PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT ON CRICKET

INTRODUCTION
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on
an oval-shaped field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. One
team bats, trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team

HISTORY
The game of cricket has a known history spanning from the 16th century to the
present day, with international matches played since 1844, although the official
history of international Test cricket began in 1877. During this time, the game
developed from its origins in England into a game which is now played
professionally in most of the Commonwealth of Nations.
The first evidence of cricket being played was recorded in the year 1550, by the
pupils of Royal Grammar School, Guildford. In the year 1611 it is reported that
two young men from Sussex were punished for playing cricket instead of going to
the church. The first match is recorded to have been played at Coxheath in Kent in
the year 1646.
Cricket was in fact a major gambling sport towards the end of the 17th century. It
is recorded that in the year 1679, a 11-a-side match was played with stakes as high
as 50 guineas per side.
During the 18th century cricket survived and thrived due to the huge amounts of
money via monetary backing and gambling. The first instance of a match to be
played between counties in England is recorded to be on 29th June in the year
1709. This match was played between Surrey and Kent at Dartford Brent.

The first English touring team on board ship at Liverpool in 1859

The 18th century also witnessed the emergence of two types of cricket players.
They were known as the retained player and the individual player. Generally
the retained player was the servant of the lord and a cricketer as well. On the other
hand the individual player was free to play anywhere with his skills
In the year 1787, the Marylebone Cricket Club also known MCC was created.
The MCC has since then gone on to become one of the most prominent bodies in
world cricket. The late 18th century was a very crucial phase for the development
of the game, both within and outside Britain. The game was spread far and wide
mainly due to England’s held in the year 1844.
In the present times, cricket has its own following of loyal fans. The International
Cricket Council, better known as the ICC is the governing body in world
cricket. The ICC was founded on the 15th of June in the year 1909. All laws
relating to ODIs and Test Cricket are framed and implemented by the ICC.

INDIAN CRICKET
Cricket was popularized by English settlers and the British army. The Oriental
Club was the first all-Indian cricket club, specifically for a Indian religious sect. In
1906, a triangular match was played with the Hindus, the Parsis, and the
Europeans; however in 1912, it became a quadrangular tournament with a Muslim
team. The National championship has been played since 1934 for the Ranji
Trophy, named for K.S. Ranjitsinhji, one of the most famous Indian cricketers.

21ST-CENTURY CRICKET
Cricket remains a major world sport in terms of participants, spectators and media
interest.
Cricket's newest innovation is Twenty20, essentially an evening entertainment. It
has so far enjoyed enormous popularity and has attracted large attendances at
matches as well as good TV audience ratings. The inaugural ICC Twenty20 World
Cup tournament was held in 2007 with a follow-up event in 2009. The formation
of Twenty20 leagues in India – the unofficial Indian Cricket League, which started
in 2007, and the official Indian Premier League, starting in 2008 – raised much
speculation in the cricketing press about their effect on the future of cricket.
HOW IS CRICKET PLAYED ?
In cricket, there are two teams, the batting and the nonbatting. Nine members of
the nonbatting team are in the field, one is the wicketkeeper, and one is the bowler,
for a total of 11 players. The batting team designates the order of the batters,
where the first batter is called the striker. A batsman tries to guard his wicket, while
the bowler tries to hit it.

