DISASTER

MANAGEMENT
AR 12 - 96

module – I & IV

Prepared by:
Ar Gulzar Naseer (Assistant Professor)
Al Salama Institute of Architecture
 BASICS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
HAZARD:
Hazards are defined as physical phenomena that pose a threat to the people, structures or economic
assets and which may cause a disaster.
EX: Earthquake, cyclone, floods, tsunami etc are all hazards and we can prevent them from becoming disasters

RISK:
The probability of harmful consequences or expected losses resulting from interaction between natural or
human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.

CAPACITY:
Capacity is the resources of individuals, households and communities to cope with a threat or resist the
impact of a hazard.
Positivity
Capacity = 1/Vulnerability
Negativity

Ex: Availability of infrastructure facilities like open grounds, fire/emergency services, medical/ health facilities,
established institutional mechanism, awareness about the impending disasters, level of preparedness etc.

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 BASICS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
VULNERABILITY:
It is the extent to which a community, structure, service or geographic area is likely to be damaged or
disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard on account of its nature and proximity to hazardous terrain or a
disaster prone area. OR It is the likely extent of damage due to a hazard.
TYPES:
Physical Vulnerability
• Depends on physical location of people and elements at risk
• Technical capacity of Buildings, structures, infrastructure
• Varies according to construction techniques, materials used and location

Economic Vulnerability
• Poor people
• Livelihood of the people

Social Vulnerability
• Weaker section of the society like women, children, old aged people, physically
and mentally challenged persons, others who are dependent on others

Environmental Vulnerability
• Flora, fauna, biodiversity, ecosystem
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 BASICS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER:
An event, natural or man - made, sudden or progressive, which impacts with such severity that the affected
community has to respond by taking exceptional measures.

Reasons:
• Population Growth
• Unplanned /ill - planned (Urban) Development
• Higher rate of urbanization and urban density
• Development of exposed areas
• Deteriorating Environmental conditions

TYPES: EARTHQUAKE, FLOOD, CYCLONE, DROUGHT & LANDSLIDE

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 IMPACT OF DISASTERS:
• Loss of lives
• Damage/Loss to Property and infrastructure
• Damage to livelihood
• Economic Loss
• Environmental Damage- Flora & Fauna
• Sociological & Psychological after effects

IMPACT: A larger picture

Direct losses Indirect losses Tertiary losses

• Human lives • Export/ import
• Livestock, other animals • Agricultural output
• Private property • Industry/ services output
• Municipal infrastructure • Remittance income
• Power/ Telecommunications • Fall in earning potential
infrastructure due to disability, trauma
• Health/ education assets • Unemployment
• Health hazards
• Long-term development
• Overall investment
• Funds reallocation
• Community migration/
Relocation

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 TYPES OF DISASTERS

1. Water and Climate Related Disasters

Floods, Droughts, Cyclones, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Cloud burst, Snow Avalanches, Heat & Cold Waves

2. Geological Disasters

Earthquakes, Landslides, Mudflows, Sea Erosion, Dam Bursts & Dam Failures

3. Biological Disasters

Biological Disasters, Epidemics, Cattle Epidemics

4. Chemical/ Industrial/ Nuclear Disasters

Chemical & Industrial Disasters, Forest Fires, Oil Spill Fires, Mine Fires & Mine Flooding, Nuclear Disasters

5. Accident Related Disasters.

Road, Rail and other Transportation accidents including Waterways, Major Building Collapse, Serial Bomb Blasts,
Festival related Disasters

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 SCALES & LEVELS OF DISASTERS RELATION BETWEEN:

L0 Preparatory Level prior to any disaster

L1 Denotes a disaster that can be handled

effectively at district level

L2 State’s Intervention is required

L3 Central Government’s assistance is needed

TYPE OF DISASTER NODAL MINISTRY

• Drought Ministry of Agriculture
• Air Accident Ministry of Civil Aviation
• Railway Accident Ministry of Railways
• Chemical Disaster Ministry of Environment
• Biological Disaster Ministry of Health
• Nuclear Accident Department of Atomic Energy
• Natural Disasters Ministry of Home Affairs

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 CRITICAL FACTORS OF HAZARDS
People: Action, or lack of action, can create workplace hazards. Knowledge and training is critical to avoid
unsafe behaviors. Solid leadership that puts health and safety top-of mind can help ensure safe work
practices and procedures are followed.

