CHM171L Physical Chemistry 2 Laboratory

2nd Quarter, S.Y. 2017-2018

Conductimetry: Determination of the Electrical Conductance of Solutions

Legaspi, Ranaye V., Lojica, Kate M., Maquiling, Kenth Roger A.1, Calderon, Edna J.2
1Students, 2Professor, Physical Chemistry 2 Laboratory, CHM171L B21, School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Mapúa University,
Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
ABSTRACT
Final Report Information
Substances which undergo decomposition when current is passed through
them are known as electrolytic conductors or electrolytes. The movements
Performed 28 October 2017 of the ions cause a flow of electricity, and the conductivity of an electrolyte
Submitted 04 November 2017
solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity. The method of
analysis based on the measurement of electrolytic conductance in a
Keywords:
chemical reaction is called conductimetry. In this experiment, the
relationship between the conductance and concentration of electrolyte
Conductimetry solutions was determined to analyze the monovalent cations and anions
Conductance using 10 mL of 0.1 M of different sodium and chloride solutions. The
Ionic Mobility dissociation constant of ammonia solution, a weak electrolyte, was also
Weak and Strong Electrolytes determined using the conductance of different aqueous potassium
Dissociation Constant hydroxide solutions, a strong electrolyte. It was showed in the experiment
that strong acids such as HCl has a higher specific conductance due to
complete dissociation, thus conductance increases with inreasing
concentration of ions in the electrolyte. The data gathered also show that
the dissociation constant for 0.1 M and 0.01 M ammonia solution are
1.4854𝑥10−4 and 3.5526𝑥10−5 , respectively.

INTRODUCTION
Conductimetry is a non-titrative method of 𝑮=𝑹=𝑲𝒍
𝟏 𝑨

analysis based on the measurement of

electrolytic conductance to monitor a progress of
chemical reaction. Electrolyte solutions, known
as ionically conducting solutions, actually
produce ions as they dissolve. Hence, such
solutions conduct electric current by migration of
ions under the influence of electric field. These
could actually be classified as either strong or
weak. Strong electrolytes completely dissociate
into ions in water, while weak electrolytes only
dissolve partially. Conductance, referring to the
ability of an electrolyte to conduct electrical
current, depends on the concentration of the
ionic species and behaves differently for weak
and strong electrolytes. It is the reciprocal of
resistance, and it could further be mathematically
defined as:
where k is the conductivity, A is the cross
sectional area of the electrodes and I is the
distance between the electrodes. Since the
charge of ions facilitates the conductance, of
electrical current, the conductivity of a solution is
proportional to its ion concentration. Movement of
ions in water can be studied by installing a pair of
electrodes into the liquid and by introducing a
potential difference between them.
Molar conductivity, on the other hand, measures
the current-carrying ability of a given amount of
electrolyte.
𝜿
𝚲𝒎 = 𝒄

