Bibliography of Languages of Northern Pa PDF

Bibliography of
Languages of
Northern Pakistan
Joan L. G. Baart and

Esther L. Baart-Bremer
National Institute of Summer Institute

Pakistan Studies and of
Quaid-i-Azam University Linguistics
Published by National Institute of Pakistan Studies,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
and
Summer Institute of Linguistics
West Eurasia Group
Horsleys Green
High Wycombe
BUCKS HP14 3XL
United Kingdom
© 2001 Summer Institute of Linguistics

and National Institute of Pakistan Studies
NIPS - SIL Working Paper Series
Publication Coordinators:
Dr. Ghulam Hyder Sindhi, National Institute of Pakistan Studies

Carla F. Radloff, Summer Institute of Linguistics
Editorial Advisors:
Dr. Tariq Rahman, National Institute of Pakistan Studies

Dr. Joan L. G. Baart, Summer Institute of Linguistics
Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................... 1
Section 1: General (South Asian languages, Indo-Aryan languages, Dardic
languages, Iranian languages, northern Pakistan) .......................................... 3
Section 2: By individual language................................................................ 23
Balti (Sbalti, Baltistani, Bhotia of Baltistan)............................................ 23
Bateri (Bateri Kohistani, Baterawal, Baterawal Kohistani)...................... 26
Burushaski (Brushaski, Burushaki, Burucaki, Burushki, Burucaski,
Biltum, Khajuna, Kunjut)......................................................................... 27
Chilisso (Chiliss, Galos)........................................................................... 36
Dameli (Damel, Damedi, Damia, Gudoji)................................................ 37
Domaaki (Dumaki, Doma)....................................................................... 38
English ..................................................................................................... 39
Gawar-Bati (Narsati, Gowar-Bati, Narisati, Gowari, Arandui, Satre)...... 42
Gowro (Gabaro, Gabar Khel)................................................................... 43
Gujari (Gujuri, Gujuri Rajasthani, Gujer, Gojri, Gogri, Kashmir Gujuri,
Gojari, Gujjari)......................................................................................... 44
Kalami and Kalkoti .................................................................................. 45
Kalasha (Kalashamon, Kalash) ................................................................ 47
Kamviri (Kamdeshi, Lamertiviri, Shekhani, Kamik) ............................... 49
Kashmiri (Kaschemiri, Cashmiri, Cashmeeree, Kacmiri, Keshur) .......... 50
Kati (Bashgali, Kativiri, Nuristani) .......................................................... 61
Khowar (Khowari, Khowar, Khawar, Chitrali, Citrali, Chitrari, Arniya,
Patu, Qashqari, Kashkari)......................................................................... 62
Kohistani, Indus (Kohistani, Kohiste~, Khili, Maiyon, Mair, Maiyã,
Shuthun) ................................................................................................... 66
Ormuri (Urmuri, Ormur, Ormui, Bargista, Baraks, Baraki)..................... 67
Pashto ....................................................................................................... 69
Phalura (Palula, Palola, Phalulo, Dangarik, Biyori) ................................. 73
Punjabi, Hindko, Pahari-Potwari, Saraiki................................................. 74
Shina ........................................................................................................ 89
Torwali (Turvali)...................................................................................... 94
Urdu (including literature on the structure of Hindi) ............................... 95
Ushojo (Ushuji)...................................................................................... 105
Wakhi (Wakhani, Wakhigi, Vakhan, Khik) ........................................... 106
Waneci (Wanechi, Wanetsi, Vanechi, Tarino, Chalgari) ....................... 109
Yidgha (Yudgha, Yudga, Yidga, Lutkuhwar) ........................................ 110
Language Name Index ............................................................................... 111
Author Index .............................................................................................. 115
Introduction
This is the first volume in the Working Paper Series of the National Institute
of Pakistan Studies in Islamabad and the Summer Institute of Linguistics. As
the title of the series indicates, items in this series are not fully polished
articles or monographs; rather, they represent and report on work in
progress.
The working paper series will be used in particular to make some of our
research tools available to others. The Bibliography of Languages of
Northern Pakistan clearly belongs in this category. It is a research tool, and
also, it is a product that is not complete but that we want to improve and
update continuously over the following years.
This bibliography is concerned with linguistic studies of the languages
whose home base is fully or partially within the borders of northern Pakistan.
For this purpose, we have taken the term “northern Pakistan” to include the
North-West Frontier and Punjab Provinces, as well as the Northern Areas of
Pakistan, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
The main sources from which this bibliography was built were the
following:
Irmtraud Stellrecht (ed.). 1998. Bibliography - Northern Pakistan. Köln:
Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
Ruth Laila Schmidt and Omkar N. Koul. 1983. Kohistani to Kashmiri;
An Annotated Bibliography of Dardic Languages. Patiala: Indian
Institute of Language Studies.
Tariq Rahman. 1997. Linguistics in Pakistan; A Country Report.
Islamabad. Pakistan Journal of History and Culture Vol. 18, No. 1:
1 - 33.
Colin P. Masica, 1991. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
In addition to these printed sources, we also made intensive use of the
bibliographic databases that are available through the Online Computer
Library Center (OCLC), in particular the International Bibliography of the
Modern Language Association of America.
The summary information presented at the start of each language section has
been excerpted from:
1
2
Barbara F. Grimes (ed.). 1996. Ethnologue: Languages of the World;

13th Edition. Dallas, TX: SIL International. (Used by permission.)*
The Ethnologue has been our guide as far as the identification and naming of
the different languages is concerned. We are very much aware that imposing
this kind of artificial classification system on a complex and fluid linguistic
reality is less than satisfactory. Still, we hope that as a system for organizing
the material in this bibliography, the division into language sections will be
found helpful.
In the case of the “Greater Punjabi” complex, it proved too difficult to
disentangle the web of speech varieties for the purpose of this bibliography.
Therefore, Punjabi, Hindko, Pahari, Potwari, Siraiki, and associated dialects
have been grouped together in one section.
The national language, Urdu, poses another problem: most of the differences
between Hindi and Urdu are lexical, while the grammar and pronunciation of
the two are largely the same. For this reason, linguistic studies of the
structure of Hindi are often of direct relevance to the study of Urdu. In view
of this fact, we have included works on the structure of Hindi in the section
for Urdu.
As a help for those searching for specific information in this bibliography, a
language name index and an author index have been included.
We regret that we have probably missed a large number of works written in
Urdu on Urdu and other languages of northern Pakistan. To trace these
publications and arrive at a reasonably complete listing would have been a
project of its own. Time limitations have kept us from pursuing that.
Islamabad
April, 2001
*
The 14th edition of this publication is available for purchase from the
International Academic Bookstore, 7500 W. Camp Wisdom Rd. Dallas, TX
75236, USA, and at www.ethnologue.com.
Section 1: General
(South Asian languages, Indo-Aryan languages, Dardic

languages, Iranian languages, northern Pakistan)
Abbi, Anvita. 1987. Reduplicative Structures in South Asian Languages; A
Phenomenon of Linguistic Area. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru
University, Centre of Linguistics and English.
Abbi, Anvita and Mithilesh K. Mishra. 1987. Semantic Correlates of the
Indian Linguistic Area; A Study of Reduplicative Structures.
Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club. Bashir, Elena,
Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook (eds.): Select Papers from
SALA-7: South Asian Languages Analysis Roundtable Conference Held
in Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 17-19, 1985, pp. 1 - 12.
Addleton, J.S. and Abdulais Siddiqi. 1986. The Importance of Regional
Languages in Pakistan; Problems of Linguistic and Cultural Integration
in Pakistan. Rawalpindi. Al-Mushir Vol. 28, No. 2: 58 - 80.
Alam Astori, Said. 1990. Shimali 'ilaqahjat ka lisani o adabi ja'izah. Astor:
Said Alam. 168 p.
Allen, W.S. 1959. Indo-Aryan. Phonetica Vol. 4: 33 - 36.
Ansari, A.S. Bazmee. 1961. Dardistan. Leiden: E.J. Brill. The Encyclopedia
of Islam. New Edition, Vol. 2, Fasc. 25: 140.
Backstrom, Peter C. and Carla F. Radloff. 1992. Languages of Northern
Areas. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer
Institute of Linguistics. 417 p. (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern
Pakistan Vol. 2).
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1903. Studies in Northern Himalayan Dialects.
Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1908. The Languages of the Northern Himalayas;
Being Studies in the Grammar of Twenty-Six Himalayan Dialects.
London: Royal Asiatic Society. 345 p. (Asiatic Society Monographs Vol.
11).
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1930. Review of Linguistic Survey of India Vol.
1, Part I. London. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies Vol. 5: 193 -
196.
3
4 General
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1930. Review of Linguistic Survey of India Vol.

1, Part II. London. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies Vol. 5: 615
- 618.
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1938. Studies in North Indian Languages.
London: Lund Humphries. 280 p.
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1975 (c1915). Linguistic Studies from the
Himalayas; Being Studies in the Grammar of Fifteen Himalayan
Dialects. New Delhi: Asian Publications Services. 277 p.
Baloch, N.A. 1966. Some Lesser Known Dialects of Kohistan. Dacca:
Asiatic Society of Pakistan. Haqq, Muhammad Enamul (ed.):
Shahidullah Felicitation Volume, pp. 45 - 55.
Bashir, Elena. 1988. SAY Quotatives in Northwest Indo-Aryan, Burushaski,
Wakhi, and Balti. Paper presented at the 10th Annual South Asian
Languages Analysis Roundtable Conference, Seattle, Washington, July
10 - 13, 1988.
Bashir, Elena. 1993. Causal Chains and Compound Verbs. New Delhi:
Manohar. Verma, Manindra K. (ed.): Complex Predicates in South Asian
Languages, pp. 1 - 30.
Bashir, Elena. 1996. Mosaic of Tongues; Quotatives and Complementizers
in Northwest Indo-Aryan, Burushaski and Balti. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel,
with Lok Virsa. Hanaway, William L. and Wilma Heston (eds.): Studies
in Pakistani Culture, pp. 187 - 286.
Bashir, Elena and Israr-ud-Din. 1996. Proceedings of the Second
International Hindukush Cultural Conference. Karachi: Oxford
University Press. (Hindukush and Karakoram Studies Vol. 1).
Bashir, Elena, Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook (eds.). 1987.
Select Papers from SALA-7; South Asian Languages Analysis
Roundtable Conference Held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 17-19, 1985.
Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club. 406 p.
Beames, John. 1970 (c1872 - 1879). A Comparative Grammar of the Modern
Aryan Languages of India; To wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati,
Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. (Vol. 1
On sounds, Vol. 2 The noun and pronoun, Vol. 3 The verb).
Berger, Hermann. 1986. Die Zahlwörter in den neuindoarischen Sprachen.
München. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft Vol. 47: 23 - 70.
General 5
Beskrovny, V.M. E.M. Bykovna, and V.P. Liperovski (eds.). 1968. Iazyki
Indii, Pakistana, Nepala i Tseilona. Moscow: Nauka. (Papers from a
conference held in Moscow in January, 1965).
Bhatia, Tej K. 1978. A Syntactic and Semantic Description of Negation in
South Asian Languages. Urbana: University of Illinois. (Ph.D.
dissertation).
Biddulph, John. 1971 (c1880). Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. Karachi: Indus
Publications. 164 p.
Bloch, Jules. 1965. Indo-Aryan from the Vedas to Modern Times; Translated
by Alfred Master. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve. 336 p. (Translation of
L'indo-aryen du Veda aux temps modernes (1934)).
Buddruss, Georg. 1963 - 1966. Aryan Languages. Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Morgenlandischer Gesellschaft Vol. 113: 352 - 353, Vol. 114: 444 - 447,
Vol. 116: 412 - 418.
Buddruss, Georg. 1964. Aus dardischer Volksdichtung; Some Dardic Folk
Poetry. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Redard, G. (ed.): Indo-Iranica;
Melanges presentes a Georg Morgenstierne a l'occasion de son soixante-
dixieme anniversaire, pp. 48 - 61.
Buddruss, Georg. 1973. Archaisms in Some Modern Northwestern Indo-
Aryan Languages. New Delhi: Embassy of the Federal Republic. German
Scholars on India Vol. 1: 31 - 49.
Buddruss, Georg. 1975. Zur Benennung der Schlange in einigen nordwest-
indischen Sprachen. München. Münchener Studien zur
Sprachwissenschaft Vol. 33: 7 - 14.
Buddruss, Georg. 1977. Nochmals zur Stellung der Nuristan-Sprachen des
afghanischen Hindukush. München. Münchener Studien zur
Sprachwissenschaft Vol. 36: 19 - 38.
Buddruss, Georg. 1983. Neue Schriftsprachen im Norden Pakistans; Einige
Beobachtungen. München: Wilhelm Fink. Assmann, A. J. Assmann and
C. Hardmeier (eds.): Schrift und Gedächtnis; Beiträge zur Archäologie
der literarischen Kommunikation, pp. 231 - 244.
Buddruss, Georg. 1985. Linguistic Research in Gilgit and Hunza; Some
Results and Perspectives. Islamabad. Journal of Central Asia Vol. 8, No.
1: 27 - 32.
6 General
Buddruss, Georg. 1992. Chitral, II: Languages. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda
Publishers. Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.): Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. 5: 493 -
494.
Buddruss, Georg. 1993. German Linguistic Research in the Northern Areas
of Pakistan. Bonn. Zingel-Ave Lallemant, S. and W.P. Zingel (eds.):
Neuere deutsche Beiträge zu Geschichte und Kultur Pakistans
(Schriftenreihe des Deutsch-Pakistanischen Forums Vol. 10), pp. 38 - 49.
Burrow, T. 1973. The Proto-Indo-Aryans. London. Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society, pp. 123 - 140.
Butt, Miriam, Tracy Holloway King and Gillian Ramchand. 1994.
Theoretical Perspectives on Word Order in South Asian Languages.
Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information. 278 p.
(Lecture Notes Vol. 50).
Cardona, George. 1974. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Encyclopedia
Britannica, 15th edition, Vol. 9: 439 - 450.
Decker, Kendall D. 1992. Languages of Chitral. Islamabad: National
Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. 255 p.
(Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Vol. 5).
Decker, Kendall D. 1996. Some Observations on Language Vitality in
Chitral. Karachi: Oxford University Press. Bashir, E. and Israr-ud- Din
(eds.): Proceedings of the Second International Hindukush Cultural
Conference, pp. 159 - 166.
Dil, Anwar S. 1969. Linguistic Studies in Pakistan. The Hague: Mouton.
Sebeok, Thomas A. et al. (eds.): Linguistics in South Asia (Current
Trends in Linguistics Vol. 5), pp. 679 - 735.
Dil, Anwar S. (comp.). 1965. Studies in Pakistani Linguistics. Lahore:
Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan. 231 p. (Pakistani Linguistics
Series Vol. 5).
Dil, Anwar S. (ed.). 1963. Pakistani Linguistics. Lahore: Linguistic Research
Group of Pakistan.
Din, Feroze. 1906. Handbook on Chitrali and Gilgiti Languages.
Rawalpindi: The Northern Printing Works.
Dodkhudoev, R. 1972. Die Pamir-Sprachen; Zum Problem der Konvergenz.
Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung zu Berlin Vol. 17: 463 -
470.
General 7
Edelman, Dzhoi Iosifovna. 1994. Dardestan, II: Languages. Costa Mesa,