The batsman tries to keep the bowler from hitting the wicket with the ball, while
also attempting to hit the ball hard enough to give him time to run to the other end
of the pitch, before any of the nonbatting team picks up the ball and hits the
wicket. If the wicket is broken, by a thrown ball or by the wicketkeeper or bowler,
the batsman is dismissed. The striker does not have to run after he hits the ball,
and a miss does not count against him. However, if he gets a hit and thinks he can
score a run, he runs for the opposite wicket while the second batsman - the
nonstriker - runs toward him. If they each reach the opposite wicket before a
wicket is broken, a run is scored. Also, if the batsmen theing there is time, they
may run back for two or more runs, crossing each time. If they score an even
number of runs, the striker is the next to hit the ball. However, if an odd number is
scored, the nonstriker will be facing the bowler and thus getting his chance to hit
the ball. Any runs scored in this manner go to his personal score for the game.
When a hit ball goes beyond the boundary, the game is paused and four runs are
added to the team's score. In order for the team's score to go up, several other
things may happen other than the batsman scoring runs. A bye occurs when a ball
from the bowler is missed by the batsman, but he can still make a run. A leg bye
happens when the ball touches part of the batsman's body, but he can still make
good a run. A wide occurs when the ball is out of reach of the striker, and this
counts for a run. No balls occur when the ball is improperly bowled. Each of these
extras add points to a side's score.
If a bowler bowls six balls, not counting wides and no balls, he completes what is
termed an over. A new over is then begun by a different bowler at the opposite
wicket. The field must also adjust accordingly. If a bowler bowls a complete over
without a batsman personally scoring a run, it is called a maiden over.
A bowler may bowl either right or left armed, propelling the ball overhand without
bending his elbow. He is allowed any number of steps to give a delivery, but he
may not cross the bowling crease. A good bowler must be able to control length
and direction, which includes the spin placed on the ball to attempt to deceive the
batsman into being dismissed.
A batsman may hit either right or left handed, based on a vertical bat with its entire
blade faced to the ball. There are many different batting strokes, including the
forward stroke, the back stroke, the leg glance, and the cut.
Fieldsmen must be quick runners, with good hand-eye coordination and the ability
to throw a cricket ball far. He should be able to guess the batsman's strokes, and
act accordingly.
The wicketkeeper should have exceptionally good reaction time and sharp sight.
He must concentrate fully on every ball.

CRICKET EQUIPMENTS
WICKET AND CREASES - A wicket is three stakes or stumps placed into the
ground so that a cricket ball cannot pass between them. There are two wickets,
which the bowler attacks and which the batsman defends. The creases are lines of
whitewash that mark the ground at each wicket. The bowling and return creases
mark the area where the bowler's rear foot must be placed when bowling the ball;
the popping crease marks the area which is the batsman's ground.
BAT AND BALL - The bat is paddle shaped made of willow and approximately
11 centimeters wide. It, including the handle, may not under regulation exceed 97
centimeters in length. The ball is made of a core of cork encased in red leather.
The two leather halves are sewn together with a raised seam. A baseball is slightly
heavier, softher, and larger than a standard cricket ball.
DRESS - The players usually wear white flannel pants and shirt, white canvas or
buck shoes, a white woolen sweater (often times with their club colours trimming
it), and multicoloured club caps. A batsman wears protective white pads, or leg
guards, rubber or leather batting gloves, and a body protector. The wicketkeeper
also wears pads and reinforced gloves. However, the fielders in cricket do not wear
gloves when fielding.
CRICKET LANGUAGE
CAPPED - A cricket player is"capped" when he is selected to play for a
representative team. This term comes from the use of club caps in the game.
REPRESENTATIVE TEAM - A "representative team" is a team of cricket
players selected by their ability to represent a county, a country, etc. These players
are normally selected from among club teams or minor teams.)
INNINGS - An innings has actually several term usages in cricket. (1) It is a turn
of a batsman to bat, (2) a turn of a team to bat, or (3) when results are being given,
it is when one team still has a turn to bat but has scored more runs than the
opposing team (which has completed its two innings.)
FOLLOW ON - To "follow on" occurs when a team bats out of turn (e.g. second
innings directly after first innings) after scoring less than the opposing team in first
innings by a certain number of runs.
HIT A SIX - To "hit a six" means to hit the ball over a boundary without it
touching the ground, thus scoring six runs.

PITCH - A "pitch" can be used in several ways. (1) It is the area going 1.5 meters
on either side of the center line between the wickets, (2) the impact of a bowled
ball on the ground, or (3) the distance from one wicket to the other.
WICKET - The word "wicket" has four meanings in cricket. First, it is the goal,
consisting of three stakes, which two sticks lay on top of. The batsman defends
them and the bowler attempts to hit. Secondly, it is a turn to bat. Thirdly, a wicket
is, in scoring, if a side is batting last, it is the number of batsmen who have to be
put out (dismissed) when the opponent's score is passed. And lastly, it is the area
between two sets of stumps (also known as pitch.)
STICKY WICKET - A "sticky wicket" is a wicket (pitch) that is drying after a
rain. Any soft soil - turf - makes playing more difficult for a batsman.
PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS IN CRICKET
In a game of cricket, there are two main points of interest where the flight of the
ball is concerned. The first is the time from when the bowler releases the ball to
when it is either hit or missed by the batsman. The second is the time after the
collision of the ball with the bat. As the batsman's goal is to score as many runs as
possible, most hits are played so that the ball is close to the ground, and is
therefore harder to catch by a fieldsman. The bowler's main aim is to pitch the ball
so the batsman does not hit the ball to his best ability. The flight path of the ball is
such that the trajectory can be found with a simple equation. However, this does
not necessarily apply to slow pitches. There is a small set of critical speeds in which
pressure imbalances cause the ball to swing (deviate) to one side or the other of a
bowl. These speeds are functions of several variables, including the angle of the
seam, surface texture of the ball, the spin put on the ball by the bowler, and the air
currents. Forces up to 30% of the weight of the ball push on the ball from the side.
In a horizontal direction of motion,