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where k refers to conductivity and c stands for
concentration. Hence, from this relationship, it
could be noted that the concentration is actually
directly proportional to the conductivity.
Furthermore, the law of independent migration
states that:
𝚲𝒐 𝒎 = 𝒗+ 𝝀+ + 𝒗− 𝝀−
where c refers to the corresponding number of
ions and λ indicates the limiting molar
conductivities for the ions, respectively. The
conductivity in water is very low that it is usually
expressed in millisiemens or microsiemens. In
fact, it also directly linked to the concentration of
the ions and their mobility. Ionic mobility is
inversely proportional to the strength of applied
field but is directly proportional to the drift speed,
a terminal speed reach by two forces acting in
opposite directions. It is an essential part of the
conductivity that is independent of concentration.
In addition, it also provides a link between
measurable and theoretical quantity. The
following equation shows the relationship
between the latter and its molar conductivity,
through the charge of the ions (z), and Faraday’s
constant (F).
𝝀± = 𝒛𝒖± 𝑭
At extremely high dilutions, interionic forces
become negligible, making the applied electric
field the only variable the ions’ electric force
depend on. Moreover, the dissociation constant
of a weak electrolyte, specifically aqueous
ammonia, is also to be determined in this
experiment. A dissociation constant is the ratio of
dissociated to undissociated compound. Unlike
strong electrolytes which remain completely
dissociated, weak electrolytes change their
degree of dissociation depending on conditions in
which its general chemical equation could be
written as:
Experiment 2 | Group 6 | November 4, 2017
HA(aq) + H2O(l) ↔H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)
The concentration of the ions on the ammonia
solution is to be obtained from the concentration
of a strong electrolyte, potassium hydroxide, that
exhibit the same conductance and mobility as the
latter. Hence, the data will be extrapolated, using
a calibration curve wherein conductance is
plotted against concentration, to infinitely dilute
solution and the dissociation constant could be
obtained from it.
In this experiment, the relative mobility of some
monovalent ions and the dissociation constant of
a weak electrolyte are to be determined by
means of measuring the conductance of
electrolyte solutions through the use of a
conductivity meter.
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
a.) Preparation of Reagents
The experiment is divided into two parts: the
determination of the relative mobility of
monovalent ions and the determination of the
dissociation constant of a weak electrolyte. For
the first part, 10 mL of the following solutions with
0.10 M concentration were prepared in separate
50 mL beakers: ammonium chloride, hydrochloric
acid, sodium chloride, sodium acetate, and
sodium hydroxide.
For the second part, the dissociation constant of
aqueous ammonia solution was determined
using aqueous potassium hydroxide solutions.
The following mixtures were prepared in a 50 mL
beaker:
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Table 1. Components of mixtures prepared for the second in each solution. The conductance of the solution
part of the experiment.
displayed on the digital screen was then
Mixture Volume of 0.01 M Volume of recorded along with the temperature of the
KOH, mL Water, mL solution. After then, the electrode was washed
1 25.0 0.0 with deionized water until the conductance
2 20.0 5.0 becomes zero and then was dried by a tissue
3 15.0 10.0 paper before immersing into another solution.
4 10.0 15.0 This was done for all the ionic solutions, aqueous
5 5.0 20.0 potassium hydroxide solutions, and the ammonia
6 1.0 25.0 solutions.
c.) Treatment of Results
10 mL of 0.1 M and 0.01 M ammonium hydroxide
solutions were also prepared in separate 50 mL The data gathered in the determination of the
beakers. relative mobility of monovalent ions for solutions
containing chloride ions and sodium ions were
b.) Methodology tabulated in increasing order of the conductance
The relative mobility of ion and dissociation of solutions separately. Inferred from the
constant of ammonia were determined using a conductance of the chloride solutions is the
conductimetric method. The current flowing relative mobility of the cations in the solutions,
through the sample solutions were estimated by while the relative mobility of the anions will be
measuring the conductance of the solution using inferred from the solutions containing sodium. It
a conductivity meter. is important to write down the equations of the
dissociation of every solutions used.
The dissociation constants of 0.1 M and 0.01 M
aqueous ammonia solutions were determined
using the conductance of aqueous potassium
hydroxide. Because potassium hydroxide is a
strong electrolyte with ions exhibiting the same
mobility as the ions of ammonia, a weak
electrolyte, the concentration of the ions in the
ammonia solutions can be obtained from the
concentration of the potassium hydroxide
solutions.
The concentrations of the potassium hydroxide in
each mixture prepared were calculated, and the
Figure 1. Determination of the conductance of sample concentration and conductance of each solution
solutions using Conductivity Meter
was tabulated. A concentration vs. conductance
The conductimetric method was done by graph was plotted and from here, the
immersing the electrode of the conductivity meter concentration of the potassium hydroxide
solution with the same conductance as each of

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the 0.1 M and 0.01 M solutions used were Table 4. Experimental dissociation constant of NH4OH at
different concentration.
determined. This concentration is the
concentration of ammonia ionized in the solution, Sample Conductance Dissociation
and the dissociation constant of ammonia Constant
solution is obtained from the concentration. The 0.1 M NH4 OH 462 μS 1.4854x10−4
equation for the dissociation of the ammonia 0.01 M NH4 OH 59.7 μS 3.5526x10−5
solution was also taken down. That is,
NH4 OH → NH4 + + OH −
1400
[OH − ][NH4 + ] 1200 y = 123479x - 13.898

Conductance
kb = 1000 R² = 0.9966
NH4 OH
800
600
RESULTS 400
200
A. Electrolytic Conductance and Ionic 0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015
Mobility
Concentration
Table 2. Conductance of various electrolytes.