CA: Mazda Publishers. Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.): Encyclopaedia Iranica
Vol. 7: 27 - 31.
Edelman, Dzhoi Iosifovna. 1965. Dardskie iazyki; (The Dardic Languages).
Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Edelman, Dzhoi Iosifovna. 1978. Osnovnye voprosy lingvisticeskoi
geografii; Na materiale indoiranskix iazykov. Moscow: Akademia Nauk
SSSR.
Edelman, Dzhoi Iosifovna. 1983. The Dardic and Nuristani Languages.
Moscow: Nauka. 342 p. (Languages of Asia and Africa).
Elizarenkova, T.Y. 1974. Issledovaniia po diaxroniceskoi fonologii indo-
ariiskix iazykov. Moscow: Nauka.
Emeneau, Murray B. 1956. India as a Linguistic Area. Language Vol. 32: 3 -
16.
Emeneau, Murray B. 1966. The Dialects of Old Indo-Aryan. Birnhaum,
Henrik and Jaan Puhvel (eds.): Ancient Indo-Aryan Dialects, pp. 123 -
138.
Emeneau, Murray B. 1969. Onomatopoetics in the Indian Linguistic Area.
Language Vol. 45, No. 2: 274 - 299.
Emeneau, Murray B. 1980. India and Linguistic Areas. Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press. Anwar S. Dil (ed.): Language and Linguistic
Area; Essays by Murray B. Emeneau, pp. 126 - 166
Emeneau, Murray B. 1983. Demonstrative Pronominal Bases in the Indian
Linguistic Area. Kerala, India. International Journal of Dravidian
Linguistics Vol. 12, No. 1: 1 - 7.
Faridkoti, Ainul Haq. 1992. Pre-Aryan Origins of the Pakistani Languages;
A Monograph. Lahore: Orient Research Centre.
Ferguson, Charles A. and John J. Gumperz (eds.). 1960. Linguistic Diversity
in South Asia; Studies in Regional, Social, and Functional Variation.
International Journal of American Linguistics Vol. 26: 3.
Fitch, Martin and Gregory R. Cooper. 1985. Report on a Language and
Dialect Survey in Kohistan District. Islamabad. Journal of Central Asia
Vol. 8, No. 1: 39 - 49.
8 General
Francke, August Hermann. 1905. The Eighteen Songs of the Bono-na

Festival (Bono-nayi Lu Athrungsh); Dard Text with Translation, Notes
and Vocabulary. Bombay. Indian Antiquary Vol. 34: 93 - 110.
Fussman, Gerard. 1972. Atlas linguistique des parlers de Dardes et Kafirs.
Paris: Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient. 100 p. (Publications de l'Ecole
Francaise d'Extreme Orient Vol. 86). (Vol. 1: Maps, Vol. 2:
Commentary).
Fussman, Gerard. 1980. Nouveaux ouvrages sur les langues et civilisations
de l'Hindou-Kouch (1976 - 1979). Paris. Journal Asiatique Vol. 268: 451
- 465.
Fussman, Gerard. 1980. Quelques ouvrages recents sur les langues et
civilisations de l'Hindou-Kouch (1976-1979). Paris. Journal Asiatique
Vol. 268: 451 - 465.
Fussman, Gerard. 1983. Nouveaux ouvrages sur les langues et civilisations
de l'Hindou-Kouch (1980 - 1982). Paris. Journal Asiatique Vol. 271: 191
- 206.
Fussman, Gerard. 1989. Languages as a Source for History. Islamabad:
National Institute of Cultural Research. Dani, A. H. (ed.): History of
Northern Areas of Pakistan, pp. 43 - 58.
Gardezee, Nazeer M. 1986. Linguistic Affinity in the Karakorum Region.
Peshawar. Central Asia (Journal of Area Study Centre) Vol. 19: 63 - 69.
Geijbels, M. and J.S. Addleton. 1986. The Rise and Development of Urdu
and The importance of Regional Languages in Pakistan. Rawalpindi:
Christian Study Centre. 60 p. (C.S.C. No. 22).
Gilani, Ijaz and Sayyid Muttaqinurrahman. 1986. The Language Question;
Public Attitudes on Language of Education and Employment. Islamabad:
Gallup Pakistan and National Language Authority. 56 p. (Publication
Serial Vol. 85).
Gill, Harjeet Singh. 1973. Linguistic Atlas of the Punjab. Patiala: Punjabi
University.
Grierson, George A. 1895. On Stress-Accent in the Modern Indo-Aryan
Vernacular. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 139 - 147.
Grierson, George A. 1895. On the Phonology of the Modern Indo-Aryan
Vernaculars. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischer Gesellschaft
Vol. 49.
General 9
Grierson, George A. 1895. On the Radical and Participial Tenses of Modern

Indo-Aryan Languages. Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal Vol. 64, No. 1.
Grierson, George A. 1898. On Some Swat Languages. Bombay. Indian
Antiquary Vol. 27: 373 - 382.
Grierson, George A. 1899. Specimen Translations in the Languages of the
North-Western Frontier. Calcutta: Office of the Supt. of Govt. Print.
337 p.
Grierson, George A. 1917. The Indo-Aryan Vernaculars. London. Bulletin of
the School of Oriental Studies Vol. 1: 247 - 281.
Grierson, George A. 1922. Spontaneous Nasalization in the Indo-Aryan
Languages. London. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 381- 388.
Grierson, George A. 1927. Dardic Intervocalic Consonants, d>l. Journal of
the Royal Asiatic Society, p. 853.
Grierson, George A. 1931. Conjunct Consonants in Dardic. London. Bulletin
of the School of Oriental Studies Vol. 6, No. 2: 349 - 368.
Grierson, George A. 1969 (c1906). The Pisaca Languages of North-Western
India. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
Grierson, George A. 1982 (c1919). Indo-Aryan Family, North-Western
Group; Specimens of the Dardic or Pisacha Languages. Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass 1968, Lahore: Accurate Printers. Linguistic Survey of India
Vol. 8, Part 2.
Grierson, George A. (ed.). 1973 (c1903). Linguistic Survey of India. Delhi:
Motilal Banarsidass. (Vols. 1 - 11).
Grimes, Barbara F. (ed.). 1996. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 13th
Edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 966 p.
Gryunberg, Aleksandr L. 1968. Languages of the Eastern Hindu Kush.
Moscow: Nauka Publishing House.
Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Islamabad: National
10 General
Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. The Languages of Indus Kohistan. Islamabad:

National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of
Linguistics. Rensch, Calvin R. Sandra J. Decker and Daniel G. Hallberg:
Languages of Kohistan (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan
Vol.1), pp. 83 - 141.
Hamp, Eric P. 1968. On *R in Kafir. Studies in Indian Linguistics, pp. 124 -
137.
Heston, Wilma L. and Mumtaz Nasir. 1987. The Bazaar of the Storytellers.
Islamabad: Lok Virsa Publishing House. 349 p.
Hjuler, A. 1912. The Languages Spoken in the Western Pamir (Shughnan
and Vakhan). Kopenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel - Nordisk Forlag.
Hock, Hans Henrich. 1985. Transitivity as a Gradient Feature? Evidence
from Indo-Aryan, Especially Sanskrit and Hindi. Bloomington: Indiana
University Linguistics Club. Zide, Arlene R.K. David Magier and Eric
Schiller (eds.): Proceedings of the Conference on Participant Roles;
South Asia and Adjacent Areas, pp. 247 - 263.
Hörnle, A.F. Rudolf. 1975 (c1880). A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian
(Aryo-Indian) Languages; With Special Reference to the Eastern Hindi;
Preceded by a General Introduction on the North-Indian Vernaculars, and
Accompanied by a Language Map, a Comparative Table of Alphabets,
and an Index of Subjects. Amsterdam: Philo Press.
Hook, Peter Edwin. 1977. The Distribution of the Compound Verb in the
Languages of North India and the Question of its Origin. Kerala, India.
International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics Vol. 6, No. 2: 336 - 349.
Hook, Peter Edwin. 1982. India as a Semantic Area. Jacksonville, FL: South
Asian Literary Association. Mistry, P.J. (ed.): South Asian Review;
Studies in South Asian Languages and Linguistics, pp. 30 - 41.
Hook, Peter Edwin and Omkar N. Koul. 1984. Pronominal Suffixes and Split
Ergativity in Kashmiri. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. Omkar N. Koul
and Peter E. Hook (eds.): Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics, pp. 123 - 135.
Hook, Peter Edwin. 1985. Coexistent Analyses and Participant Roles in
Indo-Aryan. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club. Zide,
Arlene R.K. David Magier and Eric Schiller (eds.): Proceedings of the
Conference on Participant Roles; South Asia and Adjacent Areas, pp.
264 - 283.
General 11
Hook, Peter Edwin. 1987. Linguistic Areas; Getting at the Grain of History.
Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. Cardona, George and Norman Zide
(eds.): Henry H. Hönigswald Commemorative Volume, pp. 155 - 168.
Hook, Peter Edwin. 1991. The Emergence of Perfective Aspect in Indo-
Aryan Languages. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Traugott, E.C. and B. Heine (eds.): Approaches to Grammaticalization
Vol. 2: 59 - 89.
Howell, E.B. 1908. Some Songs of Chitral. Calcutta. Journal and
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 4: 381 - 389.
Israr-ud-Din. 1969. The People of Chitral; A Survey of their Ethnic
Diversity. Pakistan Geographical Review Vol. 24, No. 1: 45 - 57.
Jaffrey, Shahida. 1984. Sociolinguistic Survey of a Multilingual Community
in Pakistan as Basis for Language Policy and Planning. University of the
Philippines. 310 p. (Dissertation).
Jain, Banarsi Das. 1927. Stress Accent in Indo-Aryan. London. Bulletin of
Jettmar, Karl. 1980. Bolor and Dardistan. Islamabad: National Institute of
Folk Heritage. 100 p.
Jettmar, Karl. 1982. Indus Kohistan; An Ethnographic and Linguistic
Overview. 10 p. Kohistan Development Board News Vol. 2: 6 - 12.
Jettmar, Karl. 1982. Kafiren, Nuristani, Darden; Zur Klarung des
Begriffssystems. Fribourg, Switzerland. Anthropos: International Review
of Anthropology and Linguistics Vol. 77, No. 1-2: 254 - 263.
Jettmar, Karl. 1983. Indus-Kohistan; Entwurf einer historischen
Ethnographie. Fribourg, Switzerland. Anthropos Vol. 78: 501 - 519.
Junghare, Indira Y. 1983. Markers of Definiteness in Indo-Aryan. Pune,
India. Indian Linguistics Vol. 44: 43 - 53.
Junghare, Indira Y. 1985. Topic Prominence in Indo-Aryan and Dravidian.
Kerala, India. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics Vol. 14:
181 - 198.
12 General
Junghare, Indira Y. 1987. The Functions of Word-Order Variants in Indo-

Aryan. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club. Bashir, Elena,
Kachru, Braj B. 1969. Kashmiri and other Dardic Languages. The Hague:
Mouton. Sebeok, Thomas A. et al. (eds.): Linguistics in South Asia
(Current Trends in Linguistics Vol. 5), pp. 284 - 306.
Katre, S.M. 1965. Some Problems of Historical Linguistics in Indo-Aryan.
Poona: Deccan College.
Katre, S.M. 1968. Problems of Reconstruction in Indo-Aryan. Simla: Indian
Institute of Advanced Study.
Kreutzmann, H. 1998. Sprachdifferenzierung im Ost-Hindukusch und
Karakorum. St. Petersburg: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie. Kushev,
V.V. N.L. Luzhetskaya, N.L. Rzehak and I.M. Steblin-Kamensky (eds.):
Central Asia; Eastern Hindukush (Strany i Narody Vostoka Vol. 30), pp.
83 - 108.
Krishnamurti, Bh. (ed.). 1986. South Asian Languages; Structure,
Convergence and Diglossia. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Kristiansen, Knut and Inge Ross. 1973. Georg Morgenstierne; A
Bibliography. Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages Vol. IV.
Lakshmi Bai, B. and Aditi Mukherjee (eds.). 1993. Tense and Aspect in
Indian Languages. Hyderabad: Centre of Advanced Study in Linguistics,
Osmania University, and Booklinks Corp. 154 p.
Leech, R. 1838. A Vocabulary of the Laghmani, Tirahi, Highlands of Deer,
Moghal Aimaks Dialect. Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal Vol. 7: 780 - 787.
Leech, R. 1838. Epitome of the Grammars of the Brahuiky, the Balochky
and the Panjabi Languages; With Vocabularies of the Baraky, the Pashi,
the Laghmani, the Cashgari, the Teerhai, and the Deer Dialects. Calcutta.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 7: 711 - 732.
General 13
Leech, R. 1845. Account of Parts of the Cabool and Peshawar Territories,