m(dv/dt)=-kv2
where m is the mass of the ball, (dv/dt) is the derivative based on time, representing
acceleration, and k is the side force constant. This equation is only true if the
vertical motions are completely ignored. If this equation is changed to be a
derivative of velocity in respect to distance rather than time, it will be:

v(dv/dx)=-(k/m)v2
where all variables remain the same, but x is the distance down the bowl that the
ball is when measured. This equation can be solved to give

x=(m/k)ln(v0/v)
where ln is the natural logarithm, and v0 is the initial velocity, and all other variables
remain constant. This shows the relationship of distance and velocity after a hit by
the bowler. In order to find an estimate of the time of flight, separation of
variables can be performed on the last equation to give
t=(m/k){(1/v)-(1/v0)}
This shows how long the ball is in the air for a particular velocity. Once each of
these equations is solved using the known variable(s), the deviation of the ball
from the visible path can be traced. Even the slightest variation can trick a batter's
eye into missing the ball or mistiming a hit.

LAWS OF CRICKET
The laws of cricket are a set of rules established by the Marylebone Cricket
Club (MCC) which describe the laws of cricketworldwide, to ensure uniformity and
fairness. There are currently 42 laws, which outline all aspects of how the game is
played .

PLAYERS AND OFFICIALS

The first four laws cover the players, the umpires and the scorers.
Law 1: The players. A cricket team consists of eleven players, including a captain.
Outside of official competitions, teams can agree to play more than eleven-a-side,
though no more than eleven players may field.
Law 2: Substitutes. In cricket, a substitute may be brought on for an injured
fielder. However, a substitute may not bat, bowl, keep wicket or act as captain. The
original player may return if he has recovered. A batsman who becomes unable to
run may have a runner, who completes the runs while the batsman continues
batting. Alternatively, a batsman may retire hurt or ill, and may return later to
resume his innings if he recovers.
Law 3: The umpires. There are two umpires, who apply the Laws, make all
necessary decisions, and relay the decisions to the scorers. While not required
under the laws of cricket, in higher level cricket a third umpire (located off the
ground and available to assist the on-field umpires) may be used under the specific
playing conditions of a particular match or tournament.
Law 4: The scorers. There are two scorers who respond to the umpires' signals
and keep the score.

AN UMPIRE
EQUIPMENT AND LAYING OUT THE PITCH
Law 5: The ball. A cricket ball is between 8 13/16 and 9 inches (22.4 cm and
22.9 cm) in circumference, and weighs between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (155.9g and
163g). Only one ball is used at a time, unless it is lost, when it is replaced with a
ball of similar wear. It is also replaced at the start of each innings, and may, at the
request of the fielding side, be replaced with a new ball, after a certain number of
overs have been bowled (80 in Test matches, 34 inODIs). The gradual degradation
of the ball through the innings is an important aspect of the game.