Equipment: Tools and machines can be hazardous. Look for unsafe or unhealthy conditions, such as
inadequate guarding or barriers; defective tools and equipment; incorrect tools and equipment for the job;
or inadequate warning systems.

Materials: Some materials, such as hazardous chemicals, pose a hazard in and of themselves. In other
cases, handling materials improperly or using the wrong material for the task can pose a hazard.

Environment: Some hazards are created by the work environment. Look for things like the condition of all
work surfaces and walkways; overcrowding; poor ventilation; poor lighting; extreme temperatures or noise;
or poor housekeeping.

Process: Process involves a combination of people, equipment, materials, and environment. It includes
design, organization, pace, and type of work. By-products created by the process may be hazards, such as
heat, noise, dust, vapors, fumes, and
scrap materials.
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 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

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 EMERGENCY PREVENTION AND MITIGATION EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
• Conduct the risk assessment of health facilities • Contribute in the community-disaster risk- assessment process
• Contribute in the community-disaster risk- assessment process • Conduct the risk assessment of health facilities
• Monitor the risks and vulnerability of health facilities and the • Establish early-warning systems
population over time • Develop the emergency response operations plan and conduct
• Manage structural and nonstructural mitigations in health the associated activities
facilities • Provide education and training of health authorities and
• Support public awareness on disaster risks and mitigation personnel
measures • Conduct drills and exercises
• Ensure that the disaster risk reduction is considered in • Monitor community preparedness for disasters
environmental policies and is operationalized by the relevant • Provide public awareness programs
sectors
• Ensure that land-use regulations are in place to prevent
population settlement and construction of health facilities in
high-risk zones
• Ensure that all health facilities, other infrastructures, and houses
are insured

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 PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE PREPAREDNESS CAPABILITIES

Bio surveillance Information management

• Public health surveillance and • Emergency public information and
epidemiological investigation warning information sharing
• Public health laboratory testing
Community resilience Incident management
• Community preparedness • Emergency operations coordination
• Community recovery
Countermeasures and mitigation Surge management
• Medical countermeasure dispensing • Fatality management
• Medical materiel management and • Mass care
distribution • Medical surge
• Non-pharmaceutical interventions • Volunteer management
• Responder safety and health

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 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT 2005
The Disaster Management Act, 2005 has 11 chapters and 79 sections.The Act extends to the whole of India. The Act
provides for "the effective management of disasters and for matters connected there with or incidental thereto.“

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): The Act calls for the establishment of National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA), with the Prime Minister of India as chairperson. The NDMA may have no more than
nine members including a Vice-Chairperson. The NDMA is responsible for "laying down the policies, plans and
guidelines for disaster management" and to ensure "timely and effective response to disaster“.

National Executive Committee (NEC): The Act enjoins the Central Government to Constitute a National Executive
Committee (NEC) to assist the National Authority. The NEC is composed of Secretary level officers of the Government
of India in the Ministries of home, agriculture, atomic energy, defense, drinking water supply, environment and forests,
finance (expenditure), health, power, rural development, science and technology, space, telecommunication, urban
development, and water resources, with the Home secretary serving as the Chairperson. The NEC under section of the
Act is responsible for the preparation of the National Disaster Management Plan for the whole country and to ensure
that it is "reviewed and updated annually".

State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA): All State Governments are mandated to establish a State Disaster
Management Authority (SDMA). The SDMA consists of the Chief Minister of the State, who is the Chairperson, and no
more than eight members appointed by the Chief Minister. State Executive Committee is responsible for drawing up
the state disaster management plan, and implementing the National Plan.The SDMA is mandated to ensure that all the
departments of the State prepare disaster management plans as prescribed by the National and State Authorities.
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 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT 2005
District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA): The Chairperson of District Disaster Management Authority
(DDMA) will be the Collector or District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner of the district. The elected representative
of the area is member of the DDMA as an co-Chairperson.

