproduce through external
fertilization. Male and female fishes release their
gametes near each other in the water in a
process called spawning.

Most fishes have a streamlined shape. Most also

have mucus that lubricates their body surface
and reduces friction between the fish and the
water.

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 Vertebrate - Amphibians
Most amphibians are characterized by having:

four legs, moist skin with no scales, gas exchange

through skin, lungs, a doubleloop circulatory
system, and aquatic larvae.

Most frog larvae are herbivores, whereas

salamander larvae are carnivores. However, as
adults their diets are similar as both groups
become predators and feed on a variety of
invertebrates and small vertebrates.

As larvae, most amphibians exchange gases

through their skin and gills. As adults, most
breathe through lungs, their thin, moist skin, and
the lining of the mouth cavities.

They are ectotherms that cannot generate their

own body heat. (cold blooded).
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 Vertebrate - Reptiles
* In addition to keeping fluid in their eggs,
reptiles also must keep fluids in their bodies.

* Most reptiles, except for some aquatic turtles,

depend primarily on lungs for gas exchange.

* In order to grow, some reptiles periodically must

shed their skins in a process called molting.

* In most reptiles, oxygen from the lungs enters

into a circulatory system that is similar to that of
amphibians.

* Most reptiles are carnivores, but some, such as

iguanas and tortoises, are herbivores that feed on
plants, and some turtles are omnivores.

* They are ectotherms that cannot generate their

own body heat. (cold blooded).
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 Vertebrate - Birds
* Birds have feathers and that they fly.

* Birds lay amniotic eggs and scales similar to

those of reptiles cover the legs of birds.

* They are being able to generate their own

body heat internally, or endothermy, feathers,
and lightweight bones.

* The respiratory and circulatory systems of birds

also are adapted to provide more oxygen to
working muscles to support flight.

* Digestion and absorption of food occurs

primarily in the small intestine where secretions
from the pancreas and liver aid the digestive
process.

* All birds have internal fertilization.

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 Vertebrate - Mammals
* They have hair and mammary glands.

* Mammals are endotherms, which means they produce

their body heat internally.

* Mammals get the energy they need from the

breakdown of food.

Mammalogists divide mammals into four trophic

categories based on what they eat:

1. Insectivores, such as moles and shrews, eat insects

and other small invertebrates.
2. Herbivores, such as rabbits and deer, feed on
vegetation.
3. Carnivores, such as foxes and lions, mostly feed on
herbivores.
4. Omnivores, such as raccoons and most primates, feed
on both plants and animals.

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 Vertebrate - Mammals
* High levels of oxygen also are required to maintain a
high level of metabolism. Oxygen is taken into the lungs
of mammals during respiration.

* Keeping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

separate makes the delivery of nutrients and oxygen
more efficient.

* The circulatory system of a mammal also functions to

help maintain a constant internal temperature.

* Mammals have highly developed brains, specially the

cerebrum.

*The cerebral cortex is responsible for coordinating

conscious activities, memory, and the ability to learn.

* The cerebellum is responsible for balance and

coordinating movement.

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 Vertebrate - Mammals
* The importance of the senses varies from one group of
mammals to the next. Example: In some mammals, such
as humans, vision is extremely important, while hearing is
most important to mammals such as bats.

* A system of glands secretes a variety of fluids that

helps to regulate a mammal’s internal environment.

* Reproduction: In mammals, the egg is fertilized

internally. In most mammals, development of the
embryo takes place in the female uterus.

* The placental mammals are mammals that have a

placenta, the organ that provides food and oxygen to
and removes waste from developing young.

* Movement: Mammals must find food, shelter, and

escape from predators.

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