&SdcJhNyD; tD*spfoHtrwf wdkavrD (Ptolemy)ESihf t
cspforD;xHodkY ay;pm aemuf tm&SrS qvl;uyfpfbk&if (Seleucus) \
J. Nehru \ Glimpses of World History,
p. 61-6 udk
t&Sifauvmo? B.A. (Philo), M.A.
(Buddhism) jrefrmjyefonf
bk&ifESihf rif;nD rif;om;rsm;udk odu©mcscsifonf
[k xifcH&rSmudk azaz pkd;&drfonf/ azazhtae
ESihf olwdkY trsm;pkrSm csD;rGrf;p&m av;pm;p&m t
enf;i,fom awGUrdonf/ odkY&mwGif bk&if okdYr
[kwf tifydkif&m tjzpfxuf ydkNyD; av;pm; *kPf
,lzG,faumif;onhf yk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf taMumif;
udk ,ck ajymjyrnf/ ,if;rSSm pE´*kwå arm&d,rif;
\ ajr;awmf taomurif;taMumif; jzpfonf/
olYtaMumif;udk ordkif;q&m tdwfcsf *sD0Jvfpf (olY
pm tcsKdUudk orD; zwfzl;rSmyg)u ]ordkif;pmrsuf
ESm rsm;rsm;&SdNyD; BuD;us,f crf;em;onhf bk&if
tjzpf av;pm;cH&onhf bk&if{&mZf axmifaygif;
rsm;pGmteuf taomu\ trnfrSm Mu,fwpf
yGihfuJhodkY awmufy\/ aAmfv*grSonf *syefxd olY
trnfudk av;pm;Mu\/ w½kwf? wdAufESihf olY\
"r® r&Sdawmhaom tdE´d,rSmyif olY\ BuD;jrwf
onhf tpOftvmudk xdef;odrf;qJ &SdMu\/ ,aeY
acwfrSm uGefpwefwif odkYr[kwf csmvDr*¾ae;
wdkYudk vltrsm; Mum;zl;Muonfxuf taomu
rif;udk ydkNyD; vltrsm; csD;rGrf;Mu\}[k a&;cJhonf/
,if;onf trSefwu,f tqihfjrifhpGm csD;
usL;jcif; jzpfonf/ csD;rGrf;onfxuf tdE´d,vlrsKd;
wpf a,muftaejzihf xdkacwf tdE´d,\ orkdif;
udk pOf;pm;Munhfcsifpdwf jzpfvmonf/
pE´*kwårif;onf c&pf,efESpf rwdkifrD ESpf
aygif; 300 avmuf tvGefu uG,fvGefaomf
¤if;\om; AdE´Kom&rif;u qufcHonf/ þrif;
onf ESpfq,hfig;ESpfavmuf Nidrf;csrf;pGm eef;pHykH&
onf/ þrif;onf *&dEdkifiHrsm;ESihf qufoG,frI
om; tefwDa,mhcyfpf (Antiochus)wdkYonf þrif;
\ eef;awmfodkY a&mufzl;Muonf/ tdE´d,onf
jyifyurÇmESihf ukefoG,frI &SdcJhNyD; tD*spfwdkYonf
tdE´d,rS xGufonhf rJe,fESihf t0wfawGudk qdk;
MuaMumif; qdkonf/ xdkYjyif tD*spfwdkYonf tdE´d,
rS xGufonfh cgomydwfyg;jzihf rHrDvlaotavmif;
rsm;udk &pfywfMuaMumif;vnf; qdkonf/ AD[m
jynfe,fwGif wl;azmf&&Sdonhf a&S;a[mif; ypönf;
rsm;t& arm&d,acwf rwdkifcifuyif zefxnf
ypönf; wpfrsKd; &SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf/
pE´*kwårif;\ eef;awmfodkY a&mufvmcJhol *&d
oHwref ar*gpoif;eufpfu tdE´d,wdkYonf t
qifwefqmESihf tvStyudk jrwfEdk;aMumif; a&;cJh
NyD; txl;ojzihf t&yfjrihfvm&ef zdeyfudk tokH;
jyKaMumif; rSwfcsuf ay;cJhojzihf a'gufjrihf zdeyf
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od&vQif pdwf0ifpm;vdrhfrnf/
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awmf taomurif;u qufcHonf/ taomu
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v,fydkif; tm;vkH;? tm&Stv,fydkif;xd e,fcsJUcJh
onf/ usefaeao;onhf tdE´d, awmifydkif;ESihf t
a&SUawmifydkif; a'orsm;udk rdrdtifyg,mxJ oGwf
oGif;vdkojzifh eef;pH udk;ESpfajrmufwGif umvd*F
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e'D? a*g"m0&DESihf udwåe jrpfrsm;tMum; tdE´d,
ta&SUykdif;ü wnf&Sdonf/ umvd*Fwdkif;om;rsm;
onf owådajymifpGm jyefvnf ckcHwkdufcdkufMu
aomfvnf; aMumufcref; vltrsm; aoaMuNyD;
aemuf vkH;0 t½IH;ay;vdkuf&onf/ þppfyGJESihf
vltaotaysmuf rsm;rIonf taomurif;tm;
ppfrufjzpfyGm;rIESihf ppf\ ted|m½kH rsm;tay: ½GH&Sm
pufqkyfaponf txdoufa&mufrIjzpfapcJhonf/