Law 6: The bat. The bat is no more than 38 inches (97 cm) in length, and no
more than 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide. The hand or glove holding the bat is
considered part of the bat. Ever since the Heavy Metal incident, a highly publicized
marketing attempt by Dennis Lillee, who brought out an aluminium bat during an
international game, the laws have provided that the blade of the bat must be made
of wood (and in practice, they are made from White Willowwood).
Law 7: The pitch. The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground 22 yards (20 m)
long and 10 ft (3.0 m) wide. The Ground Authority selects and prepares the pitch,
but once the game has started, the umpires control what happens to the pitch. The
umpires are also the arbiters of whether the pitch is fit for play, and if they deem it
unfit, with the consent of both captains can change the pitch. Professional cricket
is almost always played on a grass surface. However, in the event a non-turf pitch
is used, the artificial surface must have a minimum length of 58 ft (18 m) and a
minimum width of 6 ft (1.8 m).
Law 8: The wickets. The wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are 28
inches (71 cm) tall. The stumps are placed along the batting crease with equal
distances between each stump. They are positioned so they are 9 inches (23 cm)
wide. Two wooden bails are placed on top of the stumps. The bails must not
project more than 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) above the stumps, and must, for men's
cricket, be 45⁄16 inches (10.95 cm) long. There are also specified lengths for the
barrel and spigots of the bail. There are different specifications for the wickets and
bails for junior cricket. The umpires may dispense with the bails if conditions are
unfit (i.e. it is windy so they might fall off by themselves).

Law 9: Bowling, popping, and return creases. This law sets out the dimensions
and locations of the creases. The bowling crease, which is the line the stumps are
in the middle of, is drawn at each end of the pitch so that the three stumps in the
set of stumps at that end of the pitch fall on it (and consequently it is
perpendicular to the imaginary line joining the centres of both middle stumps).
Each bowling crease should be 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) in length, centred on the
middle stump at each end, and each bowling crease terminates at one of the return
creases. The popping crease, which determines whether a batsman is in his ground
or not, and which is used in determining front-foot no balls (see law 24), is drawn
at each end of the pitch in front of each of the two sets of stumps. The popping
crease must be 4 feet (1.2 m) in front of and parallel to the bowling crease.
Although it is considered to have unlimited length, the popping crease must be
marked to at least 6 feet (1.8 m) on either side of the imaginary line joining the
centres of the middle stumps. The return creases, which are the lines a bowler
must be within when making a delivery, are drawn on each side of each set of the
stumps, along each sides of the pitch (so there are four return creases in all, one on
either side of both sets of stumps). The return creases lie perpendicular to the
popping crease and the bowling crease, 4 feet 4 inches (1.32 m) either side of and
parallel to the imaginary line joining the centres of the two middle stumps. Each
return crease terminates at one end at the popping crease but the other end is
considered to be unlimited in length and must be marked to a minimum of 8 feet
(2.4 m) from the popping crease.
Law 10: Preparation and maintenance of the playing area. When a cricket ball
is bowled it almost always bounces on the pitch, and the behaviour of the ball is
greatly influenced by the condition of the pitch. As a consequence, detailed rules
on the management of the pitch are necessary. This law contains the rules
governing how pitches should be prepared, mown, rolled, and maintained.
Law 11: Covering the pitch. The pitch is said to be 'covered' when the
groundsmen have placed covers on it to protect it against rain or dew. The laws
stipulate that the regulations on covering the pitch shall be agreed by both captains
in advance. The decision concerning whether to cover the pitch greatly affects how
the ball will react to the pitch surface, as a ball bounces differently on wet ground
as compared to dry ground. The area beyond the pitch where a bowler runs so as
to deliver the ball (the 'run-up') should ideally be kept dry so as to avoid injury
through slipping and falling, and the Laws also require these to be covered
wherever possible when there is wet weather.
STRUCTURE OF THE GAME

