Review of Composite Entire Function

Subhajit Bakshi
Supervisor:
Dr. Chinmay Ghosh
Department of Mathematics
Kazi Nazrul University
Asansol

August 28, 2019

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Introduction

Entire functions of one complex variable are single valued functions analytic in the
…nite complex plane C. A meromorphic function is one which is analytic for all
values z 2 C except for isolated points where poles (points where the function
takes the value ∞) occur. We can consider a meromorphic function to be the
quotient of two analytic functions, having poles when the denominator is zero, and
zeros when the numerator is zero. Points where both denominator and numerator
are zero can usually be handled using limits. We de…ne positive logarithm as,

log+ x = max(log x, 0)

for any x 0. It is evident that it satis…es

1
log x = log+ x log+ .
x

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For a function f meromorphic in the disc B (0, r ), de…ne the function n(r , f ), the
Unintegrated Counting Function, as the number of poles of f in B (0, r ), counted
with multiplicity. The Integrated Counting Function, N (r , f ) is de…ned as

Zr
n(t, f ) n(0, f )
N (r , f ) = dt + n(0, f ) log r ,
t
0

If f has, counting multiplicity, p poles on jz j = q, then these contribute p to

n(r , f ) n(0, f ) for 0 < q r , and thus p log(r /q ) to N (r , f ).We also de…ne
the Proximity Function, m (r , f ):

Z2 π
1
m (r , f ) = log+ jf (re i θ )jd θ.
2π
0

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Finally, we de…ne the Nevanlinna Characteristic Function,

T (r , f ) = m (r , f ) + N (r , f ).

Let us de…ne the maximum function in the usual manner,

M (r , f ) = maxfjf (z )j : z 2 S (0, r )g

where S (0, r ) = fz 2 C : jz j = r g .

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To start our paper we just recall the following de…nitions :
De…nition
The order ρf and lower order λf of an entire function f are de…ned as

log[2 ] M (r , f ) log[2 ] M (r , f )
ρf = lim sup and λf = lim inf .
r !∞ log r r !∞ log r

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De…nition
∞
Let f (z ) = ∑ cn z n be an integral (entire) function.We consider the sequence of
0
the modulii of the terms in the expansion of f (z ) that is
∞
c0 , c1 r , c2 r 2 , ..........., cn r n , .......... Since f (z ) is entire ∑ cn r n converges 8r and
0
hence the above sequence tends to zero 8r
) for every …xed r ,one term of the sequence fcn r n g is greater than or equal to
all the rest . this term (or one of these terms) we shall call the "maximum term "
for that given value of r ,and denoted by µ(r ). The Maximum term µ (r ) of
integral function f (z ) is de…ned as µ (r ) = µ (r , f ) = max fjcn r n jg
n 0

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De…nition
∞
f (z ) = ∑ cn z n be an transcendental entire function, then Central index of f (z )
0
is denoted by ν (r ) or ν (r , f ) and de…ned as
ν (r , f ) = max fn : µ (r , f ) = jcn j r n g

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On an integral function of integral function

In my project I studied the order of the composite entire functions. Polya (1925)
has proved a result on this topic. Then Clunie (1970) has given a remarkable
result on it. A. P. Sing and several researchers have also investigated the growth
of composite entire functions. The result of Polya are given as
Theorem
If g (z ) and h (z ) are integral functions and g (h (z )) is an integral function of
…nite order, then there are only two possible cases: either
(a) the internal function h (z ) is a polynomial and the external function g (z ) is of
…nite order; else
(b) the internal function h(z ) is not a polynomial but a function of a …nite order,
and the external function g (z ) is of zero order.

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Theorem
Suppose that f (z ) , g (z ) , h (z ) are integral function connected by the relation

f (z ) = g (h (z )) (1)

Suppose further that

h (0) = 0 (2)
Let F (r ) , G (r ) , H (r ) denote the maximum moduli of f (z ) , g (z ) , h (z )
respectively in the circle jz j r . Then there is a de…nite number c grater than 0
and less than 1(0 < c < 1) and such that

1
F (r ) G cH r (3)
2

We could substitute any positive fraction for 21 provided c is replaced by some

other suitable constant. Observe the opposite inequality F (r ) G (H (r )) is an
immediate consequence of the de…nitions.

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Proof: The theorem of Bohr which we need to run as follows:!
Suppose that ρ is a given number, 0 < ρ < 1 and w = φ(z ) is any function which
is regular for jz j 1 and satis…es the conditions

φ (0) = 0 (4)
max jφ(z )j = 1.

Let rφ denote the radius of the largest circle jw j = rφ whose points all represents
values taken by φ(z ) in the circular domain jz j 1. Then rφ is not less than C ,
C = C (ρ) being a positive number which depends only on ρ.

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To …x our ideas let us take ρ = 12 , put C 1
2 = c, and apply the theorem the
function
h (rz )
φ (z ) =
H 1r
2

Which satis…es the conditions (4) . We see that the function w = h (z ) maps the
circular domain jz j r on the Riemann surface extended over the w-plane whose
various sheets cover the whole length of a certain circle of center w = 0 and of
radius R, R being not less than cH 21 r .

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Suppose w0 is the point on the circle jw j = R, such that

jg (w0 )j = G (jw0 j) = G (R )

Then there is at least one point z0 . inside jz j r , such that

h(z0 ) = w0

It follows that
1
G cH r G (jw0 j) = jg (w0 )j = jg (h (z0 ))j F (r ) .
2

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References:
[1] J. Clunie, The composition of entire and meromorphic functions, Mathematical
Essays dedicated to A. J. Macintyre (Ohio Univ. Press, 1970), 75-92
[2] A. P. Singh and M. S. Baloria : On maximum modulus and maximum term of
composition of entire functions, Indian J. Pure Appl. Math., Vol. 22, No. 12
(1991), pp. 1019-1026.
[3] E. C. Titchmarsh : The theory of functions , 2nd ed. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 1968.
[4] G. Valiron : Lectures on the general theory of integral functions, Chelsea
Publishing Company, 1949.

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 THANK YOU

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