Solution Conductance Figure 2. Conductance vs. Concentration Graph of

0.1 M HCl 3.17 m𝑆 aqueous KOH solution.
0.1 M NaOH 1.99 m𝑆
0.1 M NH4 Cl 670 μS
0.1 M NaCl 130.5 μS DISCUSSION
0.1 M NaC2 H3 O2 52.3 μS
a. Legaspi, Ranaye V.
B. Determination of Dissociation
Matters are classified according to their
Constant of a Weak Electrolyte
resistance to the flow of current. A conductor is a
Table 3. Conductance of KOH solution at different substance capable of carrying an electric change
concentration. from one another. In chemistry, a conducting
Vol of Conducta Concent Vol of medium in which the flow of current is
H2O nce (𝝁𝑺) ration KOH accompanied by the movements of matter in the
1 0 mL 1233 0.01 25 mL form of ions is called an electrolytic conductor or
2 5 mL 995 0.008 20 mL electrolyte. Any substance that dissociates into
3 10 mL 696 0.006 15 mL ions when dissolved in a suitable medium forms
4 15 mL 444 0.004 10 mL a conductor of electricity. The objective in this
5 20 mL 250 0.002 5 mL
6 25 mL 49.9 0.000385 1 mL experiment is to establish a relationship between
the velocities of moving ions (ionic mobility) to
the conductance of a solution using
conductimetry, a technique used to determine the
conductance of a solution by studying the
behavior and formation of ions in a chemical
reaction. This technique is also useful in the