Law 12: Innings. Before the game, the teams agree whether it is to be over one or
two innings, and whether either or both innings are to be limited by time or by
overs. In practice, these decisions are likely to be laid down by Competition
Regulations, rather than pre-game agreement. In two-innings games, the sides bat
alternately unless the follow-on (law 13) is enforced. An innings is closed once all
batsmen are dismissed, no further batsmen are fit to play, the innings is declared or
forfeited by the batting captain, or any agreed time or over limit is reached. The
captain winning the toss of a coin decides whether to bat or to bowl first.
Law 13: The follow-on. In a two innings match, if the side batting second scores
substantially fewer runs than the side batting first, the side that batted first can
force their opponents to bat again immediately. The side that enforced the follow-
on risks not getting to bat again and thus the chance of winning. For a game of five
or more days, the side batting first must be at least 200 runs ahead to enforce the
follow-on; for a three- or four-day game, 150 runs; for a two-day game, 100 runs;
for a one-day game, 75 runs. The length of the game is determined by the number
of scheduled days play left when the game actually begins.
Law 14: Declaration and forfeiture. The batting captain can declare an innings
closed at any time when the ball is dead. He may also forfeit his innings before it
has started.
Law 15: Intervals. There are intervals between each day's play, a ten-minute
interval between innings, and lunch, tea and drinks intervals. The timing and length
of the intervals must be agreed before the match begins. There are also provisions
for moving the intervals and interval lengths in certain situations, most notably the
provision that if nine wickets are down, the tea interval is delayed to the earlier of
the fall of the next wicket and 30 minutes elapsing.
Law 16: Start of play; cessation of play. Play after an interval commences with
the umpire's call of "Play", and at the end of a session by "Time". The last hour of
a match must contain at least 20 overs, being extended in time so as to include 20
overs if necessary.
Law 17: Practice on the field. There may be no batting or bowling practice on
the pitch except before the day's play starts and after the day's play has ended.
Bowlers may only have trial run-ups if the umpires are of the view that it would
waste no time.
SCORING AND WINNING
The laws then move on to discuss how runs can be scored and how one team can
beat the other.
Law 18: Scoring runs. Runs are scored when the two batsmen run to each other's
end of the pitch. Several runs can be scored from one ball.
Law 19: Boundaries. A boundary is marked round the edge of the field of play. If
the ball is hit into or past this boundary, four runs are scored, or six runs if the ball
didn't hit the ground before crossing the boundary.
Law 20: Lost ball. If a ball in play is lost or cannot be recovered, the fielding side
can call "lost ball". The batting side keeps any penalty runs (such as no-balls and
wides) and scores the higher of six runs and the number of runs actually run.
Law 21: The result. The side which scores the most runs wins the match. If both
sides score the same number of runs, the match is tied. However, the match may
run out of time before the innings have all been completed. In this case, the match
is drawn.
Law 22: The over. An over consists of six balls bowled, excluding wides and no
balls. Consecutive overs are delivered from opposite ends of the pitch. A bowler
may not bowl two consecutive overs.

Law 23: Dead ball. The ball comes into play when the bowler begins his run up,
and becomes dead when all the action from that ball is over. Once the ball is dead,
no runs can be scored and no batsmen can be dismissed. The ball becomes dead
for a number of reasons, most commonly when a batsman is dismissed, when a
boundary is hit, or when the ball has finally settled with the bowler or
wicketkeeper.
Law 24: No ball. A ball can be a no ball for several reasons: if the bowler bowls
from the wrong place; or if he straightens his elbow during the delivery; or if the
bowling is dangerous; or if the ball bounces more than twice or rolls along the
ground before reaching the batsman; or if the fielders are standing in illegal places.
A no ball adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs
which are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no ball except by
being run out, or by handling the ball, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the
field.
Law 25: Wide ball. An umpire calls a ball "wide" if, in his or her opinion, the
batsman did not have a reasonable opportunity to score off the ball. A ball is called
wide when the bowler bowls a bouncer that goes over the head of the batsman. A
wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which
are scored off it, and the batsman can't be dismissed off a wide except by being run
out or stumped, or by handling the ball, hitting his wicket, or obstructing the field.
Law 26: Bye and Leg bye. If a ball that is not a no ball or wide passes the striker
and runs are scored, they are called byes. If a ball that is not a no ball hits the
striker but not the bat and runs are scored, they are called leg-byes. However, leg-
byes cannot be scored if the striker is neither attempting a stroke nor trying to
avoid being hit. Byes and leg-byes are credited to the team's but not the batsman's
total.
MECHANICS OF DISMISSAL
Law 27: Appeals. If the fielders believe a batsman is out, they may ask the umpire
"How's That?", commonly shouted emphatically with arms raised, before the next
ball is bowled. The umpire then decides whether the batsman is out. Strictly
speaking, the fielding side must appeal for all dismissals, including obvious ones
such as bowled. However, a batsman who is obviously out will normally leave the
pitch without waiting for an appeal or a decision from the umpire.
Law 28: The wicket is down. Several methods of being out occur when the
wicket is put down. This means that the wicket is hit by the ball, or the batsman, or
the hand in which a fielder is holding the ball, and at least one bail is removed.
Law 29: Batsman out of his ground. The batsmen can be run out or stumped if
they are out of their ground. A batsman is in his ground if any part of him or his
bat is on the ground behind the popping crease. If both batsman are in the middle
of the pitch when a wicket is put down, the batsman closer to that end is out.