and of Samah, Sudoom, Bunher, Swah, Deer, Bajour; Visited by Mulla
Aleem-Ulla of Peshawar in the Latter Part of the Year 1837. Arranged
and Translated by Major R. Leech, C.B. Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal Vol. 14: 660 - 701.
Leech, R. 1845. Account of the Panjkora Valley, and of Lower and Upper
Kashkar, by Rajah Khan, of Cabool. Translated by Major R. Leech, C.B.
Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 14: 812 - 817.
Leitner, G.W. 1868 - 1873. Results of a Tour in Dardistan, Kashmir, Little
Tibet, Ladak, Zanskar, etc. in 1861; Vol. 1: The Languages and Races of
Dardistan. Lahore and London: Indian Public Opinion Press and Messrs.
Trubner and Co. (Part I, II and III).
Leitner, G.W. 1870. On the Races and Languages of Dardistan. Journal of
the Ethnological Society of London Vol. 2: 31 - 34.
Leitner, G.W. 1877. The Languages and Races of Dardistan. Lahore:
Government Central Book Depot. (Part 1 - 3).
Leitner, G.W. 1891. On the Ethnographical Basis of Language; With Special
Reference to the Customs and Language of Hunza. Journal of the Royal
Anthropological Institute Vol. 20: 204 - 210.
Leitner, G.W. 1891. The Races and Languages of the Hindu-Kush. The
Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review Vol. 2: 139 - 156.
Leitner, G.W. 1892. Legends, Songs, and Customs of Dardistan. London.
The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review Vol. 4: 141 - 148.
Leitner, G.W. 1892. Legends, Songs, and Customs of Dardistan, (Gilgit,
Yasin, Hunza, Nagyr, Chitral, etc. and Kafiristan). London. The Imperial
and Asiatic Quarterly Review Vol. 3: 294 - 310.
Leitner, G.W. 1893. Legends, Songs, Customs, and History of Dardistan.
London. The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review Vol. 5: 143 - 182.
Mackenzie, D.N. 1969. Iranian Languages. The Hague: Mouton. Sebeok,
Thomas A. et al. (eds.): Linguistics in South Asia (Current Trends in
Linguistics Vol. 5), pp. 450 - 477.
Mansoor, Sabiha. 1990. The Language Situation in Pakistan;
Recommendations for a Language Policy in the Educational System with
Reference to English. Reading, U.K.: University of Reading.
14 General
Masica, Colin P. 1971. Defining a Linguistic Area: South Asia. Chicago and
London: The University of Chicago Press.
Masica, Colin P. 1981 (1982). Identified Object Marking in Hindi and Other
Languages. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. Koul, Omkar N. (ed.): Topics
in Hindi Linguistics Vol. 2: 16 - 50.
Masica, Colin P. 1982. Ergativity in South Asia. Jacksonville, FL: South
Asian Literary Association. Mistry, P.J. (ed.): South Asian Review;
Studies in South Asian Languages and Linguistics, pp. 1 - 11.
Masica, Colin P. 1986. Definiteness-Marking in South Asian Languages.
Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Krishnamurti, Bh. (ed.): South Asian
Languages; Structure, Convergence and Diglossia, pp. 123 - 146.
Masica, Colin P. 1991. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. 538 p.
Meenakshi, K. 1986. The Quotative in Indo-Aryan. Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass. Krishnamurti, Bh. (ed.): South Asian Languages; Structure,
Convergence and Diglossia, pp. 209 - 218.
Mistry, P.J. (ed.). 1982. South Asian Review; Studies in South Asian
Languages and Linguistics. Jacksonville, FL: South Asian Literary
Association.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1926. Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan.
Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning. (Serie C I-2).
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1927. The Linguistic Classification of Dardic and
Kafiri. Oostersch Genootschap in Nederland (Verslag van het 5de
Congres), pp. 31 - 32.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1930. The Name ‘Munjan’ and Some Other Names of
Places and People of the Hindu Kush. London. Bulletin of the School of
Oriental Studies Vol 6: 439 - 444.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1932. Report on a Linguistic Mission to North-
Western India. Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulterforskning.
84 p. (Series C III-1).
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1935. Die Wörter für ‘Lüge’ und ‘Wahrheit’ in den
Dard- und Kafirsprachen. Göteborgs högskolas arsskrift Vol. 41: 35 - 39.
General 15
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1935. The Personal Pronouns First and Second Plural
in the Dardic and Kafir Languages. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol.
5: 357 - 362.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1945. Indo-European k' in Kafir. Norsk Tiddskrift for
Sprogvidenskap Vol. 13: 225 - 238.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1947. Metathesis of Liquids in Dardic. Oslo.
Festskrift til Prof. Olaf Broch pa hans 80-Arsdag (Skrifter utgitt av det
Norske Videnskaps Akademi i Oslo, II. Historisk-Filosofisk Klasse, 2),
pp. 145 - 154. (Reprinted in Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, pp.
231 - 240).
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1950. Svasa and Bhagini in Indo-Aryan.
Copenhagen. Acta Orientalia Vol. 21: 26 -32.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1951. Linguistic Geography Applied to the Dardic
Languages of the Hindu Kush. Proceedings of the 22nd International
Congress of Orientalists, Istanbul, pp. 466 - 470.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1952. Linguistic Gleanings from Nuristan. Oslo.
Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap Vol. 16, 117-135.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1958. Neuiranische Sprachen. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Spuler, B. (ed.): Handbuch der Orientalistik Vol. 4, No. 1: 155 - 178.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1961. Dardic and Kafir Languages. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition Vol. 2: 138-139.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1964. Indo-Iranica; Mélanges présentés à Georg
Morgenstierne, à l'occasion de son soixante-dixième anniversaire.
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 195 p.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1965. Chitral: Names, Languages and Tribes. Leiden:
E.J. Brill. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition Vol. 2: 31.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1973. Die Stellung der Kafirsprachen. Wiesbaden:
Ludwig Reichert. Morgenstierne, Georg: Irano-Dardica (Beiträge zur
Iranistik Vol. 5), pp. 327 - 343.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1973. Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages. Oslo:
Universitetsforlaget (2d ed. rev. and with new material). (Serie B,
Skrifter - Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, Oslo,
Vols. 11, 35, 40, 58). (Vol. 1: Parachi and Ormuri; Vol. 2: Iranian Pamir
Languages; Vol. 3: The Pashai Language (1. Grammar, 2. Texts and
Translations, 3. Vocabulary); Vol. 4: The Kalasha Language).
16 General
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1973. Irano-Dardica. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.

388 p. (Beiträge zur Iranistik Vol. 5).
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1974. Languages of Nuristan and Surrounding
Regions. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. Jettmar, K. and L. Edelberg (eds.):
Cultures of the Hindukush, pp. 1 - 10.
Müller-Stellrecht, Irmtraud. 1979. Materialien zur Ethnographie von
Dardistan (Pakistan); Aus den nachgelassenen Aufzeichnungen von
D.L.R. Lorimer. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt.
(Bergvölker im Hindukusch und Karakorum Vol. 3). (Vols. 1 - 3).
Müller, F. Max. 1976 (c1855). A Survey of Languages; Semitic, Arian and
Turanian. Delhi: Nag Publishers.
Mujoo, Ramesh. 1982. Position of Languages in State of Jammu and
Kashmir. New Delhi: Metropolitan. Bose, Kshanika and R.C. Scrivastava
(eds.): Readings in Language Studies, pp. 193 - 210.
Nelson, David Niles. 1986. The Historical Development of the Nuristani
Languages. Minnesota: University of Minnesota. (Dissertation).
Ohala, M. 1991. Phonological Areal Features of Some Indo-Aryan
Languages. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Language Sciences Vol. 13 No. 2:
107 - 124.
Oranskij, I.M. 1977. Les dialectes Pamiriens. Paris: Institut d'etudes
iraniennes de l'universite de la Sorbonne-Nouvelle. Les Langues
Iraniennes (Documents et ouvrages de reference Vol. 1), pp. 166 - 191.
Pakhalina, T.N. 1969. Pamirskie iazyki. Moscow.
Pandharipande, Rajeshwari. 1981. Syntax and Semantics of the Passive
Construction in Selected South Asian Languages. Urbana: University of
Illinois. (Ph.D. Dissertation).
Parkin, Robert J. 1987. Kin Classification in the Karakorum. London. Man
Vol. 22: 157 - 170.
Parvez, Aslam. 1996. The Adaptation of Perso-Arabic Script for Urdu,
Panjabi, and Sindhi. New Delhi: Aslam Parvez. 105 p.
Payne, John R. 1987. Iranian Languages. New York: Oxford University
Press. Comrie, Bernard (ed.): The World's Major Languages, pp. 514 -
522.
General 17
Payne, John R. 1989. Pamir Languages. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.

Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.): Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, pp. 417 -
444.
Porizka, Vincenc. 1954. Notes on R.N. Vale's Theory of Verbal Composition
in Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati and Marathi. Archiv Orientalni Vol. 22: 114 -
128.
Pray, Bruce R. 1976. From Passive to Ergative in Indo-Aryan. Madison:
University of Wisconsin, South Asian Studies. Verma, Manindra K.
(ed.): The Notion of Subject in South Asian Languages, pp. 195 - 211.
Rahman, Tariq. 1994. Review of Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern
Pakistan. Language Vol. 70, No. 4: 840 - 843.
Rahman, Tariq. 1995. Language Planning and Politics in Pakistan.
Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
Rahman, Tariq. 1996. Language and Politics in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford
Rahman, Tariq. 1996. Languages of the Proto-Historic Indus Valley.
Mankind Quarterly Vol. 36, No. 3 - 4: 221 - 246.
Rahman, Tariq. 1996. The English-Urdu Controversy in Pakistan. Modern
Asia Studies Vol. 31, No. 1: 177 - 207.
Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Linguistics in Pakistan; A Country Report. Islamabad.
Pakistan Journal of History and Culture Vol. 18, No. 1: 1 - 33.
Rahman, Tariq. 1999. Language, Education, and Culture. Karachi: Oxford
Rajapurohit, B. B. 1979. An Example to Illustrate Problems Involved in
Introduction of Mother Tongue in Primary Education. Mysore: Central
Institute of Indian Languages. 8 p.
Rajapurohit, B. B. (ed.). 1984. Papers in Phonetics and Phonology;
Proceedings of an Institute. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian
Languages. 174 p. (Conferences and Seminars Series Vol. 6 ).
Rajapurohit, B. B. (ed.). 1986. Acoustic Studies in Indian Languages;
Research Papers Prepared at the Summer Institute in Advanced
Phonetics. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. 108 p.
(Current Inquiries in Indian Languages Vol. 1).
18 General
Raverty, H.G. 1862. An Account of Upper and Lower Suwat, and the
Kohistan, to the Source of the Suwat River; With an Account of the
Tribes Inhabiting those Valleys. Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal Vol. 31: 227 - 281.
Raverty, H.G. 1864. An Account of Upper Kash-kar, and Chitral, or Lower
Kash-kar, together with the Independent Afghan State of Panj-korah,
including Tal-ash. Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol.
33: 125 - 151.
Raverty, H.G. 1896. Kafiristan and the Kafiri Tribes. Calcutta. Calcutta
Review Vol. 103: 65 - 109.
Rayall, G.S. 1996. English and Sanskrit, a Common Heritage of Words;
With Special Reference to Punjabi. Patiala: Punjabi University.
Rensch, Calvin R. 1992. Patterns of Language Use among the Kohistanis of
the Swat Valley. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and
Summer Institute of Linguistics. Rensch, Calvin R. Sandra J. Decker and
Daniel G. Hallberg: Languages of Kohistan (Sociolinguistic Survey of
Northern Pakistan Vol. 1), pp. 3 - 62.
Rensch, Calvin R. Sandra J. Decker and Daniel G. Hallberg. 1992.
Languages of Kohistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies
and Summer Institute of Linguistics. 263 p. (Sociolinguistic Survey of
Northern Pakistan Vol. 1).
Rose, Horace A. Denzil Ibbetson and Edward Maclagan. 1978 (c1911). A
Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier
Province; Based on the Census Report for the Punjab, 1883. Lahore:
Aziz Publishers.
Rysiewicz, W. 1956. Zagadnienie palatalnych w jezykach dardyjskich.
Wroclaw. (Studia jezykoznawcze).
Salam, Abdul. 1993. Umumi Lisaniyat; (General Linguistics). Karachi:
Royal Book Co.
Schimmel, Annemarie. 1981. German Contributions to the Study of
Pakistani Linguistics. Hamburg: German-Pak Forum.
Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1981. Report on a Survey of Dardic Languages of
Kashmir. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol. 42: 17 - 21.
General 19
Schmidt, Ruth Laila and Omkar N. Koul. 1983. Kohistani to Kashmiri; An

Annotated Bibliography of Dardic Languages. Patiala: Indian Institute of
Language Studies. 78 p.
Schwartzberg, Joseph B. (ed.). 1992. A Historical Atlas of South Asia;
Second Impression, with Additional Material. New York: Oxford
Sebeok, Thomas A. et al. (eds.). 1969. Linguistics in South Asia. The Hague:
Mouton. (Current Trends in Linguistics Vol. 5).
Shackle, Christopher. 1986. Language, Dialect, and Local Identity in
Northern Pakistan. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. Bahri, Ujjal Singh
(ed.): Papers in Language and Linguistics, pp. 37 - 54.
Shahidullah, Muhammad. 1963. The Languages of the North-West Frontier
of Pakistan. Lahore: Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan. Dil, Anwar
S. (ed.): Pakistani Linguistics, pp. 37 - 44.
Shapiro, Michael C. and Harold F. Schiffman. 1981. Language and Society
in South Asia. Delhi: Mitalal Banarsidass.
Sharma, Devi Datt. 1981. Dardic Elements in Central Pahari. Hoshiarpur,
India. Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal Vol. 18, Parts 1-2: 105 -
119.
Sindhi, Hyder. 1991. A Linguistic Survey of the Languages of the Northern
Areas of Pakistan. Tübingen. Cultural Area Karakorum Newsletter Vol.
1: 22.
Sindhi, Hyder. 1992. The CAK Funded Linguistic Survey of the Northern
Areas of Pakistan with Respect to Linguistic Change in the Region;
Carried out by the NIPS during July-September, 1991. Tübingen. Culture
Area Karakorum Newsletter Vol. 2: 51 - 54.
Singh, Rajendra (ed.). 1998. The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and
Linguistics Vol. 1. Sage Publications, India.
20 General
Singh, Udaya Narayana, K.V. Subbarao and S.K. Bandyopadhyay. 1986.

Classification of Polar Verbs in Selected SA Languages. Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass. Krishnamurti, Bh. (ed.): South Asian Languages; Structure,
Convergence and Diglossia. pp. 244 - 269.
Skalmowski, Wojciech. 1985. The Linguistic Importance of the Dardic
Languages. Islamabad. Journal of Central Asia Vol. 8, No.1: 5 - 15.
Skalmowski, Wojciech. 1985. Transitive Verb Constructions in the Pamir
and Dardic Languages. Krakow. Kurylowicz, J. et al. (eds.): Etudes indo-
europeennes.
Skold, H. 1936. Materialien zu den iranischen Pamirsprachen. Lund.
Sridhar, S.N. 1979. Dative Subjects and the Notion of Subject. Lingua Vol.
49: 99 - 125.
Starosta, Stanley. 1985. The Locus of Case in South Asian Languages.
Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club. Zide, Arlene R.K.
David Magier and Eric Schiller (eds.): Proceedings of the Conference on
Participant Roles; South Asia and Adjacent Areas, pp. 211 - 246.
Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. 1979. ‘Koleni’ i ‘lokti’ pamirskogo substrata.
Moscow. Dandamaev, M.A. and B.A. Livshits (eds.): Istoria i filologia
stran Drevnego Vostoka (Peredneaziatskii sbornik Vol. 3), pp. 213 - 214.
Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. 1982. Ocerki po istorii leksiki pamirskix iazykov;
Nazvania kul'turnyx rastenii. Moscow.
Stellrecht, Irmtraud (ed.). 1998. Bibliography - Northern Pakistan. Köln:
Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. 648 p. (Culture Area Karakorum, Scientific
Studies Vol. 1).
Strand, Richard F. 1973. Notes on the Nuristani and Dardic Languages.
Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 93, No. 3: 297 - 305.
Strand, Richard F. 1997. An Overview of the Nuristani Languages. Richard
Strand's Nuristân Site (http://users.sedona.net/~strand/). (Paper given at
the 3rd Himalayan Languages Symposium, University of California at
Santa Barbara, 18 July 1997).
Swarajya Lakshmi, V. and Aditi Mukherjee (eds.). 1996. Word Order in
Indian Languages. Hyderabad: Centre of Advanced Study in Linguistics,
Osmania University and Booklinks Corp. 218 p.
General 21
Tomaschek, W. 1880. Die Pamir-Dialekte. Wien. (Centralasiatische Studien

Vol. 2).
Toporov, V.N. 1966. Predvaritel'nye materialy k opisaniu fonologiceskix
sistem konsonantizma dardskix iazykov. Moscow. Lingvisticeskie
issledovania po obscei i slavianskoi tipologii, pp. 172 - 192.
Trumpp, Ernest. 1872. The Languages and Races in Dardistan. Calcutta
Review Vol. 54: 223 - 250.
Turner, Ralph L. 1927. Notes on Dardic. London: Oxford University Press.
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies Vol. 4, No. 3: 533 - 541.
(Reprinted in Turner (1975): Collected Papers 1912 - 1973, pp. 301 -
309).
Turner, Ralph L. 1960. Some Problems of Sound Change in Indo-Aryan.
Poona: University of Poona. (Gune Lectures).
Turner, Ralph L. 1966. A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan
Languages. London: School of Oriental and African Studies. 841 p.
Turner, Ralph L. 1975. Collected Papers 1912 - 1973. London: Oxford
Turner, Ralph L. 1979. Preservation of Original Indo-Aryan Vocabulary in
the Modern Languages. London. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and
African Studies Vol. 42: 545 - 560.
Turner, Ralph L. and J.C. Wright (ed.). 1985. A Comparative Dictionary of
the Indo-Aryan Languages; Addenda and Corrigenda. London: School of
Oriental and African Studies. 168 p.
Vale, Ramchandra Narayan. 1948. Verbal Composition in Indo-Aryan.
Poona: Deccan College.
Varma, Siddheshwar. 1939. Indian Dialects in Phonetic Transcription. Pune,
Varma, Siddheshwar. 1965. Aspiration in North-West Sub-Himalayan Indo-
Aryan Dialects. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol. 26: 175 - 188.
Varma, Siddheshwar. 1978. Dardic or Pisacha Languages; A Linguistic
Analysis. Hoshiarpur, India: Punjab University. 114 p.
Verma, Manindra K. and K.P. Mohanan (eds.). 1990. Experiencer Subjects
in South Asian Languages. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of
Language and Information. 363 p.
22 General
Verma, Manindra K. (ed.). 1976. The Notion of Subject in South Asian