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determination of the dissociation constant of an
electrolytic solution.
The following solutions were analyzed in a
conductivity meter at 0.1 M and constant
temperature: HCl, NaOH, NH4Cl, NaCl, and
NaC2H3O2. Electrolytes are classified into strong
or weak electrolytes, wherein strong electrolytes
have a complete dissociation and are good
source of current. In the case of the sample
reagents, all solutions are strong electrolyte
despite NH4Cl and NaC2H3O2 being a weak acid
and a weak base due to their anion (chloride ion)
and cation (sodium ion). The results show that
HCl has the greatest conductance, which means
that HCl has the greatest ionic mobility as well,
since ionic mobility varies directly with ionic
conductance with Faraday’s constant as the
constant of proportionality. The dissociation of
HCl forms hydrogen ions and chloride ions, and
H+ has a very high ionic mobility compared to
other common ions. Hydrogen and hydroxide
ions in aqueous solutions have large diffusion
coefficients, since they interact with water to form
hydronium ions, although the mobility of H+ is
almost twice of that of OH-. This is the reason
why hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
have a very large conductance compared to the
other.
Another factor affecting the ionic mobility of an
electrolyte is the size of the ions present.
Because ionic mobility is defined as the speed of
ions moving in an electric field, it can be
expected that ionic mobility varies inversely with
mass. For instance, the dissociation of NaC2H3O2
yields Na+ and C2H3O2-, a large ion compared to
the ions present in the other solution. This then
makes NaC2H3O2 with the least conductance,
since larger ions tend to carry less currents.
The second part of the experiment shows the
determination of the dissociation constant of
ammonium hydroxide, a weak electrolyte.
Experiment 2 | Group 6 | November 4, 2017
Although NH4OH contains hydroxide ions, the
dissociation of NH4OH to water is just partial due
to the fact that NH4OH comes from the reaction
of ammonia with water wherein only a small
portion of ammonia really reacts with water to
form ammonium and hydroxide ions, making
ammonium hydroxide a weak electrolyte. Hence,
in order to determine the dissociation constant of
0.1 and 0.01 M ammonium hydroxide solutions,
0.1 M potassium hydroxide solutions were diluted
and analyzed in a conductrivity meter. This is
because potassium hydroxide, a strong
electrolyte, has the same mobility of ammonium
ions.
After getting the conductance of 6 aqueous KOH
solutions with increasing amount of water and
decreasing amount of KOH, a Concentration vs.
Conductance Graph was plotted. It can be
observed from the graph that the conductance of
the KOH solution decreases as the substance
becomes less concentration or more diluted. In
other words, in a water-KOH system,
conductance increases with increasing amount of
KOH and decreases with an increasing amount
of water. Decreasing the number of the KOH in
the solution decreases the ions present, hence
lesser current is formed by the ions. However,
since the charged ions gets further apart, they
interact and slow each other down less.
Essentially, each ion becomes more able to
move through the solution, but the increase in
conductivity from this effect is outweighed by the
decrease due to there being fewer ions in a given
volume. As a result, a greater molar conductivity
is obtained from more diluted solutions.
Point plotting the data gathered in the second
part of the experiment, a linear regression
equation of y=123479x-13.898 was obtained,
where y is the conductance and x is the
concentration of the OH ions in the solution.
Analyzing 0.1 M and 0.01 M ammonium
hydroxide in the conductivity meter, a
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conductance of 462 μS and 59.7 μS where obtained
respectively. This was then substituted in y value
of the obtained line equation, and the value of the
x would be the concentration of the hydroxide
ions which will be used for the determination of
the dissociation constant. Considering the
reaction of ammonium hydroxide upon
dissociation,
NH4 OH → NH4+ + OH −
the dissociation constant is defined by
[𝑁𝐻4+ ][𝑂𝐻 − ]
𝐾𝑏 =
[𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻]
where the concentration of the ammonium and
hydroxide ions are equal. Using this formula, the
dissociation constant of 0.1 M and 0.01 M
ammonium hydroxide were found to be
1.4854x10-4 and 3.5526x10-5. This means that
these solutions have a percent dissociation of
only 0.1485% and 0.3553%.
b. Lojica, Kate Ann M.
Electrolytic solutions are solutions known to have
the capability to conduct an electric current.
Conductivity is the quantity that measures the
ability of the solution to conduct electricity. The
conductance of an electrolytic solution depends
on the concentration of ions and the behaviour of
the ions present in terms of their charges and
mobility, and conductance behaviour as a
function of concentration is different for strong
and weak electrolytes. This theory was applied
for the experiment.
The first part of the experiment involved the
determination of electrolytic conductance and
ionic mobility of NH4Cl, HCl, NaCl, NaC2H3O2 and
NaOH. The concentration of each solution was
held constant at 0.1 M. Having the solutions
tested by the conductivity meter, it was clearly
evident that HCl and NaOH got the highest
conductance (3.17 ms and 1.99 ms, respectively).
Experiment 2 | Group 6 | November 4, 2017
When HCl dissociates, it forms H+ ions (HCl ↔
H+ + Cl-). Substances that completely dissociate
into ions (strong electrolytes) produce solutions
with high conductivity. Another reason why HCl
has high conductance is that the H+ ion has a
high molar conductivity (S L mol-1 cm-1). Its molar
conductivity is 0.34982 S L mol-1 cm-1. HCl is a
strong electrolyte and when it dissolves in water
it separates almost completely into positively -
charged hydrogen ions and negatively - charged
chloride ions. This aqueous solution is usually
called hydrochloric acid. The ions are surrounded
by water molecules and hydrogen ion has a
special relationship with water. When water
(H2O) and hydrogen ion interact, they form the
hydronium ion (H3O+) and probably other
species with more water molecules involved, like
(H9O4+). All of the hydrogen atoms in these
clusters are interconnected through oxygen
atoms, and electrons are free to move around
through these bonds and hydrogen bonds. The
positive charge may then be transferred very
rapidly from one hydrogen atom to another. This
property contributes a great deal to the reactivity
of acidic solutions. It is not terribly important
whether the ion is written as hydrogen ion (H+) or
hydronium ion (H3O+). The same principle also
applies to NaOH. When NaOH dissociates, it
forms OH- ions (NaOH ↔ Na+ + OH-). OH- ions
have a high molar conductivity of 0.1986 S L mol-
1 cm-1 and this explains why NaOH has high
conductance. Conductance is directly
proportional to molar conductivity based on the
equation, where lambda is the molar conductivity,
k as the specific conductance and M as the molar
concentration. Conductance, G, is also directly
proportional to the electric current conducted by
1 𝐼
the ions ( 𝐺 = 𝑅 = 𝑉) . Based on the data
gathered, HCl >NH4Cl >NaCl >NaOH
>NaC2H3O2.
The second part of the experiment is the
determination of dissociation constant
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of a weak electrolyte. Six mixtures of water and