1 xdktcsdefrS pNyD; taomurif;onf ppf rwdkuf
awmhacs/ awmifydkif;a'o tenf;i,fu vGJNyD;
tdE´d, wpfwdkufvkH; taomurif;\ vuf
atmufodkY usa&mufoGm;onf/ usefaeao;onhf
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tzdkY vG,fuloGm;NyD jzpfaomfvnf; taomu
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onf atmifyGJcHNyD;aemuf ppfudk pGefYvTwfcJhonfh
wpfOD;wnf;aom ppfbk&iftjzpf taomutm;
&nfñTef;cJhonf/
uHaumif;onfrSm taomu pOf;pm;cJhonf
rsm;ESihf vkyfcJhonfrsm;udk azmfjyonfh pum;vkH;
rsm; azazwdkYrSm &Sdaejcif; jzpfonf/ ausmuf odkY
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trsm; tjym;rSm olYjynfolrsm;ESihf aemifvm aemif
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aeao;onf/ tvm[mbwfNrdKU cHwyftwGif;rSm
taomurif;\ ausmufpm wpfckudk orD; rSwf
rdvdrhfrnf/ azazwdkY aeonfh t&yfwpfcGifrSm
xdkodkYaom ausmufpmawG trsm;BuD; &Sdonf/ xkd
ausmufpmrsm;ü taomurif;u xdkppfyGJ atmif
jrifrIudk taMumif;jyKí vltrsm;tjym; aoaMu
rIudk xdwfvefYNyD; aemifw&aMumif; a&;xm;cJh
onf/ taomurif;u ]ppfrSefaom atmifjrif
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qdkcJhonf/ xdkausmufpmawGxJu tcsKdUudk azaz
xkwfjyygrnf/ ausmufpmrsm;rSm ESpfoufzG,f
zwf½IzG,f aumif;NyD; xdkausmufpmrsm;u wpf
qihf taomu\ ESvkH;om;udk orD;qD ,laqmif
vmvdrfhrnf/
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2
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oefpGm umuG,fjcif;? "r®udk cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;? "r®udk
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zrf;qD; csKyfaESmif&jcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpf\/ ,if;onf
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jzpfapjcif;\ taMumif;w&m; jzpf\}/
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onf rif;BuD;xH a&mufvmrnf jzpfaomaMumihf
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aysmf½TifrIudk tvdk&SdaomaMumihfwnf;}/
taomuonf ppfrSefaom atmifjrifrI[l
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udk atmifEdkifrIjzpfaMumif; qufvufí &Sif;jy\/
rif;BuD;onf xdkuJhodkYaom atmifjrifrIudk rdr\d
EdkifiHwGif;ü omru a0;uGmonhf EdkifiHrsm;üyif
xdkodkY atmifEdkifNyD;ol jzpfaMumif;vnf; qdk\/
xdkausmufpmrsm;ü taomurif;BuD; xyfcg
xyfcg udk;um;azmfjycJhonhf "r®[lonf Ak'¨\ "r®
jzpf\/ taomuonf Ak'¨0g'udk tvGefMunfnKd
ol jzpfoGm;vsuf "r®jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf tpGrf;
ukef BudK;yrf;cJh\/ odkY&mwGif ,if;odkY aqmif½Guf
&mü twif;tMuyf aqmif½Gufjcif; r&Sd/ Ak'¨0g'D
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bmoma&;[laom trnf? bk&m;ocif[laom
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vnfyif;udk xdk;ypfEdkifonf[k ,lqoGm;avmuf
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t&if; r[dE´ESihf nDr oHCrdwåmwdkYudk oD[dkVfodkY
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cJh\/ taomutzdkY "r®onf qkawmif;rIudk xyf
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ajrmufzsm; yuf&S0gteD;&Sd wuúodkvfNrdKU? tdE´d,
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tvGefa0;uGmonhf w½kwfrSonf tm&Staemuf