Languages. Madison: University of Wisconsin, South Asian Studies.
Verma, Manindra K. (ed.). 1993. Complex Predicates in South Asian
Languages. New Delhi: Manohar.
Vermeer, Hans J. 1969. Untersuchungen zum Bau Zentral-Süd-Asiatischer
Sprachen. Heidelberg: J. Groos.
Voegelin, C.F. and F.M. Voegelin. 1965. The Dardic Branch or Sub-Branch
of Indo-European. Bloomington, IN. Languages of the World: Indo-
European Fasc. 1 (Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 7), pp. 284 - 294.
Zakhar'in, Boris A. 1977. Genezis ergativnosti v indoariiskix i dardskix
iazykax Indii. Moscow. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta.
Vostokovedenie Vol. 4: 61 - 72.
Zide, Arlene R.K. David Magier and Eric Schiller (eds.). 1985. Proceedings
of the Conference on Participant Roles; South Asia and Adjacent Areas.
Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Zograph, G.A. 1976. Morfologiceskii stroi novyx indoariiskix iazykov.
Moscow: Nauka.
Zograph, G.A. 1982 (c1960). Languages of South Asia; A Guide. London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul. 231 p. (Languages of Asia and Africa Vol.
3).
Section 2: By individual language
Balti (Sbalti, Baltistani, Bhotia of Baltistan)

270,000 in Pakistan or 90% of the Baltistan population (1992); 63,640 in India
(1994 IMA); 333,640 in all countries. Primarily northeastern Pakistan: Baltistan
District, Skardu, Rondu, Shigar, Khapalu, Kharmang, and Gultari valleys. Sino-
Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Bodic, Bodish, Tibetan, Western. 87% to 100% lexical
similarity among dialects, 78% to 85% with Purik. Chorbat is the most divergent
dialect. Speakers call themselves and their language ‘Balti’. Some Shina is used as
second language, and Urdu proficiency is reported to be high in some places. Women
and uneducated people have little knowledge of Urdu. Many Purik have shifted to
Balti. Perso-Arabic script is the accepted one. Literacy in Urdu is 3% to 5%. Shi'ah
Muslim.
Backstrom, Peter C. 1992. Balti. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan

Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Backstrom, Peter C. and
Carla F. Radloff: Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic Survey
of Northern Pakistan Vol. 2), pp. 3 - 27.
10 - 13, 1988.
Biasutti, R. 1925. Balti e Ladachi. Rivista di Antropologia Vol. 20, No. 4: 3 -
9.
Bielmeier, Roland. 1985. Das Märchen vom Prinzen Cobzan; Eine tibetische
Erzählung aus Baltistan: Text, Übersetzung, Grammatik und
westtibetisch vergleichendes Glossar. Sankt Augustin: VGH
Wissenschaftverlag. 252 p. (Beiträge zur tibetischen Erzählforschung
Vol. 6).
23
24 Balti
Bielmeier, Roland. 1998. Balti Tibetan in its Historical Linguistic Context.

Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. Stellrecht, I. (ed.): Karakoram-Hindukush-
Himalaya: Dynamica of Change (Culture Area Karakorum, Scientific
Studies Vol. 4).
Godwin-Austen, Henry H. 1866. A Vocabulary of English, Balti and
Kashmiri. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 35: 233 - 267.
Lobsang, Ghulam Hassan. 1995. Short Sketch of Balti Grammar; A Tibetan
Dialect Spoken in Northern Pakistan. Bern: University of Bern. 50 p.
(Arbeitspapiere, Universität Bern, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft Vol.
34).
Rangan, K. 1975. Balti Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian
Languages.
Read, A.F.C. 1933. Balti Proverbs. London. Bulletin of the School of
Oriental Studies Vol. 7: 499 - 502.
Read, A.F.C. 1934. Balti Grammar. London: Royal Asiatic Society.
Sagaster, K. 1981. Materialien zur Balti-Volksliteratur I. Wiesbaden.
Zentralasiatische Studien Vol. 15: 473 - 490.
Sagaster, K. 1984. The Kings of Baltistan and Other Kings; Some Remarks
on Balti Folk Literature. Islamabad. Journal of Central Asia Vol. 7, No.
2: 49 - 55.
Sagaster, K. 1985. Materialien zur Balti-Volksliteratur II. Wiesbaden.
Zentralasiatische Studien Vol. 18: 247 - 291.
Sagaster, K. 1989. ‘König Kesar’, ‘König Rgyalu Stralbu’ und andere
Geschichten; Auf der Suche nach der Volksliteratur von Baltistan.
Frankfurt/M.: Museum für Völkerkunde. Sagaster, U. (ed.): Die Baltis.
Ein Bergvolk im Norden Pakistans, pp. 229 - 239.
Sagaster, K. 1993. Tales from Northern Pakistan; The Discovery of the Folk
Literature of Baltistan. Bonn. Zingel-Ave Lallemans, S. and W.P. Zingel
(eds.): Neuere deutsche Beiträge zu Geschichte und Kultur Pakistans, pp.
83 - 92.
Sagaster, U. (ed.). 1989. Die Baltis; Ein Bergvolk im Norden Pakistans.
Frankfurt/M.: Museum für Völkerkunde.
Balti 25
Sohnen, R. 1983. On Reflections of Historical Events in Balti Folk-Songs.

Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. Snoy, P. (ed.): Ethnologie und Geschichte, pp.
582 - 601.
Sohnen, R. 1984. Treasure of Literacy and Musical Tradition in Baltistan.
Islamabad. Journal of Central Asia Vol. 7: 39 - 48.
Sprigg, R.K. 1966. Lepcha and Balti Tibetan; Tonal or Non-Tonal
Languages. London. Asia Major Vol. 12: 185 - 201.
Sprigg, R.K. 1967. Balti-Tibetan Verb Syllable Finals and a Prosodic
Analysis. Asia Major Vol. 13: 187 - 210.
Sprigg, R.K. 1980. ‘Vocalic Alternation’ in the Balti, the Lhasa, and the
Sherpa Verb, as a Guide to Alternations in Written Tibetan, and to Proto-
Tibetan Reconstruction. London. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and
Bateri (Bateri Kohistani, Baterawal, Baterawal
Kohistani)
[20,000 to 30,000. In Batera on East bank of Indus river. Indo-European, Indo-
Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani.]
Vol. 8, No. 1: 39 - 49.
Vol.1), pp. 83 - 141.
26
Burushaski (Brushaski, Burushaki, Burucaki,
Burushki, Burucaski, Biltum, Khajuna, Kunjut)
55,000 to 60,000 (1981). Hunza-Nagar area and Yasin area in Gilgit District,
Northern Areas. Scattered speakers also in Gilgit, Kashmir, and various cities. Only
a few in India. Language Isolate. Dialects: NAGAR (NAGIR), HUNZA, YASIN
(WERCHIKWAR). People are called Burusho. Nagar and Hunza dialects have 91%
to 94% lexical similarity. Werchikwar has 67% to 72% lexical similarity with Hunza,
66% to 71% with Nagar, and may be a separate language. It is geographically
separated from the others. Werchikwar speakers are somewhat bilingual in Khowar.
Knowledge of Urdu is limited among women and some others. 20% literate.
Typology: SOV. Ismaili Muslim, Shi'a Muslim (Nagar).
Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1997. Burushaski Phonology. Winona Lake, IN:

Eisenbrauns. Kaye, Alan S. and Peter T. Daniels (eds.): Phonologies of
Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus), pp. 1021 - 1041.
Backstrom, Peter C. 1992. Burushaski. Islamabad: National Institute of
Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Backstrom, Peter
C. and Carla F. Radloff: Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic
Survey of Northern Pakistan Vol. 2), pp. 31 - 54.
Barbour, P.L. 1921. Burucaski, a Language of Northern Kashmir. Boston.
Journal of American Oriental Society Vol. 41: 60 - 72.
Bashir, Elena. 1985. Towards a Semantics of the Burushaski Verb.
10 - 13, 1988.
27
28 Burushaski
Benveniste, C. 1948, 1949. Remarques sur la classification nominale en

Burusaski. Paris. Bulletin de la Societe Linguistique de Paris Vol. 44: 64
- 71.
Berger, Hermann. 1956. Mittelmeerische Kulturpflanzennamen aus dem
Burushaski. München. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft Vol.
9: 4 - 33.
Berger, Hermann. 1959. Die Burushaski-Lehnworter in der Zigeunersprache.
Indo-Iranian Journal Vol. 3: 17 - 43.
Berger, Hermann. 1960. Bericht über sprachliche und volkskundliche
Forschungen im Hunzatal. Fribourg, Switzerland. Anthropos Vol. 55:
657 - 664.
Berger, Hermann. 1962. Der Stand der Burushaski-Forschung. Bulletin of
the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological
Research Vol. 5: 42 - 44.
Berger, Hermann. 1966. Remarks on Shina Loans in Burushaski. Lahore:
Linguistics Research Group of Pakistan. Dil, Anwar S. (ed.): Shahidullah
Presentation Volume (Pakistani Linguistics Series Vol. 7), pp. 79 - 88.
Berger, Hermann. 1968. Zwei Erzahlungen aus dem Hunza-Tal. Zeitschrift
für Kulturaustausch Vol. 18: 224 - 225. (Reprinted in Südasien-
Anthologie: 44 Übersetzungen aus südasiatischen Literaturen (1993)).
Berger, Hermann. 1974. Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar); Grammatik,
Texte, Wörterbuch. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 228 p. (Neuindische
Studien Vol. 3).
Berger, Hermann. 1983. Etymologische Bemerkungen zu einigen auf Geister
und Geisterglaube bezügliche Wörter im Burushaski. Wiesbaden: Franz
Steiner. Snoy, P. (ed.): Ethnologie und Geschichte; Festschrift für Karl
Jettmar (Beiträge zur Südasienforschung Vol. 86), pp. 29 - 33.
Berger, Hermann. 1985. A Survey of Burushaski Studies. Journal of Central
Asia Vol. 8: 33 - 37.
Berger, Hermann. 1994. Kombinatorischer Lautwandel im Burushaski.
Reinbek, Germany. Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik Vol. 19: 1 - 9.
Berger, Hermann. 1998. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager; Teil
1: Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. (Neuindische Studien
13).
Burushaski 29
II: Texte mit Übersetzungen. Wiesbaden: Harrossowitz Verlag.
(Neuindische Studien 13).
III: Wörterbuch Burushaski-Deutsch, Deutsch-Burushaski. Wiesbaden:
Harrossowitz Verlag. (Neuindische Studien 13).
Biddulph, John. 1884. Dialects of Tribes of the Hindu Kush from Colonel
Biddulph's Work on the Subject (corrected), and the Boorishki Language,
Spoken in Hunza, Nagar and Yasin. London. Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society Vol. 16: 74 - 119.
Bleichsteiner, R. 1930. Die werschikisch-burischkische Sprache im Pamir-
Gebiet und ihre Stellung zu den Japhetitensprachen des Kaukasus. Wien.
Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik Vol. 1: 289 - 331.
Bloch, Jules. 1952. Le Bourouchaski. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique. Meillet, A. and M. Cohen (eds.): Les Langues du Monde,
pp. 505 - 509.
Borgstrom, Carl. 1945. The Categories of Person, Number and Class in the
Verbal System of Burushaski. Oslo. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
Vol. 13: 130 - 147.
Bouda, K. 1950. Die Sprache der Buruscho. Eusko-Jakintza Vol. 4: 32 - 50,
337 - 346.
Bouda, K. 1954. Buruschaski Etymologien I. Orbis Vol. 3: 228 - 230.
Bouda, K. 1964. Buruschaski Etymologien II. Orbis Vol. 13: 604 - 609.
Buddruss, Georg. 1975. Review: H. Berger, Das Yasin-Burushaski. Kratylos
Vol. 19: 153 - 155.
Casula, Ilija. 1998. Basic Burushaski Etymologies; The Indo-European and
Paleo-Balkanic Affinities of Burushaski. München: Lincom Europa.
90 p. (LINCOM Etymological Studies Vol. 1).
30 Burushaski
Frembgen, J. 1997. English Loan Words in Burushaski as a Barometer of

Cultural Change. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. Stellrecht, I. and M. Winiger
(eds.): Perspectives on History and Change in the Karokorum,
Hindukush, and Himalaya (Culture Area Karakorum, Scientific Studies
Vol. 3), pp. 463 - 471.
Fremont, A. 1982. Contribution a l'etude du Burushaski; Dix-neuf recits
inedits de Raja Ali Ahmed Jan (Nagir), avec mot-a-mot traduction, notes,
commentaires et lexique. Paris: Paris III Universite. (Ph.D. Dissertation).
Grune, Dick. 1998. Burushaski; An Extraordinary Language in the
Karakorum Mountains. Pontyporidd, Wales, UK: Joseph Biddulph
Publisher. 40 p.
Hunza'i, Ghulamuddin Ghulam. 1998. Nurah shul; Burushaski 'arifanah
kalam ma' Urdu tarjumah. Gilgit: J.M. Baig and Sons. 137 p. (In Urdu;
parallel text in Burushaski).
Klimov, G. A. and D.I. Edel'man. 1995. K perspektivam rekonstruktsii istorii
izolirovannogo iazyka; Na materiale iazyka burushaski. Moscow.
Voprosy Iazykoznaniia Vol. 5: 27-38.
Klimov, G.A. and D.I. Edelman. 1970. Iazyk burushaski. Moscow:
Akademia Nauk SSSR.
Klimov, G.A. and D.I. Edelman. 1972. K nazvaniam parnyx castei tela v
iazyke burushaski. Etimologia, pp. 160 - 163.
Leitner, G.W. 1889. La Langue, la Religion et les Moeurs des Habitants du
Hounza. Paris: Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Comptes
Rendus des Seances de l'Annee 1889, Ser. 4, 17: 350 - 354.
Leitner, G.W. 1889. The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook; Being an Introduction
to a Knowledge of the Language, Race, and Countries of Hunza, Nagyr,
and a Part of Yasin. Calcutta.
Leitner, G.W. 1890. On the Sciences of Language and Ethnography; With
General Reference to the Language and Customs of the People of Hunza.
Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute Vol. 23: 109 - 122.
Leitner, G.W. 1891. On the Ethnographical Basis of Language; With Special
Reference to the Customs and Language of Hunza. Journal of the Royal
Anthropological Institute Vol. 20: 204 - 210.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1927. A Burushaski Text from Hunza. London. Bulletin
of the School of Oriental Studies Vol. 4: 505 - 531.
Burushaski 31
Lorimer, David L.R. 1935. The Burushaski Language; Vol. I: Introduction