0.01 M of KOH were prepared. Each mixture
contains increasing increment of water and
decreasing increment of 0.01 M KOH. By
calculating for the concentration and testing for
the conductance, it is clearly evident that the
conductance is directly proportional to the
concentration. It was observed that as you
decrease the volume of the KOH in the mixture,
the conductance and concentration also
decreases. When you decrease the volume of
the KOH in the mixture, the amount of the
substance and the presence of ions in the
mixture will also decrease. This states that when
ions are small in quantity, it would exhibit less
electric current. This is the primary reason for the
linear relation of the concentration and
conductance.
Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), considered to be
a weak electrolyte, was experimented for the
dissociation constant. Two samples of NH4OH
having different molar concentration of 0.1 M and
0.01 M were prepared. By testing using the
conductivity meter, it shows that the conductance
of the two samples are 462 µS and 59.7 µS
respectively. The concentration of the KOH
solution was determined using the equation of
the conductance vs concentration graph. By
substituting the conductance, 462, to y, the x,
which is the concentration, was calculated to be
3.8541𝑥10−3 𝑀. Based on the dissociation
reaction of ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH ↔
NH4+ + OH-, the NH4+ ion and OH- ion also have
the concentration calculated using the equation
of the graph. By using the equation, 𝐾𝑏 =
[NH4+][ OH−]
, the dissociation constant was
[NH4OH]
calculated as
1.4854x10 −4
. Having a higher molar
concentration would give a higher dissociation
constant. This means that the greater the amount
of the substance and the ions, the greater the
Experiment 2 | Group 6 | November 4, 2017
tendency that the substance would reversibly
dissociate in a solution into ions.
c. Maquiling, Kenth Roger A.
The first part of the experiment involves
observing the relative mobility of various
monovalent ions by measuring their conductance
using a conductivity meter. A higher value for the
conductance will mean higher mobility, since
higher conductance suggests the ability to carry
more current, and thus conduct more electricity.
The results show that the H+ ion has the highest
mobility, since the conductance of HCl is the
highest among the other solutions tested, with a
conductivity of 3.17 mS. This statement may be
drawn out due to the fact that the value for the
conductance of all the solutions tested were
taken under the same temperature and with the
same concentration of 0.1 M. For HCl, this high
value for its conductivity may be attributed to its
property of being a strong acid. Although all of
the solutions tested were strong electrolytes (that
is, they ionize completely in solution), HCl may
be considered the “strongest”, since it conducts
the most electricity. The size of ions may also
affect the conductivity of solutions. Simple
dynamics will predict that objects with larger
mass tend to move slower than those with
smaller ones. In the same way, ions with large
sizes tend to carry less current and thus, conduct
electricity less. This also explains why HCl is the
strongest conductor: since H+ is relatively smaller
than the others, it can carry more current and
conduct more electricity. In the same thought,
NaC2H3O2 has the lowest conductivity among all
solutions tested since Na+ and C2H3O2- are
relatively large ions compared to the others. Thus,
they will carry the least current and conduct the
least electricity. Therefore, when the electrolytes
are arranged from greatest conductance it would
be: HCl>NaOH>NH4Cl >NaCl >NaC2H3O2.
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On the other hand, the second part of the
experiment involves the experimental
determination of the base-dissociation constant
of the weak base NH4OH. A plot of conductance
against the concentration of OH- was obtained by
obtaining the conductivity of solutions of KOH
with various concentrations. The values may be
seen in Table 3, and a linear equation of
𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟗𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟗𝟖
was obtained, where y is the conductance and x
is the concentration of OH-. The equilibrium
concentration of OH- in a solution of NH4OH may
be determined by obtaining the conductance of a
solution of the weak base with a given initial
concentration and substituting it to the generated
linear equation aforementioned. Note that this is
done because NH4OH is a weak base, and will
not ionize completely in solution.
For an initial concentration of 0.1 M, the
concentration of hydroxide ions in equilibrium
was found to be 0.0038541 M, while for an initial
concentration of 0.01 M, the hydroxide ion
concentration was found to be 0.000596 M.
Letting A be the initial concentration of NH4OH,
the base-dissociation constant may be computed
by using the ICE method for equilibrium
calculations, and the following expression will be
obtained,
𝒙𝟐
𝑲𝒃 =
𝑨−𝒙
where x is the concentration of hydroxide ions at
equilibrium and A is the initial concentration of
the weak base. Using this formula, a value of
1.4854𝑥10−4 was obtained for initial
concentration of 0.1 M and 3.5526𝑥10−5 for that
when the initial concentration was 0.01 M. Since
dealing with minute values, a percentage error
basis of evaluating results shall not be effective,
since it shall always be high. However, the true
Experiment 2 | Group 6 | November 4, 2017
value for the Kb of NH4OH is 1.75 x 10-5, with the
second value obtained being close and the first
value being far from the true value. The first
value may have been different due to the
alteration in the initial concentration of the weak
base. Lower concentrations of electrolyte will
mean lower conductivity, since less current is
carried by the ions. The conductance meter may
not have detected the exact conductance of the
solution, since it will be smaller. Thus, a far value
is obtained. Lastly, human errors still remain as a
possible source of erroneous data obtained for
this particular part of the experiment.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the experimental values obtained
above, there are several conclusions that can be
made based on this study. First, different
molecules have different characteristic
conductance based on their ability to conduct
electricity. These factors include the size of the
individual cations and anions and the electrolytic
character of the molecule. Moreover; under low
concentrations, it can be seen that the
conductance versus the concentration follows a
linear relationship. However; these is only
applicable to only dilute conditions. This
phenomenon is governed mainly by the
Kohlrausch’s Law. Which gives this in a
mathematical basis as
∧=∧0 − 𝑏√𝑐
Lastly, it is also significant in this study that the
dissociation constant is affected mainly by its
concentration. As per se, the mathematical
definition of the dissociation constants explains
its relationship. As seen from the calculated data,
it can be seen the concentration of the
electrolytic solution affects the dissociation
constant exhibiting an inverse proportionality
between the two variables.
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Overall, the objectives of this study are all
attained and thus can be regarded to be a
success. However; none of the experimental
value gathered where tested for accuracy versus
2.2 Concentration of ammonia solution based on
the Conductance vs. Concentration Plot of KOH
1500