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wm;jrpf\/ xdkESpfcsufwGif taomuonf azaz
wdkYxuf acwfrDcJh\/ pdwfrcsrf;omzG,f aumif;
onfrSm wd&p>mef ,ZfylaZmfrIrSm wpfpkH wpfck
aom twdkif;twmxd ,aeYacwfü &SdaeqJ jzpf
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w&m;0if tjyKtrl wpfckuJhodkY ,lqJ jzpfykH&\/
taomu\ pHerlESihf Ak'¨0g' jyefYyGm;jcif;onf
oufowfvGwf pm;jcif;udk vlodrsm;vmap\/
3 xdktcsdefxd tdE´d,&Sd cwåd,rsm;ESihf jA[®Prsm;
onf tom;udk tvGef pm;aomufMuvsuf 0dkif
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&uf aomufokH;jcif; ESpfrsKd;vkH;rSm rsm;pGm enf;yg;
oGm;cJh\/
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jynfolY ta&;udpötwGuf tNrJwrf; tqifoihf
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t0wfvJcef;odkY a&mufaepOf jzpfap? &xm;ay:
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jynfolY ta&;udpöESihf ywfoufí ightm; tquf
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csdefem&D rnfonhf ae&mrSmrqdk} tvsiftjref t
aMumif;Mum;&rnf/ taMumif;rl rif;BuD; ajym
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aumif; usKd;twGuf aqmif½Guf&rnf jzpfaom
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taomurif;BuD;onf bDpD 226-wGif ewf
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onf Ak'¨0g'D &[ef;tjzpf cH,loGm;\/
arm&d,acwf t<uif;tusef tenf;rQom
&Sd\/ azazwdkYrSm tdE´d,&Sd tapmqkH; tm&d,ef
,Ofaus;rIudk taotcsm wl;azmf awGU&Sdxm;
aomfvnf; ,ck avmavmq,fwGif rdk[if*sKd'g½kd
t<uif; tusefrsm;udk pOf;pm;aejcif; r[kwfay/
AmPoDNrdKU teD;&Sd q&ewf (rd*'g0kef)ü xdyfwGif
jcaoFhacgif;ESihf vSyonfh taomu ausmufpm
wdkifudk awGUEdkifao;\/
taomu\ NrdKUawmf jzpfcJhonhf yg#vdykwåNrdKU
wGif rnfonhf t&mrS rusefawmhacs/ taomu
aemuf ESpfaygif; 600 tMum? vGefcJhaom ESpf
aygif; 1500 ausmf tcsdefu w½kwfc&D;oGm;
&[ef;awmf zm[D,efonf yg#vdykwå NrdKUawmfodkY
tvnftywf a&mufcJh\/ xdktcsdefu NrdKUawmf
onf pnfyifaecJhNyD; csrf;om <u,f0\/ xdktcsdef
rSmyif taomurif; eef;awmf\ ausmufwdkif
t<uif;tusefrsm;udk awGUEdkifao;\/ xdkausmuf
wkdifrsm;onfyif zm[D,eftm; qGJaqmifcJh\/
zm[D,efonf ¤if;\ c&D;oGm; rSwfwrf;ü xdk
ausmufwkdifrsm;rSm vlom;wdkY vkyfxm;onfESihf
rwlacs[k a&;cJh\/
{&mr ausmufwkdif eef;awmfBuD;rSm oJvGefp
wpfpkHwpf&m rusefbJ ysufpD;oGm;NyD jzpf\/
J dkY odkY&mwGif tm&Swdkuf wpfwdkufvkH;rSm taomu
tm; trSwf&qJ jzpfvsuf ¤if;\ ausmufpm
rsm;rSm azazwdkY em;vnfaom bmompum;udk
ajymMum;aeNyD; xdkausmufpmrsm;udk ESpfoufae
MuOD;rnf jzpf\/ azazwdkYonf xdkausmufpm
rsm;rS todÓmPf rsm;pGmudk &aeOD;rnf jzpf\/
azazhpm tawmf&SnfoGm; NyDjzpfí orD; tawmf
NiD;aiGUawmhrnf/ taomu\ ausmufpmxJrS pm
ykd'fuav;ESihf azazhpmudk tqkH;owfygrnf ..
]tm;vkH;aom bmoma&; *dkPf;rsm;onf taMumif;
wpfckckjzihf av;pm;xdkufonfom jzpf\/ ,if;odkY
jyKrljcif;jzihf vlwpfa,mufonf rdrd\ bmoma&;
*dkPf;udk wnfwHhapEdkifNyD; wpfcsdefwnf;wGif tjcm;
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ bmoma&; *dkPf;*Pudkvnf; apmifh
a&Smuf&m a&muf\}/
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t&Sifauvmo
ZGef 28? 2015/
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