WAYS TO GET OUT

Law 30: Bowled. A batsman is out if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by
the bowler. It is irrelevant whether the ball has touched the bat, glove, or any part
of the batsman before going on to put down the wicket, though it may not touch
another player or an umpire before doing so.
Law 31: Timed out. An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball (or be at
the crease with his partner ready to face a ball) within 3 minutes of the outgoing
batsman being dismissed, otherwise the incoming batsman will be out.
Law 32: Caught. If a ball hits the bat or the hand holding the bat and is then
caught by the opposition within the field of play before the ball bounces, then the
batsman is out.

Law 33: Handled the ball. If a batsman willfully handles the ball with a hand that
is not touching the bat without the consent of the opposition, he is out.

Law 34: Hit the ball twice. If a batsman hits the ball twice, other than for the
sole purpose of protecting his wicket or with the consent of the opposition, he is
out.
Law 35: Hit wicket. If, after the bowler has entered his delivery stride and while
the ball is in play, a batsman puts his wicket down by his bat or his body he is out.
The striker is also out hit wicket if he puts his wicket down by his bat or his body
in setting off for a first run. "Body" includes the clothes and equipment of the
batsman.
Law 36: Leg before wicket (LBW). If the ball hits the batsman without first
hitting the bat, but would have hit the wicket if the batsman was not there, and the
ball does not pitch on the leg side of the wicket, the batsman will be out. However,
if the ball strikes the batsman outside the line of the off-stump, and the batsman
was attempting to play a stroke, he is not out.
Law 37: Obstructing the field. If a batsman willfully obstructs the opposition by
word or action, he is out.
Law 38: Run out. A batsman is out if at any time while the ball is in play no part
of his bat or person is grounded behind the popping crease and his wicket is fairly
put down by the opposing side.
Law 39: Stumped. A batsman is out when the wicket-keeper (see Law 40) puts
down the wicket, while the batsman is out of his crease and not attempting a run.

FIELDERS
Law 40: The wicket-keeper. The keeper is a designated man from the bowling
side allowed to stand behind the stumps of the batsman. He is the only player from
his side allowed to wear gloves and external leg guards.
Law 41: The fielder. A fielder is any of the eleven cricketers from the bowling
side. Fielders are positioned to field the ball, to stop runs and boundaries, and to
get batsmen out by catching or running them out.
FIELDING POSITIONS :

Fair and unfair play

Law 42: Fair and unfair play.

OBJECTIVES OF CRICKET
The objective of each team is to score more runs than the other team and to
completely dismiss the other team. In limited overs cricket, winning the game is
achieved by scoring the most runs within the overs allowed, even if the opposition
has not been completely dismissed. In Test cricket, it is necessary to score the most
runs and dismiss the opposition twice in order to win the match, which would
otherwise be drawn.

DISTINCTIVE DECESSIVE ELEMENTS

1. Individual focus
2. Spirit of the Game
3. Influence of weather
4. Uniqueness of each field

TYPES OF MATCHES
Cricket is a multi-faceted sport which, in very broad terms, can be divided
into major cricket and minor cricket based on playing standards. A more
pertinent division, particularly in terms of major cricket, is between matches in
which the teams have two innings apiece and those in which they have a single
innings each. The former, known as first-class cricket, has a duration of three to
five days (there have been examples of "timeless" matches too); the latter,
known as limited overs cricket because each team bowls a limit of typically 50 or
20 overs, has a planned duration of one day only (a match can be extended if
necessary due to bad weather, etc.).
Typically, two-innings matches have at least six hours of playing time each day.
Limited overs matches often last six hours or more. There are usually formal
intervals on each day for lunch and tea with brief informal breaks for drinks. There
is also a short interval between innings. Historically, a form of cricket known
as single wicket had been extremely successful. In this form, although each team
may have from one to six players, there is only one batsman at a time and he must
face every delivery bowled while his innings lasts.
Test cricket

