Clarence Glitz Ciano

Answer Complete the following Questions:

A. Geology

1. Why does geologist use more than one test to identify minerals?
 Geologist test the color, hardness, streak, luster, cleavage and the
chemical reaction to easily identify minerals.

2. Do all kinds of animals and plants that have existed still exist at present? When a
kinds of living thing completely disappear from the earth, that is all its individual
die, the kind is said to have become extinct. Give examples of families of
organisms or individual organisms that have become extinct.
 According to my resource (© 2018 Animal Mozo), there are 23 extinct
animals that were found recently, some examples are:
o Narwhal -they were considered as mythical creatures before their
discovery in the Arctic. They were also probably the basis for
unicorns because of their horns. Today, they are more of in danger
of extinction because of climate change.
o Bermuda Petrel- these birds were thought to be extinct back in the
1600’s. However, they were rediscovered in 1951. They were
believed to be as many as millions before but when they were
rediscovered, only 36 were found. The total count today is around
180.
o Caspian Horse- they were considered gone by 700 AD but in 1965,
they were rediscovered in the Elbruz Mountains. They stand just 40
inches high. Right now, the Caspian Horses can been seen in parts
of England and the United States.

3. Give examples of plants and animals that develop early in the earth’s history but
still exist at present.
 Coelacanth - this animal was thought to be extinct for 65 million years
already until it got discovered back in 1938. They can go down up to
2,300 feet below water and live long on those depths.
 Monito del Monte- this animal was thought to be extinct millions of years
ago. However, it was rediscovered in Chile. It was specifically seen in the
Andes’ bamboo forests. It is also nicknamed as the mountain monkey. This
animal is one of the oldest in history and has been also been recognized
as a living fossil.
 Araucarioxylon Arizonicum- is a species of conifer that went extinct about
200 million years ago. It's the state fossil for the U.S. state of Arizona the
 tree can be found throughout the badlands of Northern Arizona in a 378
square kilometer park known as Petrified Forest National Park.

4. Most of the big plants we see around are fruit-bearing trees- mangoes, guavas,
lanzones, coconuts- angiosperms. Were there angiosperm, 1 billion year ago? In
which period did angiosperm spread widely?
 According to the present study documents the oldest known fossils
from angiosperms are Pollen Grains in the Early Triassic (between
252 to 247 million years ago) or even earlier.

5. If some parts of the earth’s interior were composed of nickel and iron, as inferred
by scientist, what could be the physical state of the earth’s interior at a depth of
3,000 km?
 The temperature 3,000 kilometers below the surface of the Earth is
much more varied than previously thought, scientists have found.
"The contrast between the solid mantle and the liquid core is
greater than the contrast between the ground and the air. The
core is like a planet within a planet." said Associate Professor Tkalčić

6. Majority of the earthquakes occur along the edges of the plates, explain why?
 Earthquakes happen when rock below the Earth's surface move.
Usually, the rock is moving along large cracks in Earth's crust called
faults. Most earthquakes happen at or near the boundaries
between Earth's tectonic plates because that's where there is
usually a large concentration of faults.

B. Astronomy

1. Why do stars and constellation disappear at the horizon?

 You will only be able to see the stars that are in the opposite
direction to the Sun. All the stars that are 'behind' the Sun won't be
visible during that day, because they are above the horizon during
the day and we can see stars only during night.

2. Why can we see only half of the sky at any given time?
 At any given instant of time, in any place on Earth, if the sky is clear
and the horizon is low and flat, you see half of the celestial sphere -
at that very instant. But as the Earth keeps turning, you may end up
seeing more, depending on where you are. If you're at the North or
South Pole, you see exactly half of the sky no matter how long you
wait. That's all you'll ever see from there. But if you move closer to
the Equator, you'll end up seeing more than half, if you're willing to
wait.
 3. Explain why pollux, which is cooler than the sun, is 330 times more luminous?
 Because Pollux lies close to Earth, about 34 light-years away, with a
luminosity of about 32 times that of the sun. The sun is in the
northern constellation of Gemini, Pollux is the closest giant star to
the Sun.

4. How does a CTD work in the ocean? What is the importance of this
equipment?
 CTD measures the salinity, temperature, depth and concentration
of particles in the water column. CTD is a package of electronic
instruments that measures conductivity, temperature, and depth of
the ocean.

5. Explain the time zones of the world?

 Time zone is the local time of a country or a region. Each time
zone is 15 degrees of longitude wide. There are more than 24
Time Zones. If each time zone were 1 hour apart, there would
be 24 in the world.

6. Why do we see a comet only at a certain time or year? Explain

 All comets revolve around the sun. Once it is in motion it
starts gathering speed closer it gets to the sun due to gravity.
Some of the comets are on a one-way trip and crash into
the Sun. As comets have different orbital distance they
routinely maintain the periodicity until it is disturbed by
another object or losses mass entirely. Most comets are in
orbit for millions of years.

C. Hydrosphere

1. What are the ways by which water on land can set back to the sea?
 Water on the land can get back to the sea via water cycle
the rising air currents take the vapor up into the atmosphere,
along with water from evapotranspiration, which is water
transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. Most
precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where,
due to gravity, the precipitation flows over the ground as
surface runoff.

2. When precipitation happens on land, what three processes may immediately

take place?
  When precipitation happens on land three processes may
immediately take place which is infiltration, evaporation and
evapotranspiration.