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): The Act provides for constituting a National Disaster Response Force "for
the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster" under a Director General to be
appointed by the Central Government. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is a force of 12 battalions, organized
on para-military lines, and manned by persons on deputation from the para-military forces of India: three Border
Security Force, three Central Reserve Police Force, two Central Industrial Security Force, two Indo-Tibetan Border
Police and two Sashastra Seema Bal. Each battalion is capable of providing 18 self-contained specialist search and
rescue teams of 45 personnel each including engineers, technicians, electricians, dog squads and medical/paramedics.
NDRF in addition to being able to respond to natural disasters has four battalions capable of responding to
radiological, nuclear, biological and chemical disasters.

National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM): The Act calls for establishing a National Institute of Disaster
Management. The National Disaster Management Act of 2005 granted the Institute statutory organization status. The
Act holds the Institute responsible for "planning and promoting training and research in the area of disaster
management, documentation and development of national level information base relating to disaster management
policies, prevention mechanisms and mitigation measures". NIDM, is a premier institute for training and capacity
development programs for managing natural disasters in India, on a national as well as regional basis.

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 What is Earthquake?
• Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the
earth’s surface. These are the natural means of releasing stress.

• Usually last less than a minute but can be felt over large areas.

• There are about 20 plates along the Earth’s surface and these
plates moves continuously and slowly past each other, towards
each other & away from each other thus causing different
phenomenon on Earth’s surface.

• As the plates move they put forces on themselves. When the

force is large enough the crust is forced to break & hence the
break in earth’s crust results in release of stored energy.

• Then it moves through earth in the form of waves, that we

feel & call as an Earthquake.

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 • Every tremor produces different types of Seismic waves,
which travel through rock with different velocities.
a. Longitudinal waves P-waves
b. Transverse waves S-waves
c. Surface waves L-waves

• Earthquakes are measured using Seismometers.

• Quake magnitude is measured by Richter Magnitude Scale.

• Intensity of shaking is measured on Mercalli scale.

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 Seismic zones in India
• India lies at the northwestern end of the Indo-Australian Plate, which encompasses India, Australia, a major portion
of the Indian ocean and other smaller countries.

• This plate is colliding against the huge Eurasian plate and going under the Eurasian Plate.

• This process of one tectonic plate getting under another is responsible for making India a earthquake prone country.

• A number of significant earthquakes occurred in and around India over the past century. Some of these occurred in
populated and urbanized areas and hence caused great damage.

• The latest version of seismic zoning map of India given in the earthquake resistant design code of India [IS 1893 (Part
1) 2002] assigns four levels of seismicity for India in terms of zone factors. In other words, the earthquake zoning
map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones (Zone 2, 3, 4 and 5) unlike its previous version, which consisted of five
or six zones for the country.

• According to the present zoning map, Zone 5 expects the highest level of seismicity whereas Zone 2 is associated
with the lowest level of seismicity.

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 ZONE 5
• Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risks zone. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.36 for Zone 5.

• Structural designers use this factor for earthquake resistant design of structures in Zone 5.

• The region of Kashmir, the western and central Himalayas, North and Middle Bihar, the North-East Indian region
and the Rann of Kutch fall in this zone.

• Generally, the areas having trap rock or basaltic rock are prone to earthquakes.

ZONE 4
• This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.24 for Zone 4.

• The Indo-Gangetic basin and the capital of the country (Delhi), Jammu and Kashmir fall in Zone 4. In Maharashtra,
the Patan area (Koyananager) is also in zone no-4.

• In Bihar the northern part of the state like- Raksaul, Near the border of India and Nepal, is also in zone no-4.

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 ZONE 3
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of Kashmir, Western Himalayas fall under this zone.

• This zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone

• The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.16 for Zone 3.

ZONE 2
• This region is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone.

• The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.10 (maximum horizontal acceleration that can be experienced by a structure in
this zone is 10% of gravitational acceleration) for Zone 2.

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