.
Test cricket is the highest standard of first-class cricket. A Test match is an
international fixture between teams representing those countries that are Full
Members of the ICC.
Although the term "Test match" was not coined until much later, Test cricket is
deemed to have begun with two matches between Australia and England in
the1876–77 Australian season. Subsequently, eight other national teams have
achieved Test status: South Africa (1889), West Indies (1928), New
Zealand (1929), India(1932), Pakistan (1952), Sri Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992)
and Bangladesh(2000). Zimbabwe suspended its Test status in 2006 due to its
inability to compete against other Test teams,[38] and returned in 2011.[39]
Test matches between two teams are usually played in a group of matches called a
"series". Matches last up to five days and a series normally consists of three to
five matches. Test matches that are not finished within the allotted time are drawn.
In the case of Test andfirst-class cricket: the possibility of a draw often encourages
a team that is batting last and well behind to bat defensively, giving up any faint
chance at a win to avoid a loss.[40]
Since 1882, most Test series between England and Australia have been played for a
trophy known as The Ashes. Some other bilateral series have individual trophies
too: for example, the Wisden Trophy is contested by England and West Indies;
the Frank Worrell Trophy by Australia and West Indies and the Border-
Gavaskar Trophy between India and Australia.

Limited overs

Standard limited overs cricket was introduced in England in the 1963 season in the
form of a knockout cup contested by the first-class county clubs. In 1969, a
national league competition was established. The concept was gradually introduced
to the other major cricket countries and the first limited overs international was
played in 1971. In 1975, the first Cricket World Cup took place in England.
Limited overs cricket has seen various innovations including the use of multi-
coloured kit and floodlit matches using a white ball.
A "one day match", named so because each match is scheduled for completion
in a single day, is the common form of limited overs cricket played on an
international level. In practice, matches sometimes continue on a second day if
they have been interrupted or postponed by bad weather. The main objective of a
limited overs match is to produce a definite result and so a conventional draw is
not possible, but matches can be undecided if the scores are tied or if bad weather
prevents a result. Each team plays one innings only and faces a limited number of
overs, usually a maximum of 50. The Cricket World Cup is held in one day format
and the last World Cup in 2011 was won by the co-hosts, India. The next World
Cup will hosted byAustralia and New Zealand in 2015.
Twenty20 is a new variant of limited overs itself with the purpose being to
complete the match within about three hours, usually in an evening session. The
original idea, when the concept was introduced in England in 2003, was to provide
workers with an evening entertainment. It was commercially successful and has
been adopted internationally.
National championships

Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1895. The team won the first of its 30 County
Championship titles in 1893.
First-class cricket includes Test cricket but the term is generally used to refer to the
highest level of domestic cricket in those countries with full ICC membership,
although there are exceptions to this. First-class cricket in England is played for the
most part by the 18 county clubs which contest the County Championship. The
concept of a champion county has existed since the 18th century but the official
competition was not established until 1890. The most successful club has
beenYorkshire County Cricket Club with 30 official titles.
Australia established its national first-class championship in 1892–93 when
theSheffield Shield was introduced. In Australia, the first-class teams represent
the various states. New South Wales has won the maximum number of titles with
45 to 2008.
National championship trophies to be established elsewhere included the Ranji
Trophy (India), Plunket Shield (New Zealand), Currie Cup (South Africa)
and Shell Shield (West Indies). Some of these competitions have been updated
and renamed in recent years.
Domestic limited overs competitions began with England's Gillette
Cup knockout in 1963. Countries usually stage seasonal limited overs competitions
in both knockout and league format. In recent years, national Twenty20
competitions have been introduced, usually in knockout form though some
incorporate mini-leagues.

Other types of matches

Indian boys playing cricket on the street with a tennis ball in Uttar
Pradesh,India.
There are numerous variations of the sport played throughout the world that
include indoor cricket, French cricket, beach cricket, Kwik cricket and all
sorts of card games and board games that have been inspired by cricket. In these
variants, the rules are often changed to make the game playable with limited
resources or to render it more convenient and enjoyable for the participants.
Indoor cricket is played in a netted, indoor arena, and is quite formal but many of
the outdoor variants are very informal.
Families and teenagers play backyard cricket in suburban yards or driveways, and
the cities of India and Pakistan play host to countless games of "Gully Cricket"
or "tapeball" in their long narrow streets.
In Samoa a form of cricket called Kilikiti is played in which hockey stick-shaped
bats are used. In Estonia, teams gather over the winter for the annual Ice
Cricket tournament.