3. From which surface is evaporation greater? Land or ocean? Explain.

 Evaporation is more prevalent over the oceans while over
the land, precipitation routinely exceeds evaporation.
Because most of the water that evaporates from the oceans
falls back into the oceans as precipitation.

4. What are the largest sea found in between islands in the Philippines?
 The Sulu Sea is the largest sea separating islands of the
Philippines. It is located between the Mindanao Island and
the Palawan section of the Vijayas Island.

5. What changes in the form of water takes place in the process of

evaporation?
 Hot water evaporating inside the towers creates steam that
rises from large cooling towers. Evaporation is the process by
which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor.
Evaporation is the primary pathway that water moves from
the liquid state back into the water cycle as atmospheric
water vapor.

6. What makes big waves? Small waves? What make them moving fast?
 Waves located on the ocean's surface are commonly
caused by wind transferring its energy to the water, and big
waves, or swells, can travel over long distances. A wave's
size depends on wind speed, wind duration, and the area
over which the wind is blowing.

D. Chemistry

1. Explain the theory of relativity and its relevance?

 The theory of relativity is that the laws of physics are the
same for all non-accelerating observers. In chemistry this
applies to the properties of certain elements. The relativistic
effects derive from Albert Einstein's theory of relativity with
the well-known formula E = mc2 by which Einstein
established a connection between energy, mass and speed
of light.

2. What is radioactive decay? What is the relevance of this?

  Radioactive Decay is the spontaneous transformation of an
unstable atomic nucleus into a lighter one, in which
radiation is released in the form of alpha particles, beta
particles, gamma rays, and other particles. Radioactive
decay changes an atom from one that has higher energy
inside its nucleus into one with lower energy.

3. Enumerate rarest elements on earth and explain the importance of these

elements?
 Osmium- It is used to produce very hard alloys for fountain
pen tips, instrument pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
 Rhodium- is used as an alloying agent for hardening and
improving the corrosion resistance of platinum and
palladium. These alloys are used in furnace windings,
bushings for glass fiber production, thermocouple elements,
electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles.
 Iridium- is as a hardening agent for platinum alloys. With
osmium, it forms an alloy that is used for tipping pens, and
compass bearings.
 Rhenium- is used with platinum as catalysts in the production
of lead-free, high-octane gasoline.
 Palladium- the largest use of palladium is in catalytic
converters for automobiles. Finely divided palladium is used
as a catalyst for hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions
and for petroleum cracking.

4. How are diamonds formed? Why are they expensive?

 Diamond Formation in Earth's Mantle. Geologists believe that
the diamonds in all of Earth's commercial diamond deposits
were formed in the mantle and delivered to the surface by
deep-source volcanic eruptions. These eruptions produce
the kimberlite and lamproite pipes that are sought after by
diamond prospectors. Diamonds are more expensive
because they are harder to come by.

E. Meteorology

1. Mountain and valley breezes are convection currents. During the day which
warms faster the mountain or the valley? At night, which cools faster? Explain
how mountain and valley breezes occur.
 During the day, the sun heats up mountain air rapidly while
valley remains relatively cooler. Convection causes it to rise,
causing a valley breeze. At night, the process is reversed.
2. What determines the direction of moving air? Give the rule for naming a wind
or a breeze.
 The Coriolis effect resulting from the earth's rotation, causes
the air to spin clockwise around a high pressure in the
northern hemisphere, and counter-clockwise around a low
pressure. A wind is always named according to the direction
from which it blows. For example, a wind blowing from west
to east is a west wind. The ultimate cause of Earth's winds is
solar energy.

3. What are the general directions of winds over the entire earth? Do
differences in the heating of land and water affect these wind flows?
 Wind circulates in each hemisphere in three distinct cells which
help transport energy and heat from the equator to the poles.
The winds are driven by the energy from the sun at the surface
as warm air rises and colder air sinks. The circulation cell closest
to the equator is called the Hadley cell. water heats and cools
much more slowly than land and consequently the air over the
ocean becomes warmer than the air over land. The conversely
high-pressure air over the land blows over the ocean. This
creates a land breeze that causes winds from the land to the
water at night.

4. Account for the weather and climate of the Philippines.

 The Climate of the Philippines is either tropical rainforest,
tropical savanna or tropical monsoon, or humid subtropical
characterized by relatively high temperature, oppressive
humidity and plenty of rainfall. The winter monsoon brings
cooler air from November to February.

5. It is raining in one part of a place but it is shining in another part. Explain why?
 it has to do with the local climate. When a cloud rises, it
expands and cools down because the surrounding
atmospheric pressure decreases. As the parcel gets colder,
water vapor condenses on the cloud droplets so they grow
in size.

6. What is the relationship between temperature and relative humidity? The

relationship between temperature and pressure.
 Relative humidity is the ratio expressed as a percentage of
the amount of moisture actually in the air to the maximum
amount that can be present at that temperature. The dew
point is the temperature at which a given sample of air will
 have a relative humidity of 100 percent; hence, the
saturation temperature. The relationship between
temperature and pressure is Gay-Lussac's Law which is the
Pressure Temperature Law. This law states that the pressure
of a given amount of gas held at constant volume is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature. As the pressure goes
up, the temperature also goes up, and vice-versa.

7. Which condition of the atmosphere changed the most?

 The Earth's atmosphere has changed over billions of years,
but for the past 200 million years it has been much as it is
today. The molecules in atmosphere are always moving in
and out of the air and changing through reactions. Even
through the individual molecules are changing, the amounts
of different elements within the atmosphere stays steady.