and Grammar. Oslo: Instituttet for Sammanlignende Kulturforskning.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1935. The Burushaski Language; Vol. II: Texts and
Translations. Oslo: Instituttet for Samanlignende Kulturforskning.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1936. Nugae Burushaskicae. London. Bulletin of the
School of Oriental Studies Vol. 8: 627 - 636.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1937. Burushaski and its Alien Neighbours; Problems
in Linguistic Contagion. London. Transactions of the Philological
Society, pp. 63 - 98.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1938. A Note on Various Hunza and Shimshali Names.
The Himalayan Journal Vol. 10: 121 - 125.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1938. The Burushaski Language; Vol. III: Vocabularies
and Index. Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning. 438 p.
Lorimer, E.O. 1939. Language Hunting in the Karakoram. London: George
Allen and Unwin. (Reprinted Karachi: Indus Publications 1989).
Marchal, A. Etienne Tiffou and R. Warren. 1977. A Propos du VOT; Le Cas
du Bourouchaski. Phonetica Vol. 34: 40 - 53.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1945. Notes on Burushaski Phonology. Oslo. Norsk
Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap Vol. 13: 59 - 95.
Morgenstierne, Georg, H. Vogt and C.H. Borgstrom. 1942. A Triplet of
Burushaski Studies. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap Vol. III: 61 -
95, 97 - 129, 130 - 147.
Morin, Yves-Charles. 1976. Contraintes de structure morphematique en
bourouchaski. Montreal. Actes du sixieme congres de l'Association
linguistique du Nord-Est (Recherches linguistiques a Montreal Vol. 6),
pp. 197 - 203.
Morin, Yves-Charles. 1976. La phonetique est-elle abstraite? Le cas du
bourouchaski. Montreal. Recherches linguistiques a Montreal Vol. 5: 175
- 180.
Morin, Yves-Charles. 1976. Naissance d'une contrainte de structure
morphematique en bourouchaski. Recherches linguistiques a Montreal
Vol. 7: 157 - 162.
32 Burushaski
Morin, Yves-Charles and Etienne Tiffou. 1983. Les tournures passives en

bourouchaski. Tokyo: Tokyo Press. Hattori, Shiro et al. (eds.):
Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Linguists, August 29
- September 4, 1982, Tokyo, pp. 957 - 961.
Morin, Yves-Charles and Etienne Tiffou. 1988. Passive in Burushaski.
Amsterdam: Benjamins. Shibatani, Masayoshi (ed.): Passive and Voice,
pp. 493 - 525.
Morin, Yves-Charles and Louise Dagenais. 1977. Les emprunts ourdous en
bourouchaski. Paris. Journal Asiatique Vol. 265: 307 - 343.
Morin, Yves-Charles, Etienne Tiffou and Hermann Berger. 1989.
Dictionnaire complementaire du bourouchaski du Yasin. Paris: Peeters.
58 p. (Etudes bourouchaski Vol. 2; Asie et monde insulindien Vol. 17).
Morin, Yves-Charles, Jurgen Pesot and Etienne Tiffou. 1979. Complement
au lexique du bourouchaski du Yasin. Paris. Journal Asiatique Vol. 217:
135 - 153.
Nasir, Nasiruddin. n.d. Buruso Birkis; Burushaski/English Primer. Hunza:
Bursaski Risarc Ekodami.
Parkin, Robert J. 1987. Tibeto-Burman and Indo-European Loans in
Burushaski Kinship Terminology. London. Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies Vol. 50: 325 - 329.
Patry, Richard and Etienne Tiffou. 1998. Etude Exploratoire des
Connecteurs de Liaison dans un Corpus de Contes en Bourouchaski du
Yasin; Criteres d'Identification, Quantite et Distribution. Louvain-la-
Neuve, Belgium: Peeters. Duhoux, Yves (ed.): Langue et langues:
Hommage a Albert Maniet, pp. 225 - 243.
Patry, Richard and Etienne Tiffou. 1998. Etude exploratoire des connecteurs
de liaison dans un corpus de contes en bourouchaski du Yasin; Criteres
d'identification, quantite et distribution. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium:
Peeters. Duhoux, Yves (ed.): Langue et langues: Hommage a Albert
Maniet, pp. 225 - 243.
Pfeffer, G. 1984. Kin-Classification in Hunza. Islamabad. Journal of Central
Asia Vol. 7, No. 2: 57 - 67.
Poucha, P. 1959 - 1960. Bruza-Burushaski? Central Asiatic Journal Vol. 5:
295 - 300.
Burushaski 33
Shah, Ijlal Hussain. 1994. The Pragmatics of Formality and Politeness in

Burushaski and Shina. Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University.
(Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis).
Sindhi, Hyder. 1992. Selected Terms Used in Burushaski. Pakistan Studies
(Bi-Annual Research Journal, University of Balochistan) Vol. 4 & 5.
Skyhawk, Hugh van, Hermann Berger and Karl Jettmar. 1996. Libi Kisar;
Ein Volksepos im Burushaski von Nager. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
231 p. (Asiatische Forschungen Vol. 133). (Includes Burushaski version
of the Gesar and a German translation).
Tiffou, Etienne. 1977. L'Effacement de l'ergatif en bourouchaski; (Deletion
of the Ergative in Burushaski). Lund, Sweden. Studia Linguistica:
Journal of General and Comparative Linguistics Vol. 31: 18 - 37.
Tiffou, Etienne. 1999. Hermann Berger, Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza
und Nager. Indo-Iranian Journal Vol. 42, No. 3: 283.
Tiffou, Etienne and Jurgen Pesot. 1989. Contes du Yasin; Introduction au
bourouchaski du Yasin avec grammaire et dictionnaire analytique. Paris:
Peeters. 163 p. (Asie et monde insulindien Vol. 16; Etudes bourouchaski
Vol. 1).
Tiffou, Etienne and Richard Patry. 1995. Aspect et temps en bourouchaski
du Yasin; L'Expression de l'anteriorite et de la posteriorite. Louvain-la-
Neuve, Belgium. Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain Vol.
21, No. 3-4: 139 - 171.
Tiffou, Etienne and Richard Patry. 1995. La Notion de pluralite verbale; Le
Cas du bourouchaski du Yasin. Paris. Journal Asiatique Vol. 283, No. 2:
407 - 444.
Tiffou, Etienne and Richard Patry. 1995. La relative en bourouchaski du
Yasin. Bulletin de la Societe de Linguistique de Paris Vol. 90, No. 1: 335
- 391.
Tiffou, Etienne and Yves-Charles Morin. 1982. A Note on Split Ergativity in
Burushaski. London. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African
Studies Vol. 45, No. 1: 88 - 94.
Tiffou, Etienne and Yves-Charles Morin. 1982. Etude sur les couleurs en
bourouchaski. Paris. Journal Asiatique Vol. 270: 363 - 383.
34 Burushaski
Tiffou, Etienne and Yves-Charles Morin. 1993. Le Prefixe d- en

bourouchaski du Yasin. Sainte-Foy, Canada: PU Laval. Crochetiere,
Andre et al. (eds.): Endangered Languages; Proceedings of the XVth
International Congress of Linguists, Quebec, Universite Laval, 9-14
August 1992.
Tiffou, Etienne with collaboration of Yves-Charles Morin, Hermann Berger,
David L.R. Lorimer and Nasir Uddin Hunzai. 1993. Hunza Proverbs.
Calgary: University of Calgary Press. 252 p.
Tikkanen, Bertil. 1988. On Burushaski and Other Ancient Substrata in
Northwestern South Asia. Helsinki. Studia Orientalia Vol. 64: 303 - 325.
Tikkanen, Bertil. 1991. A Burushaski Folktale, Transcribed and Translated;
The Frog as a Bride, or, the Three Princes and the Fairy Princess
Salaasir. Studia Orientalia Vol. 67: 65 - 125.
Tikkanen, Bertil. 1994. Burushaski. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Asher, R.E.
(ed.): The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics Vol. 1: 437 - 438.
Tikkanen, Bertil. 1995. Burushaski Converbs in their South and Central
Asian Areal Context. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Haspelmath, M. and E.
Konig (eds.): Converbs in Cross-Linguistic Perspective; Structure and
Meaning of adverbial Verb Forms--Adverbial Participles, Gerunds, pp.
487 - 528.
Toporov, V.N. 1969. K voprosu o tipologiceskoi blizosti eniseiskix iazykov i
burushaski. Tomsk. Proisxozdenie aborigenov Sibiri i ix iazykov, pp. 217
- 220.
Toporov, V.N. 1970. About the Phonological Typology of Burushaski.
Tokyo: TEC Corporation for Language and Educational Research.
Jakobson, Roman and Shigeo Kawamoto (eds.): Studies in General and
Oriental Linguistics Presented to Shiro Hattori on the Occasion of His
Sixtieth Birthday, pp. 632 - 647.
Toporov, V.N. 1971. Burushaski and Yeniseian Languages; Some Parallels.
Prague: Editions de l'Academie Tchecoslovaque des Sciences. Poldauf, I.
van (ed.): Etudes de la phonologie, typologie et de la linguistique
generale, pp. 107 - 125.
Varma, Siddheshwar. 1931. Burushaski Texts. Pune, India. Indian
Linguistics Vol. 1: 256 - 282. (Short Stories from Hunza and Nager with
Grammatical Explanation).
Burushaski 35
Varma, Siddheshwar. 1941. Studies in Burushaski Dialectology. Calcutta.

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 7: 133 - 173.
Vogt, Hans. 1945. The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Burushaski. Oslo.
Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap Vol. 13: 96 - 129.
Willson, Stephen R. 1990. Verb Agreement and Case Marking in
Burushaski. Grand Forks, ND. 146 p. (M.A. Thesis).
Willson, Stephen R. 1999. A Look at Hunza Culture. Islamabad: National
Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
(Studies in Languages of Northern Pakistan Vol. 3).
Willson, Stephen R. 1999. Basic Burushaski Vocabulary. Islamabad:
Linguistics. (Studies in Languages of Northern Pakistan Vol. 6).
Zarubin, I.I. 1937. N.Ya.Marr i kandzhutskii (burisko-vershiksii) iazyk.
Moscow. Iazyk i myshlenie Vol. 8: 165 - 170.
Chilisso (Chiliss, Galos)
1,600 to 3,000 (1992 SIL). All may not be speakers. Scattered families in the Koli,
Palas, Jalkot area of the Indus Kohistan, east bank of the Indus River. Indo-
European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani. 70%
lexical similarity with Indus Kohistani, 65% to 68% with Gowro, 54% with Bateri,
48% to 56% with Shina. 26% with Torwali, 25% with Kalami. Socially integrated
with the Kohistani Shina, and most or all speak that as first or second language.
Vol.1), pp. 83 - 141.
36
Dameli (Damel, Damedi, Damia, Gudoji)
5,000 (1992 SIL). In the Damel Valley, about 32 miles south of Drosh in southern
Chitral District, on the east side of the Kunar River. 11 villages. Indo-European,
Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar. 44% lexical similarity
with Gawar-Bati, Savi, and Phalura, 33% with Kamviiri, 29% with Kati. Dameli is
used in the home and for in-group communication. Use is vigorous. Pashto is the
second language used, but few women speak it. Only a few men have any ability in
Urdu. Two groups: Shintari and Swati, but no significant dialect variation. They are
reported to have come from Afghanistan several hundred years ago. The language
has been influenced by Nuristani languages. Mountain valleys. Pastoralists. Sunni
Muslim.

Morgenstierne, Georg. 1942. Notes on Dameli, a Kafir-Dardic Language of
Chitral. Oslo. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap Vol. 12: 115 - 198.
37
Domaaki (Dumaki, Doma)
500 (1989). Gilgit District, Northern Areas, mainly in Hunza Valley, Mominabad
village, a few households in Big Nagar, Shishkat (Gojal), Dumial in Gilgit,
Oshkandas (east of Gilgit), and Bakor village in Punyal. Indo-European, Indo-
Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone. 40% lexical similarity with Gilgit Shina. It has
loan words from Shina and Burushaski, but is not intelligible to speakers of those
languages. Domaaki is used in the home. Bilingualism in Burushaski is fairly high,
especially among young people. The people are called ‘Bericho’ or ‘Dom’.
Musicians and blacksmiths. Muslim.
Backstrom, Peter C. 1992. Domaaki. Islamabad: National Institute of

Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Backstrom, Peter
C. and Carla F. Radloff: Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic
Buddruss, Georg. 1983. Domaaki chot ‘Ton’; Mit Beiträgen zur historischen
Lautlehre. München. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft Vol.
42: 5 - 21.
Buddruss, Georg. 1984. Domaaki-Nachträge zum Atlas der Dard-Sprachen.
München. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft Vol. 43: 9 - 24.
Buddruss, Georg. 1986. Hindi phul, Domaaki phule. München. Münchener
Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft Vol. 47: 71 - 77.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1939. The Dumaki Language; Outlines of the Speech of
the Doma, or Bericho, of Hunza. Nijmegen. (Comite International
Permanent des Linguistes, Publications de la Commission d'Enquete
Linguistique Vol. 4).
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1940, 1941. Review: D.L.R. Lorimer, The Dumaki
Language. Acta Linguistica Vol. 2: 126 - 127.
38
English
Mainly second language speakers in Pakistan; 322,000,000 in all countries (1995
WA). Indo-European, Germanic, West, North Sea, English. [Official language].
Abbas, Shemeem. 1993. The Power of English in Pakistan. World Englishes

Vol. 12, No. 2: 147 -156.
Anjum, Tanveer. 1991. Urdu-English Code-Switching in the Speech of
Pakistani Women in Texas. Austin: University of Texas. (Dissertation).
Baumgardner, Robert J. 1990. The Indigenization of English in Pakistan.
English Today (The International Review of the English Language) Vol.
21: 59 - 69.
Baumgardner, Robert J. 1992. To Shariat or not to Shariat? Bilingual
Functional Shifts in Pakistani English. World Englishes Vol. 11: 129 -
140.
Baumgardner, Robert J. 1993. The English Language in Pakistan. Karachi:
Oxford University Press.
Baumgardner, Robert J. 1996. Innovation in Pakistani English Political
Lexis. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Baumgardner, Robert J. (ed.):
South Asian English: Structure, Use, and Users, pp. 174 - 188.
Baumgardner, Robert J. (ed.). 1996. South Asian English; Structure, Use,
and Users. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 286 p. (English in the
Global Context).
Baumgardner, Robert J. 1998. Word-Formation in Pakistani English. English
World-Wide (A Journal of Varieties of English) Vol. 19, No. 2: 205 -
246.
Baumgardner, Robert J. and Audrey E. H. Kennedy. 1994. Measure for
Measure; Terms of Measurement in Pakistani English. English World-
Wide (A Journal of Varieties of English) Vol. 15 No. 2: 173 - 193.
Cheshire, Jenny and Penelope Gardner-Chloros. 1997. Communicating
Gender in Two Languages. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Kotthoff, Helga and
Ruth Wodak (eds.): Communicating Gender in Context, pp. 249 - 281.
Hasan, R. 1983. Urdu English, Urdish; Higher Education Review. Lahore:
Vanguard.
39
40 English
Kachru, Yamuna. 1992. Speech Acts in the Other Tongue; An Integrated

Approach to Cross-Cultural Research. World Englishes Vol. 11: 235 -
240.
Mansoor, Sabiha. 1993. Punjabi, Urdu, English in Pakistan; A
Sociolinguistic Study. Lahore: Vanguard. 240 p.
Rahman, Tariq. 1990. Pakistani English; The Linguistic Description of a
Non-Native Variety of English. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan
Studies. 132 p. (NIPS Monograph Series Vol. 3).
Rahman, Tariq. 1991. Pakistani English; Some Phonological and Phonetic
Features. World Englishes Vol. 10: 83 - 95.
Rahman, Tariq. 1991. The Use of Words in Pakistani English. English
Today (The International Review of the English Language) Vol. 26: 32 -
38.
Rampton, Ben. 1995. Crossing; Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents.
London: Longman. 384 p. (Real Language Series).
Rampton, Ben. 1995. Language Crossing and the Problematisation of
Ethnicity and Socialisation. Pragmatics (Quarterly Publication of the
International Pragmatics Association) Vol. 5, No. 4: 485 - 513.
Romaine, Suzanne. 1985. The Syntax and Semantics of the Code-Mixed
Compound Verb in Panjabi/English Bilingual Discourse. Baltimore, MD.
Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, pp.
35 - 49.
Sethi, Jitendra. 1978. The Vowel System in Educated Panjabi-Speakers’
English. Hyderabad, India. Central Institute of English and Foreign
Languages Bulletin Vol. 14, No. 2: 35 - 48.
Sethi, Jitendra. 1980. Word Accent in Educated Panjabi-Speakers’ English.
Hyderabad, India. Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
Bulletin Vol. 16, No. 2: 31 - 55.
Sethi, Jitendra. 1981. Sentence Stress in Educated Panjabi-Speakers’
Languages Bulletin Vol. 17, No.2: 61 - 71.
English 41
Sethi, Jitendra. 1982. Intonation in Educated Panjabi-Speakers’ English.