INTERNATIONAL STRUCTURE-ICC

ICC member nations. The (highest level) Test playing nations are shown in orange;
the associate member nations are shown in yellow; the affiliate member nations are
shown in purple.
The International Cricket Council (ICC), which has its headquarters in Dubai,
is the international governing body of cricket. It was founded as the Imperial
Cricket Conference in 1909 by representatives from England, Australia and South
Africa, renamed the International Cricket Conference in 1965, and took up its
current name in 1989.
The ICC has 104 members: 10 Full Members that play official Test matches, 34
Associate Members, and 60 Affiliate Members.[41] The ICC is responsible for the
organisation and governance of cricket's major international tournaments, notably
the Cricket World Cup. It also appoints the umpires and referees that officiate at
all sanctioned Test matches, One Day International and Twenty20 Internationals.
Each nation has a national cricket board which regulates cricket matches played in
its country. The cricket board also selects the national squad and organises home
and away tours for the national team. In the West Indies these matters are
addressed by the West Indies Cricket Board which consists of members appointed
by four national boards and two multi-national boards.
Vision of Success
As a leading global sport , cricket will captivate and inspire people of every age,
gender, background and ability, while building bridges between continents,
countries and communities.

Strategic Direction
A Bigger Better Global Game
Targeting more players, more fans, more competitive teams.
Our long-term success will be judged on growth in participation and public interest
and the competitiveness of teams participating in men's and women's international
cricket.

Mission Statement - Leading World Cricket by:

* Providing a world class environment for international cricket

* Delivering "major' events across three formats

* Providing targeted support to Members

* Promoting the global game.

STRATEGIC PLAN

The Way Forward for International Cricket

The ICC Strategic Plan 2011-15 was launched at the ICC's Annual Conference in
Hong Kong in June 2011.
After a two-year consultation period with the game's stakeholders, including
Members, players, media and supporters, the plan sets out a vision for international
cricket.

By following through on our commitment to develop new competition structures

and meritocratic pathways for men's and women's teams across Test, ODI and
T20I cricket, supported by effective targeting, the ICC will be well-placed to
achieve a truly global game with more players, more fans and more competitive
teams.

The ICC vision for 2011-15 is to create ‘A bigger, better, global game' aimed at
‘Targeting more players, more fans, more competitive teams.'

Our success between 2011 and 2015 will be judged on growth in participation and
public interest and the competitiveness of teams participating in men's and
women's international cricket.

ICC WORLD CUP

The ICC Cricket World Cup is the showpiece event of the cricket calendar and
takes place every four years, with matches contested in a 50 overs per side format.

There have been ten events so far, with the first tournament taking place in
England in 1975.

The last ICC Cricket World Cup took place in 2011 in which was won by India,
who hosted the tournament along with Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Other winners of the event include Australia (1987, 1999, 2003, 2007), West Indies
(1975, 1979), India (1983), Pakistan (1992) and Sri Lanka (1996).

The next ICC Cricket World Cup will be staged in Australia and New Zealand in
2015.

ICC WORLD CUP 2001 WINNER - INDIA

INDIA NATIONAL CRICKET TEAM
 INDIAN CRICKET CREST

The Indian cricket team is the national cricket team of India. Governed by
the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), it is a full member of
the International Cricket Council(ICC) with Test and One Day
International (ODI) status.
The Indian cricket team is currently ranked third by the ICC in Tests, second in
ODIs and seventh in T20s.[1] On 2 April 2011, the team won the 2011 Cricket
World Cup, its second after 1983. It thus became only the third team after West
Indies and Australia to have won the World Cup more than once.
Currently Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the captain in all forms of the game .
Under the leadership of Dhoni, the Indian team has set a national record for most
back-to-back ODI wins (9 straight wins)[3] and has emerged as one of the most
formidable teams in international cricket.[4]
Coaching staff :

 Head coach: Duncan Fletcher

 Mental conditioning coach: Vacant

 Fitness trainer: Ramji Srinivasan

 Physiotherapist: Nitin Patel

 Masseur: Ramesh Mane

 Performance analyst: C.K.M. Dhananjai

 Bowling consultant: Eric Simons