CONDUCTANCE
y = 123479x - 13.898
the literature value. From this alone, it is highly 1000 R² = 0.9966
recommended that the experimental data to be
500
compared to ensure the accuracy of this study.
0
REFERENCES 0 0.005 0.01 0.015
Atkins, P., & de Paula, J. (2006). Physical CONCENTRATION

Chemistry, Eighth Edition. New York City:

W. H. Freeman and Company. 𝑦 = 123479𝑥 − 13.898
Chang, R., & Goldsby, K. (2011). General 0.1 M:
462 = 123479𝑥 − 13.898
Chemistry: The Essential Concepts. New
𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑
York City, United States of America:
McGraw-Hill. 0.01 M:
Levine, I. N. (2009). Physical Chemistry, Sixth 59.7 = 123479𝑥 − 13.898
Edition. New York City: McGraw-Hill. 𝒙 = 𝟓. 𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒

2.3 Dissociation Constant of ammonia

APPENDIX [𝑁𝐻4+ ][𝑂𝐻 − ]
1. Reactions Involved 𝐾𝑏 =
[𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻]
1.1 Electrolytic Conductance and Ionic Mobility
0.1 M:
NH4 Cl → NH4+ + Cl− [3.8541𝑥10−3 ][3.8541𝑥10−3 ]
𝐾𝑏 =
[0.1]
HCl → H + + Cl−
𝑲𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒
NaCl → Na+ + Cl−
0.01 M:
NaC2 H3 O2 → Na+ + C2 H3 o−
2
+ −
[5.9604𝑥10−4 ][5.9604𝑥10−4 ]
NaOH → Na + OH 𝐾𝑏 =
[0.01]
1.2 Determination of Dissociation Constant of a 𝑲𝒃 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓
Weak Electrolyte

NH4 OH → NH4+ + OH −

2. Sample Computations
2.1 Concentration of aqueous KOH solution

M1 V1 = M2 V2
(0.01)(40) = (M2 )(40)
M2 = 0.01 M

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