Bulletin Vol. 18, No. 1-2: 69 - 85.
Gawar-Bati (Narsati, Gowar-Bati, Narisati, Gowari,
Arandui, Satre)
1,500 in Pakistan plus refugees (1992); 8,000 or more in Afghanistan; 9,500 to
10,000 in all countries (1992). Southern Chitral, Arandu, and several villages along
the Kunar River south of Arandu. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan,
Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar. A distinct language from its neighbors; 47%
lexical similarity with Shumashti, 44% with Dameli, 42% with Savi and Grangali.
Still viable in Pakistan; used in the home and for in-group communication. Pashto is
the main second language for some speakers. Mountain valleys. Sunni Muslim.

Morgenstierne, Georg. 1950. Notes on Gawar-Bati. Oslo. (Skrifter utgitt av
det Norske Videnskaps Akademi i Oslo, II. Historisk-Filosofisk Klasse,
1).
42
Gowro (Gabaro, Gabar Khel)
200 or fewer (1990). Indus Kohistan on the eastern bank, Kolai area, Mahrin village.
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani.
65% to 68% lexical similarity with Chilisso, 62% with Indus Kohistani, 60% with
Bateri, 40% to 43% with Shina, 25% with Torwali, 24% with Kalami. Different from
Gawri, an alternate name for Kalami. Shina is used as second language.
Vol.1), pp. 83 - 141.
43
Gujari (Gujuri, Gujuri Rajasthani, Gujer, Gojri, Gogri,
Kashmir Gujuri, Gojari, Gujjari)
300,000 or more in Pakistan (1992) including 2,910 in Chitral (1969), 20,000 in
Swat Kohistan (1987), 200,000 to 700,000 in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1989);
538,691 in India (1994 IMA); 2,000 or fewer in Afghanistan (1994); 840,000 or more
in all countries. Throughout northern Pakistan, mainly in the east in Hazara District,
NWFP, in Kaghan Valley, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Scattered communities in
southern Chitral, Swat Kohistan, and Dir Kohistan, NWFP, and Gilgit Agency,
Northern Areas. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani,
Unclassified. Dialects: WESTERN GUJARI, EASTERN GUJARI. 64% to 94% lexical
similarity among dialects. Eastern Gujari appears closer to Northern Hindko or
Pahari-Potwari. Western Gujari speakers appear to understand the Eastern dialect
better than vice versa. Comparison with India varieties is needed. It is reported that
most Gujars in Pakistani Punjab have shifted to Panjabi. Spoken in some pockets of
Punjab by immigrants from elsewhere. Some speakers move with herds up in
summer, down in winter. Radio broadcasts, some unpublished literature.
Pastoralists, dairy, nomadic; some settled agriculturalists. Muslim.
Hallberg, Calinda E. and Clare F. O'Leary. 1992. Dialect Variation and

Multilingualism among Gujars in Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute
of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Rensch, Calvin
R. Calinda E. Hallberg and Clare F. O'Leary: Hindko and Gujari
(Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Vol. 3), pp. 91 - 194.
Maulwi Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh. n.d. Naala-e-Dil, yaani, Gujari si Harafi;
(Gujari Poetry). Abbottabad, Hazara. 12 p
Rensch, Calvin R. Calinda E. Hallberg and Clare F. O'Leary. 1992. Hindko
and Gujari. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and
Summer Institute of Linguistics. 305 p. (Sociolinguistic Survey of
Sharma, Jagdish Chander. 1982. Gojri Grammar. Mysore: Central Institute
of Indian Languages. (Grammar Series No. 9).
Sharma, Jagdish Chander. 1982. Gojri Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central
Institute of Indian Languages. (Phonetic Reader Series No. 19).
44
Kalami and Kalkoti
Kalami (Garwi, Gawri, Gowri, Garwa, Gaawro, Kalami Kohistani,
Kohistani, Kohistana, Bashkarik, Bashgharik, Dir Kohistani, Diri,
Dirwali). [60,000 (1995)]. Upper Swat Kohistan from between Peshmal and
Kalam north to upper valleys above Kalam, also in Dir Kohistan, in Thal, Lamuti
(Kinolam), Biar (Jiar), and Rajkot (Patrak) villages. Indo-European, Indo-
Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani. Dialects: KALAM,
USHU, THAL, LAMUTI (LAMTI), RAJKOTI (PATRAK), DASHWA. Dialect
differences do not hinder communication, except that speakers of other dialects
have difficulty with Rajkot. 90% to 93% lexical similarity among the main
dialects; Rajkoti has 75% with Kalam; Dashwa has 77% with Kalam, and 74%
with Rajkoti. Kalam and Ushu speakers indicate some negative attitudes toward
each other's speech. The most widely understood indigenous language in
northern Swat and Dir Kohistan. Men are fairly bilingual in Pashto; women are
more limited. Rajkoti men have high bilingualism in Pashto. Uneducated men
and women are limited in Urdu. Dashwa is a clan name of people originally from
around Rajkot; little information available. There appear to be few active
speakers of Dashwa. About one-third migrate in winter to Mingora, Mardan,
Peshawar, or the Punjab in search of work. Speakers of Pashto, Gujari, Khowar,
and other Kohistani languages live among them, but they are generally in the
majority. Patrilineal descent groups are: Drekhel, Nilor (Niliyor), Jaflor
(Jafalor). The Drekhel are divided into the Kalamkhel, Akarkhel, and Chinorkhel.
The Mullakhel are Pashtoons from Lower Swat who now speak Pashto as first
language, but speak, understand, and identify with Kalami. Muslim.
Kalkoti. 4,000 or more (1990). Dir Kohistan, NWFP, in Kalkot village. A little
more than half the people in the village are speakers. Indo-European, Indo-
Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani. 69% lexical
similarity with Kalami. Kalami is used as second language. Kalamis do not
understand Kalkoti. All men and most women are reported to speak Pashto as
second language.
Baart, Joan L.G. 1997. The Sounds and Tones of Kalam Kohistani; With
Wordlist and Texts. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and
Summer Institute of Linguistics. (Studies in Languages of Northern
Pakistan Vol. 1).
Baart, Joan L.G. 1999. A Sketch of Kalam Kohistani Grammar. Islamabad:
45
46 Kalami and Kalkoti
Baart, Joan L.G. 1999. Tone Rules in Kalam Kohistani (Garwi, Bashkarik).
London. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Vol. 62,
No. 1: 87 - 104.
Barth, Fredrik and Georg Morgenstierne. 1958. Vocabularies and Specimens
of Some Southeast Dardic Dialects. Oslo. Norsk Tidsskrift for
Sprongvidenskap Vol. 18. (Also in The Encyclopedia of Islam 1961).
Haq, Maulana Abdul. 1997. Kalami Ramuze Ashaar; (Kalami Poetry).
Kalam, Swat: Kalam Cultural Society.
Lal Badshah. 2000. Soeele~ Laang; (Autumn Mist; Kalami Poetry). Kalam,
Swat: Kalam Cultural Society.
Lothers, Michael D. 1996. Deixis in Kalam Kohistani Narrative Discourse.
University of Texas at Arlington. 188 p. (M.A. Thesis).
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1940. Notes on Bashkarik. Copenhagen. Acta
Orientalia Vol. 18, No. 3-4: 206 - 257.
Sagar, Muhammad Zaman. 1998. Kalam Kohistani Matil; (Kalam Kohistani
Proverbs). Kalam, Swat: Kalam Cultural Society.
Shaheen, Muhammad Parwesh. 1989. Kalam Kohistan; Log aur zabaan.
Mingora, Swat, Pakistan: Shoaib Sons.
Stahl, James Louis. 1988. Multilingualism in Kalam Kohistan. University of
Texas at Arlington. (M.A. Thesis).
Kalasha (Kalashamon, Kalash)
2,900 to 5,700 (1992). Southern Chitral District. The largest village is Balanguru in
Rumbur Valley. Southern Kalasha is in Urtsun Valley; Northern Kalasha in Rumbur,
Bumboret, and Birir valleys. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan,
Northwestern zone, Dardic, Chitral. Dialects: SOUTHERN KALASHA (URTSUN),
NORTHERN KALASHA (RUMBUR, BUMBORET, BIRIR). The southern dialect has
75% lexical similarity with the northern dialects, and there seems to be little contact
between them. Kalasha is used in the home and for in-group communication in the
north. In the south Khowar or Kati are sometimes used in the home and within the
group. Related to Khowar, which is the main second language. Proficiency is limited;
in Birir some men do not speak Khowar, and most of the women and children are
monolingual. There may be an eastern dialect on the east side of the Chitral River
south of Drosh. Typology: SOV. Pastoralists: goats, sheep, cattle; agriculturalists:
wheat, barley, corn, apples, mulberries, walnuts, grapes. Traditional religion (north),
Muslim (south).
Bashir, Elena. 1983. Some Areal Characteristics of Kalasha. (Paper

presented at the 12th Annual Conference on South Asia, Madison,
Wisconsin, November 1983).
Bashir, Elena. 1988. Inferentiality in Kalasha and Khowar. Chicago.
Proceedings of the 24th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic
Society.
Bashir, Elena. 1988. Topics in Kalasha Syntax; An Areal and Typological
Perspective. Michigan: University of Michigan. (Ph.D. Dissertation).
Bashir, Elena. 1990. Involuntary Experience in Kalasha. Stanford, CA:
Center for the Study of Language and Information. Verma, Manindra K.
and K.P. Mohanan (eds.): Experiencer Subjects in South Asian
Cacopardo, Alberto. 1991. The Other Kalasha; A Survey of Kalashamun-
Speaking People in Southern Chitral. Rome. East and West Vol. 41: 273
- 310. (Part 1: The Eastern Area).
Cacopardo, Augusto. 1991. The Other Kalasha; A Survey of Kalashamun-
Speaking People in Southern Chitral. Rome. East and West Vol. 41: 311
- 350. (Part 2: The Kalasha of Urtsun).
47
48 Kalasha
Decker, Kendall D. 1992. Factors Affecting Language Maintenance and

Shift in Chitral District, Pakistan. University of Texas at Arlington.
104 p. (M.A. Thesis).
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1965. Notes on Kalasha. Oslo. Norsk Tidsskrift for
Sprogvidenskap Vol. 20: 183 - 238. (Reprinted Indo-Iranian Frontier
Languages Vol. 4 (1973)).
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1973. The Kalasha Language; Texts and Translations,
Vocabulary and Grammar. Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende
Kulturforskning (2nd rev. edn). (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages Vol.
4).
Trail, Gail. 1996. Tsyam Revisited; A Study of Kalash Origins. Karachi:
Oxford University Press. Bashir, Elena and Israr-ud-Din (eds.):
Proceedings of the Second International Hindukush Cultural Conference.
Trail, Ronald L. 1995. A Rhetorical Structure Analysis of a Kalasha
Narrative. Horsleys Green, UK: SIL South Asia Group. (South Asia
Work Papers Vol. 1).
Trail, Ronald L. 1996. Kalasha Case-Marking System. Karachi: Oxford
University Press. Bashir, Elena and Israr-ud-Din (eds.): Proceedings of
the Second International Hindukush Cultural Conference, September 19 -
23, 1990, pp. 149 - 158.
Trail, Ronald L. and Gregory R. Cooper (compilers). 1999. Kalasha
Dictionary; With English and Urdu. Islamabad: National Institute of
Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. (Studies in
Languages of Northern Pakistan Vol. 7).
Wazir Ali Shah. 1974. Notes on Kalash Folklore. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
Jettmar, K. and L. Edelberg (eds.): Cultures of the Hindukush, pp. 69 -
80.
Kamviri (Kamdeshi, Lamertiviri, Shekhani, Kamik)
1,500 to 2,000 in Pakistan plus refugees (1992); 4,000 in Afghanistan (1973 R.
Strand); 6,000 in all countries. Southern Chitral District, Langorbat or Lamerot,
Badrugal, and the Urtsun Valley. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan,
Nuristani. Dialects: KAMVIRI, SHEKHANI. Shekhani may be a separate language.
This Shekhani is different from the Kati dialect also called ‘Shekhani’. Some
bilingualism in Pashto. Mountain valley.

Strand, Richard F. 1985. Locality and Nominal Relationships in Kamviri.
Strand, Richard F. 1991. Depicting Cognitive Images in Kamviri. (Paper
Presented at the 20th Annual Conference on South Asia, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, November, 1991).
Strand, Richard F. 1999. Kamviri Lexicon. Richard Strand's Nuristân Site
(http://users.sedona.net/~strand/).
49
Kashmiri (Kaschemiri, Cashmiri, Cashmeeree,
Kacmiri, Keshur)
105,000 in Pakistan (1993); 4,381,000 in all countries. Jammu and Kashmir, south of
Shina. Also in India and United Kingdom. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan,
Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kashmiri. Institute of Kashmir Studies in Muzaffarabad
does some language promotion. Radio broadcasts. Attitude of people toward own
language is poor. Transitional dialects to Panjabi. Kashtawari dialect is standard,
other dialects are influenced by Dogri.
Acharya, K.P. 1965. Phonology of Kashmiri with Particular Reference to

Vowel System. Osmania University. (M.A. Thesis).
Altaha, Fayez Mohammed. 1985. Non-Nominative Subjects in Kashmiri.
Buffalo: State University of New York at Buffalo. 243 p. (Ph.D.
Dissertation).
Altaha, Fayez Mohammed. 1994. Kashmiri Causative Constructions and the
Antipassive Analysis. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol. 55, No. 1: 1 -
22.
Andrabi, S.M.I. 1979. Verb Phrase Structure in Kashmiri. Patiala: Northern
Regional Language Centre. 12 p. (Paper presented in the seminar on
Kashmiri).
Ansari, Nishat. 1979. Nov ka:sur gra:mar; (New Kashmiri Grammar).
Srinagar. 84 p.
Azad, Abdul Ahad. 1959 - 1963. Kasmiri zaban aur sairi; (Kashmiri
Language and Poetry). Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art,
Culture and Languages. (Vols. I - III).
Badgami, Shahid. 1979. Kasiri marsi hund tawarikh (1322 - 1979); (A
Literary History of Kashmiri Elegy). Badgam: Published by Author.
376 p.
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1936. The Fourfold Consonant System in
Kashmiri. London: Cambridge University Press. Proceedings of the
Second Congress of Phonetic Sciences, pp. 182 - 184.
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1937. The Pronunciation of Kashmiri; Kashmiri
Sounds: How to Make Them and How to Transcribe Them. London: The
Royal Asiatic Society. 70 p.
50
Kashmiri 51
Banihali, Marghub. 1977. Poguli - kasiri zabaan' hinz akh aham bul'; (Poguli
- An Important Dialect of Kashmiri). Srinagar. Anhaar Vol. 1, No. 1: 33 -
48.
Bashar, Bashir. 1981. Kasiris manz tazkiri tanis; (Gender in Kashmiri). Biru,
Kashmir: Habib Publications. 136 p.
Bashir, Elena. 1987. Agreement in Kashmiri Infinitive Complements.
Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club. Bashir, Elena,
Bhatt, Rakesh Mohan. 1999. Verb Movement and the Syntax of Kashmiri.
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 291 p. (Studies in Natural
Language and Linguistic Theory Vol. 46).
Bhat, Raj Nath. 1982. Pragmatism in Kashmiri. Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra
University. (Doctoral Dissertation).
Bhat, Raj Nath and Ramesh C. Sharma. 1979. Colour System in Kashmiri; A
Study of Some Cognitive and Semantic Aspects. Patiala: Northern
Kashmiri).
Bhat, Roopkrishen. 1979. Pronominal Suffixes in Kashmiri. Patiala:
Northern Regional Language Centre. 12 p. (Paper presented in the
seminar on Kashmiri).
Bhat, Roopkrishen. 1980. Case in Kashmiri. Indian Journal of Linguistics
Vol. 7, No. 2: 48 - 59.
Bhat, Roopkrishen. 1980. Phonology and Morphology of Kashmiri.
Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. (Doctoral Dissertation).
Bhat, Roopkrishen. 1987. A Descriptive Study of Kashmiri. Delhi: Amar
Prakashan. 172 p.
Bukhard, Karl Friedrich. 1887. Das Verbum der Kashmiri-Sprache.
München. Sitzungsberichte der Philosophish-Philologischen und
Historischen Classe der Bayerischen Königlichen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, pp. 303 - 426.
Bukhari, Sayyid Muhammad Yusuf. 1982. Kashmiri aur Urdu Zaban Ka
Taqabuli Mutala'ah; The Comparative Study of Urdu and Kashmiri.
Lahore: Markazi Urdu Board. 324 p.
52 Kashmiri
Burkhard, Karl Friedrich. 1888. Die Nomina der Kashmiri-Sprache.

München. Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Philologischen und
Wissenschaften, pp. 444 - 522.
Burkhard, Karl Friedrich. 1889. Die Präpositionen der Kashmiri-Sprache.
München. Sitzungsberichte der Philosophish-Philologischen und
Wissenschaft, pp. 375 - 468.
Burkhard, Karl Friedrich. 1895. Essays on Kashmiri Grammar; Notes on the
Phonology and Morphology of Kashmiri. Bombay. Indian Antiquary
Vol. 24: 337 - 347.
Dar, Nazir A. 1979. Kashmiri Personal Pronouns; A Sociolinguistic Study.
Patiala: Northern Regional Language Centre. 9 p. (Paper presented in the
seminar on Kashmiri).
Edgeworth, D.I. 1841. Grammar and Vocabulary of the Kashmiri Language.
Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 10, No. 2: 1038 -
1064.
Elmslie, W.J. 1872. A Vocabulary of the Kashmiri Language. London. (Part
1: Kashmiri-English, Part 2: English-Kashmiri).
Firth, J.R. 1939. Kashmiri (Specimen). Le Mitre Phonetique, 3rd Series, No.
65: 67 - 68.
Ganju, Triloki Nath. 1975. Kasmiri bhasa ka udbhav aur vikas tatha anya
bhasao se uska sambandh; (Origin and Development of Kashmiri and its
Relationship with Other Languages). University of Kashmir. (Doctoral
Dissertation).
Ganju, Triloki Nath. 1977. Kasmiri zabaan mutalakh akh nov sooc; (A New
Thought on the Kashmiri Language). Srinagar. Anhaar Vol. 1, No. 1: 6 -
35.
Godwin-Austen, Henry H. 1866. A Vocabulary of English, Balti and
Kashmiri. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 35: 233 - 267.
Kashmiri 53
Grierson, George A. 1895. On Pronominal Suffixes in the Kashmiri

Language. Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 64, No.
4: 336 - 351.
Grierson, George A. 1898. On Primary Suffixes in Kashmiri. Calcutta.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 67, No.1: 193 - 220.
Grierson, George A. 1898. On Secondary Suffixes in Kashmiri. Calcutta.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 67, No. 1: 221 - 255.
Grierson, George A. 1899. Essays on Kashmiri Grammar. London: Luzac.
Reprinted from the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1896 -
1899.
Grierson, George A. 1911. A Manual of the Kashmiri Language; Comprising
Grammar, Phrase-Book and Vocabularies. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
(Vol. I Grammar and Phrase-Book, Vol. II Kashmiri-English
Vocabulary).
Grierson, George A. 1915. The Linguistic Classification of Kashmiri.
Bombay. Indian Antiquary Vol. 44: 257 - 270.
Grierson, George A. Isvara Kaula and Mukundarama Sastri. 1916 - 1932. A
Dictionary of the Kashmiri Language; Compiled Partly from Materials
Left by the Late Pandit Isvara Kaula. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal.
1252 p. (Vol. I: 1916, Vol. II: 1924, Vol. III: 1929 and Vol. IV: 1932).
Handoo, Jawahar Lal. 1973. Kashmiri Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central
Institute of Indian Languages. 109 p. (Phonetic Reader Series Vol. 8).
Handoo, Jawahar Lal and Lilita Handoo. 1975. Hindi-Kashmiri Common
Vocabulary. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. 292 p.
Hook, Peter Edwin. 1976. Is Kashmiri an SVO Language? Pune, India.
Indian Linguistics Vol. 37: 133 - 142.
Hook, Peter Edwin. 1987. Poguli Syntax in the Light of Kashmiri; A
Preliminary Report. Michigan: University of Michigan. Studies in the
Linguistic Sciences Vol. 17, No. 1: 63 - 71.
Hook, Peter Edwin and Omkar N. Koul. 1983. On the Grammar of Derived
Transitives and Causatives in Kashmiri. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Koul, Omkar N. and Peter E. Hook (eds.): Aspects of Kashmiri
Linguistics.
54 Kashmiri
Hook, Peter Edwin and Omkar N. Koul. 1987. Subject versus Agent: A
Study of the Kashmiri Phasal Verb hye ‘Begin To’. Bloomington:
Indiana University Linguistics Club. Bashir, Elena, Madhav M.
Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook (eds.): Select Papers from SALA-7:
South Asian Languages Analysis Roundtable Conference Held in Ann
Arbor, Michigan, May 17-19, 1985, pp. 199 - 219.
Hook, Peter Edwin and Omkar N. Koul. 1992. On the Compound Verb in
Kashmiri. Kerala, India. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics
Vol. 21: 1 - 16.
Hook, Peter Edwin and Omkar N. Koul. 1992. Reflexive Possessives in
Kashmiri and Hindi-Urdu; Evidence for an Antecedency Hierarchy.
South Asian Language Review Vol. 2: 68 - 83.
Hook, Peter Edwin (with O.N. Koul and A.K. Koul). 1987. Differential S-
Marking in Marathi, Hindi-Urdu, and Kashmiri. Chicago. Papers from
the Twenty-Third Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistics Society, pp.
148 - 165.
Jalali, J.L.K. 1979. Kasir, kasir ti kasir z'av; (Kashmir, the Kashmiris and the
Kashmiri Language). Srinagar. Anhaar Vol. 3, No. 1: 67 - 71.
Joshi, Shiv Sharma. 1979. On Kashmiri Phonology. Patiala: Northern
Kashmiri).
Kachru, Braj B. 1968. Some Notes on the Copulative Sentences in Kashmiri.
Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. Verhaar, John W.M. (ed.):
The Verb ‘Be’ and Its Synonyms (Philosophical and Grammatical
Studies Vol. 3), pp. 20 - 43.
Kachru, Braj B. 1969. A Reference Grammar of Kashmiri. Urbana:
University of Illinois. 416 p.
Kachru, Braj B. 1969. Kashmiri and other Dardic Languages. The Hague:
Mouton. Sebeok, Thomas A. et al. (eds.): Linguistics in South Asia
(Current Trends in Linguistics Vol. 5), pp. 284 - 306.
Kachru, Braj B. 1973. An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri; A Basic Course
and Reference Manual for Learning and Teaching Kashmiri as a Second
Language. Urbana: University of Illinois. (Volume I and II).
Kachru, Braj B. 1981. Kashmiri Literature. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
114 p. (A History of Indian Literature Vol. 8, Fasc. 4).
Kashmiri 55
Kachru, Yamuna, Braj B. Kachru and Tej K. Bhatia. 1976. The Notion
‘Subject’; A Note on Hindi-Urdu, Kashmiri, and Panjabi. Madison:
Kalla, Badri Nath. 1977. Kasiri zabaan' manz vedik zabaan hund unsur;
(Vedic Elements in the Kasmiri Language). Srinagar. Anhaar Vol. 1, No.
1: 49 - 62.
Kantroo, Gopi Krishen. 1980. Lexical Variation in Puj Dialect of Kashmiri.
Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. (M.A. Thesis).
Kaula, Pandit Isvara. 1897, 1898. Kasmirasabdamrtam; (A Grammar of
Kashmiri written in Sanskrit). Calcutta: The Asiatic Society of Bengal.
379 p. (Part I: Declension; Part II: Conjugation).
Kaul, J.L. 1968. Studies in Kashmiri. Srinagar: Kapoor Brothers. 339 p.
Kelkar, Ashok R. 1983. Kashmiri; A Descriptive Sketch. New Delhi: Bahri
Publications. Koul, Omkar N. and Peter E. Hook (eds.): Aspects of
Kashmiri Linguistics.
Kelkar, Ashok R. and Pran Nath Trisal. 1964. Kashmiri Word Phonology; A
First Sketch. Bloomington, IN. Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 6, No.
1: 13 - 22.
Knowles, James Hinton. 1885. A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs and
Sayings; Explained and Illustrated from the Rich and Interesting Folklore
of the Valley. Bombay: Education Society’s Press. 263 p.
Knowles, James Hinton. 1887. Kashmiri Riddles. Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal Vol. 56, Part 1: 125 - 154.
Knowles, James Hinton. 1981 (c1893). Folk Tales of Kashmir. Islamabad:
National Institute of Folk Heritage. 510 p.
Koul, Anand. 1933. Kashmiri Proverbs. Bombay. Indian Antiquary Vol. 62:
71 - 198.
Koul, Anand. 1933. Kashmiri Riddles. Bombay. Indian Antiquary Vol. 62:
21 - 28.
Koul, Anand. 1933. Lalla-vakyani; (The Wise Sayings of Lal-Ded).
56 Kashmiri
Koul, Maharaj Krishen. 1982. A Sociolinguistic Investigation in Srinagar

and Anantnag. Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. (Doctoral
Dissertation).
Koul, Maharaj Krishen. 1986. A Sociolinguistic Study of Kashmiri. Patiala:
Indian Institute of Language Studies. 90 p. (Series in Languages and
Linguistics Vol. 5).
Koul, Omkar N. 1975. Verbal Constructions in Kashmiri. Kurukshetra:
Kurukshetra University. 10 p. (Paper presented in the seminar on verbal
constructions in Indo-Aryan).
Koul, Omkar N. 1976. A Note on Questions in Kashmiri. Indian Journal of
Linguistics Vol. 3, No. 1.
Koul, Omkar N. 1976. Noun Phrase in Kashmiri. Pune, India. Indian
Linguistics Vol. 37, No. 3: 187 - 195.
Koul, Omkar N. 1977. Linguistic Studies in Kashmiri. New Delhi: Bahri
Publications. 103 p. (Series in Indian Languages and Linguistics Vol. 9).
Koul, Omkar N. 1978. Verbal Stems and Syntactic Structure in Kashmiri.
Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. (Paper presented in the seminar on
verbal stems and syntactic structures in Indo-Aryan).
Koul, Omkar N. 1979. On Relative Clauses in Kashmiri. Patiala: Northern
Regional Language Centre. (Paper presented in the seminar on
Kashmiri).
Koul, Omkar N. 1983. Modes of Address in Kashmiri. New Dehli: Bahri
Publications. Koul, Omkar N. and Peter E. Hook (eds.): Aspects of
Kashmiri Linguistics.
Koul, Omkar N. 1985. An Intensive Course in Kashmiri; Dialogues, Drills,
Exercises, Vocabulary, Notes on Grammar, and Word Index. Mysore:
Central Institute of Indian Languages. 462 p. (Intensive Course Series
Vol. 7).
Koul, Omkar N. 1987. Spoken Kashmiri; A Language Course. Patiala:
Indian Institute of Language Studies. 127 p.
Koul, Omkar N. 1992. A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs. Patiala: Indian
Institute of Language Studies.
Kashmiri 57
Koul, Omkar N. and Peter Edwin Hook. 1984. Aspects of Kashmiri

Linguistics. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. 172 p. (Series in Indian
Languages and Linguistics Vol. 12).
Koul, Omkar N. and Ruth Laila Schmidt. 1983. Kashmiri; A Sociolinguistic
Survey. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies. 72 p.
Koul, Omkar N. and Ruth Laila Schmidt. 1984. Dardistan Revisited; An
Examination of the Relationship between Kashmiri and Shina. New
Delhi: Bahri Publications. Koul, Omkar N. and Peter Edwin Hook (eds.):
Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics, pp. 1 - 26.
Koul, Omkar N. S.N. Raina and R.K. Bhat. 1976. Kashmiri-English
Vocabulary. Patiala: Northern Regional Language Centre. 300 p.
Leech, R. 1844. A Grammar of the Cashmeeree Language. Journal of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 13, No. 1: 397 - 420 and No. 2: 467 - 493.
Leitner, G.W. 1868 - 1873. Results of a Tour in Dardistan, Kashmir, Little
Tibet, Ladak, Zanskar, etc. in 1861; Vol. 1: The Languages and Races of
Dardistan. Lahore and London: Indian Public Opinion Press and Messrs.
Trubner and Co. (Part I, II and III).
Leitner, G.W. 1872. The Dastan Sheikh in Kashmiri Verse; With an
Interlinear and a Literal Translation. Bombay. Indian Antiquary Vol. 1:
266 - 299.
Marghoob, Banihali. 1982. Marghoob Theory; A New Theory on the Script
and Spelling of the Kashmiri Language. Srinagar: Centre of Central
Asian Studies, University of Kashmir. 99 p.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1941. The Phonology of Kashmiri. Copenhagen. Acta
Orientalia Vol. 19, No. 1: 79 - 99.
Mujoo, Ramesh. 1982. Position of Languages in State of Jammu and
Kashmir. New Delhi: Metropolitan. Bose, Kshanika and R.C. Scrivastava
(eds.): Readings in Language Studies, pp. 193 - 210.
Neve, Ernest Frederic. 1934. A Manual of Lessons in the Kashmiri
Language; Arranged to Simplify the Progressive Acquisition of a
Colloquial Knowledge. Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette. 45 p.
Neve, Ernest Frederic. 1973. English—Kashmiri; A Vocabulary of the
Kashmiri Language. Jammu: Light and Life Publishers. 58 p.
58 Kashmiri
Pushp, P.N. 1976. Kasiric zabaan' zaan; (An Introduction to Kashmiri).

Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
Soanadab, pp. 6 - 33.
Pushp, P.N. 1976. Kasur zabaaniyat; (Kashmiri Linguistics). Chaman
(Kashmiri Weekly) Vol. 6, No. 19, 20, 21: 4 - 7.
Pushp, P.N. 1979. Non-agentive Pronominal Bound Morphemes in the
Kashmiri Verb System. Patiala: Northern Regional Language Centre. 6 p.
(Paper presented in the seminar on Kashmiri).
Raina, Soom Nath. 1975. Negation in Kashmiri. Language Forum Vol. 1,
No. 3 - 4: 28 - 32.
Raina, Soom Nath. 1979. A Contrastive Study of Kashmiri and Hindi
Phonology. Patiala: Northern Regional Language Centre. 15 p. (Paper
presented in the seminar on Kashmiri).
Raina, Soom Nath. 1990. Kashmiri for Non-Kashmiri; Learning and
Teaching. Patiala: Gopi Publications. 206 p.
Raina, Trilokinath and Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq. 1972. An Anthology of
Modern Kashmiri Verse (1930 - 1960). Poona: Suresh Raina. 280 p.
Sar, Mohan Lal. 1970. A Study of Some Aspects of Phonemics and
Morphophonemics of Kashmiri. Delhi: University of Delhi. (M. Litt.
Thesis).
Sar, Mohan Lal. 1979. Vowel Harmony in Kashmiri. Patiala: Northern
Kashmiri).
Sar, Mohan Lal. 1982. Verbal Morphology of Kashmiri. University of Delhi.
(Doctoral Dissertation).
Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1981. Report on a Survey of Dardic Languages of
Kashmir. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol. 42: 17 - 21.
Schmidt, Ruth Laila and Omkar N. Koul. 1983. Kohistani to Kashmiri; An
Annotated Bibliography of Dardic Languages. Patiala: Indian Institute of
Language Studies. 78 p.
Shackle, Christopher. 1983. Towards a Morphological Classication of
Kashmiri Monosyllabic Nouns. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. Koul,
Omkar N. and Peter E. Hook (eds.): Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics.
Kashmiri 59
Sharma, Ramesh C. and Maharaj K. Koul. 1979. Numeral System in

Kashmiri. Patiala: Northern Regional Language Centre. 6 p. (Paper
presented in the seminar on Kashmiri).
Shivanath, Lt. Col. 1968. Dogri Language and Literature; A Brief Survey.
Bombay. Indian Writing Today Vol. 3: 13 - 20.
Sommer, Anton F. W. 1997. Elementargrammatik des Kaschmiri. Wien:
A.F.W. Sommer. 120 p. (Orientalische Grammatiken und Lexika Vol.
10).
Subbarao, Karumuri V. 1983. Word Order in Kashmiri; Some Further
Evidence. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. Koul, Omkar N. and Peter E.
Hook (eds.): Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics.
Syeed, Syed Mohammad. 1985. Morphological Causatives and the Problems
of the Transformational Approach. Bloomington: Indiana University
Linguistics Club. 103 p.
Toporov, V.N. 1967. Fonologiceskaia interpretatsia konsonantizma kashmiri
v sviazi s tipologiei dardskix iazykov. Moscow. Semiotika i vostocnye
iazyki.
Toshkhani, S.K. 1977. Kasur rasmi khat - broh ti az; (Kashmiri scripts).
Srinagar. Anhaar Vol. 2: 5 - 20.
Toshkhani, S.K. 1980. Kashmiri Dictionary. Mysore: Central Institute of
Indian Languages. Misra, B.G. (ed.): Lexicography in India, pp. 89 - 90.
Toshkhani, S.K. (ed.). 1967 - 1980. Urdu-Kashmiri Farhang; (Urdu-
Kashmiri Dictionary). Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art,
Culture and Languages. (Vol. I - IX).
Toshkhani, S.K. (ed.). 1972 - 1979. kasir diksanari; (Kashmiri Dictionary).
Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
(Vol. I - VII).
Trisal, Pran Nath. 1964. Kasmiri bhasa ka varnanatmak vyakaran; (A
Descriptive Grammar of the Kashmiri Language). Agra University.
Summary published in Bharatiya Sahitya Vol. 9, No. 2: 59 - 65.
(Doctoral dissertation).
Various. 1983. Kashmiri Linguistics. Vol. VIII, No. 1 - 4 (April 1982 -
March 1983); Language Forum. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. 172 p.
60 Kashmiri
Varma, Siddheshwar. 1940. Notes on a Linguistic Tour in Kashmir. Pune,

Varma, Siddheshwar. 1964. Syllabification in the Kashmiri Language.
London: Longmans, Green and Company. Abercrombie, David et al.
(eds.): In Honor of Daniel Jones, pp. 471 - 474.
Wade, Thomas R. 1995 (c1888). A Grammar of the Kashmiri Language; As
Spoken in the Valley of Kashmir, North India. New Delhi: Asian
Educational Services. 159 p.
Wali, Kashi. 1988. A Note on WH Questions in Marathi and Kashmiri.
Ithaca, NY. Cornell Working Papers in Linguistics Vol. 8: 161 - 180.
Wali, Kashi and Omkar N. Koul. 1997. Kashmiri; A Cognitive-Descriptive
Grammar. London: Routledge. 378 p. (Descriptive Grammars).
Zainagiri, A.K. Tak. 1967. Kasir'uk elakivad pheri ti kasir zabaan; (Regional
Variation of Kashmiri and the Kashmiri Language). Srinagar. 520 p.
Zakharyin, Boris A. n.d. Problemy fonologii iazyka Kashmiri; (Phonological
Problems in the Kashmiri Language). Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
162 p.
Zakharyin, Boris A. 1981. Stroi i tipologia iazyka Kashmiri; (The Structure
and the Typology of the Kashmiri Language). Moscow: Moscow
University. 287 p.
Zakharyin, Boris A. 1983. Kashmiri and the Typology of South Asian
Languages. New Dehli: Bahri Publications. Koul, Omkar N. and Peter
Edwin Hook (eds.): Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics.
Kati (Bashgali, Kativiri, Nuristani)
3,700 to 5,100 Eastern Kativiri in Pakistan, plus refugees (1992); 15,000 in
Afghanistan (1994); 20,000 in all countries. Eastern Kativiri is in the Chitral
District; in Gobar in the Lutkuh Valley, Kunisht in the Rumbur Valley, Shekhanan
Deh in the Bumboret Valley, and in the Urtsun Valley. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian,
Indo-Aryan, Nuristani. Dialects: EASTERN KATIVIRI (SHEKHANI), WESTERN
KATIVIRI, MUMVIRI. Eastern Kativiri is often called ‘Shekhani’ in Pakistan, but is
different from the Kamviri which is also called ‘Shekhani’ in Southern Chitral.
Differences between dialects needs investigation. Mumviri may be a separate
language. Mountain valleys.

Gryunberg, Aleksandr L. 1980. Iazyk kati. Moscow: Nauka. (Iazyki
vostocnogo Gindukusha).
Konow, Sten and J. Davidson. 1986. Bashgali Dictionary; An Analysis of
Col. J. Davidson's Notes on the Bashgali Language. Delhi: Gian Pub.
House. 307 p.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1951. Some Kati Myths and Hymns. Havnle: Apud
Ejnar Munksgaard. 28 p.
61
Khowar (Khowari, Khowar, Khawar, Chitrali, Citrali,
Chitrari, Arniya, Patu, Qashqari, Kashkari)
222,800 (1992). Chitral; Shandur Pass to Gupis in Ghizr Valley, Yasin and
Ishkhoman valleys in Gilgit Agency, Ushu in northern Swat Valley, and large
communities in Peshawar and Rawalpindi. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-
Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Chitral. Dialects: NORTH KHOWAR, SOUTH
KHOWAR, EAST KHOWAR, SWAT KHOWAR. 86% to 98% lexical similarity among
dialects. The northern dialect is considered to be more ‘pure’. The most important
language of Chitral. Related to Kalasha, but distinct. Urdu schools; some girls go
through fifth grade or higher. Different second languages used in different areas:
Pashto in the south, Shina and Burushaski in the Gilgit Agency, Kalami and some
Pashto in Swat, Urdu and English among the educated. ‘Kho’ means ‘people’, ‘war’
means ‘language’. Radio broadcasts. Monthly journal in Khowar. Literacy rate: 15%
to 20% men, 1% women. Trade language. Typology: SOV. Mountain valleys. Sunni
and Ismaili Muslim.
Bashir, Elena. 1988. Inferentiality in Kalasha and Khowar. Chicago.
Proceedings of the 24th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic
Society.
Bashir, Elena. 1989 - 1990. Khowar and Modern Linguistics. Peshawar:
University of Peshawar. Terichmer Magazine (Yearly Journal of Chitral
Students) Vol. 5: 13 - 17.
Bashir, Elena. 1996. The Areal Position of Khowar; South Asian and Other
Affinities. Karachi: Oxford University Press. Bashir, E. and Israr-ud-Din
(eds.): Proceedings of the Second International Hindukush Cultural
Conference, pp. 19 - 23.
Biddulph, John. 1885. Dialects of Tribes of the Hindu Kush; Shina,
Language of Gilgit; Khowar, Language of Chitral. London. Journal of the
Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 17: 89 - 144.
62
Khowar 63
Buddruss, Georg. 1982. Khowar; A New Literary Language of Chitral

(Pakistan). Mexico: El Colegio de Mexico. Lama, Graciela de la (ed.):
30th International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North
Africa, 1976, Mexico City, pp. 139 -146.
Buddruss, Georg. 1982. Khowar-Texte in arabischer Schrift; (Khowar Texts
in Arabic Script). Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der
Literatur. 79 p. (Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaft-
lichen Klasse, Jahrg. 1982, Nr. 1).
Buddruss, Georg. 1995. Khowar matal: 50 Khowar-Sprichwörter;
Transkription, kommentierte Übersetzung, Glossar. St. Petersburg:
Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies. Vasil'kov,
J.V. and N.V. Gurov (eds.): Sthapakasraddham, Prof. G.A. Zograph
Commemorative Volume, pp. 162 - 179.
Davidson, J. 1900. Some Notes on the Language of Chitral; And Idiomatic
Sentences and Translations of Ten Popular Stories. Bombay. Indian
Antiquary Vol. 29: 214 - 220, 246 - 250.
Endresen, Rolf Theil and Knut Kristiansen. 1981. Khowar Studies. Leiden:
E.J. Brill. Monumentum Georg Morgenstierne, I (Acta Iranica Vol. 21),
pp. 210 - 243.
Faizi, Inayatullah. 1989. Different Dialects of Khowar. Chitral. Annual
Journal of Khowar, pp. 19 - 28.
Faizi, Inayatullah. 1998. Language as a Phenomenon of Social Change;
Khowar in Laspur, Chitral (Pakistan). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. Stellrecht, I.
(ed.): Karakorum-Hindukush-Himalaya: Dynamics of Change (Culture
Area Karakorum, Scientific Studies Vol. 4).
Gurdon, B.E.M. 1902. Translation of Ganj-i-Pukhto in the Khowar Dialect
by Khan Sahib Abdul Hakim Khan. Calcutta: The Superintendent of
Government Printing.
Howell, E.B. 1908. Some Songs of Chitral. Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal Vol. 7: 381 - 389.
64 Khowar

L'Homme, Erik. 1999. Parlons Khowar. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1936. Iranian Elements in Khowar. London. Bulletin
of the School of Oriental Studies Vol. 8: 657 - 671. (Reprinted in Georg
Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, pp. 241 - 255).
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1947. Some Features of Khowar Morphology. Oslo.
Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap Vol. 14: 5 - 28.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1955. A Khowar Tale. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics
Vol. 16: 163 - 169.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1957. Sanskritic Words in Khowar. Benares.
Felicitation Volume Presented to S.K. Belvalkar, pp. 84 - 98. (Reprinted
in Morgenstierne (1973): Irano-Dardica, pp. 256 - 272).
Munnings, David. 1990. Towards a Sociolinguistic Profile of the Khowar
Language. Arlington: University of Texas. (Research paper).
O'Brien, D.J.T. 1895. Grammar and Vocabulary of the Khowar Dialect
(Chitrali); With Introductory Sketch of Country and People. Lahore: The
Civil and Military Gazette Press.
Rahmat-ud-Din and David Munnings. 1990. Khowar Matal; (Khowar
Proverbs). Chitral: Anjuman-e-Taraqi-e-Khowar. 56 p.
Rahmat-ud-Din uche Daod. 1987. Phu Phu Kan Kitab; (Khowar stories).
Chitral: Anjuman-e-Taraqi-e-Khowar. 48 p.
Shahazada Samsaam Al Malak. 1966. Khowar Grammar; (in Urdu).
Peshawar: Pushto Academy. 49 p.
Sloan, Mohammad Ismail. 1981. Khowar Grammar and Language in Brief;
A Supplement to a Dictionary of the Predominant Language of Chitral.
New York: M.I. Sloan. 24 p.
Sloan, Mohammad Ismail. 1981. Khowar-English Dictionary; A Dictionary
of the Predominant Language of the Chitral District of Pakistan also
Known as Chitrali Zaban or as Qasqari. New York: M.I. Sloan. 151 p.
Khowar 65
Strand, Richard F. 1984. Kho. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

Weekes, Richard V. (ed.): Muslim Peoples (Second Edition) Vol. 1: 402
- 404.
Wazir Ali Shah and Georg Morgenstierne. 1959. Some Khowar Songs.
Copenhagen. Acta Orientalia Vol. 24: 29 - 58.
Kohistani, Indus (Kohistani, Kohiste~, Khili, Maiyon,
Mair, Maiyã, Shuthun)
220,000 (1993). Indus Kohistan District on the western bank of the Indus River. Indo-
European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani.
Dialects: INDUS (MANI, SEO, PATTAN, JIJAL), DUBER-KANDIA (MANZARI,
KHILI). A separate language from nearby varieties (Bateri, Chilisso, Gowro, Shina,
Torwali, Kalami). Lexical similarity among dialects is 90%. The names ‘Mani’ and
‘Manzari’ are not used by speakers for the dialects, but refer to legendary brothers
whose descendants settled in the two dialect areas. 70% lexical similarity with
Chilisso, 61% with Gowro, 58% with Bateri, 49% with Shina, 28% with Kalami and
Torwali.

of Some Southeast Dardic Dialects. Oslo. Norsk Tidsskrift for
Sprongvidenskap Vol. 18. (Also in The Encyclopedia of Islam 1961).
Buddruss, Georg. 1959. Kanyawali; Specimens of a Dialect of Maiya of the
Hindu Kush. München. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft,
Beiheft B.
Vol. 8, No. 1: 39 - 49.
Vol.1), pp. 83 - 141.
Hallberg, Daniel G. and Calinda E. Hallberg. 1999. Indus Kohistani; A
Preliminary Phonological and Morphological Analysis. Islamabad:
Linguistics. 103 p. (Studies in Languages of Northern Pakistan Vol. 8).
Jettmar, Karl. 1983. Indus-Kohistan; Entwurf einer historischen
Ethnographie. Fribourg, Switzerland. Anthropos Vol. 78: 501 - 519.
66
Ormuri (Urmuri, Ormur, Ormui, Bargista, Baraks,
Baraki)
3,000 or more in Pakistan (1992); 50 speakers in Afghanistan; 3,050 or more in all
countries. Kaniguram, a pocket in Mahsud Pashto area northwest of Dera Ismail
Khan, Wazirstan. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern,
Ormuri-Parachi. Dialects: KANIGURAMI, LOGAR. The Kanigurami retain the
language. 27% lexical similarity with Waneci, 25% to 33% with Pashto dialects.
Sunni Muslim.
Barki, Rozi Khan. 1999. Maax a xway zabaan tah goor GaaDah zar zhiin?
(Ormuri: Will we let our language go to the grave?). Islamabad.
Efimov, V.A. 1986. Iazyk ormuri v sinxronnom i istoriceskom osvescenii.
Moscow: Nauka. 347 p.
Efimov, V.A. 1986. Concerning the Place of Ormuri in the Historical-
Dialectological Scheme of the Iranian Languages. Moscow: Nauka.
(Paper presented at the 32nd International Congress for Asian and North
African Studies, Hamburg, 1986).
Grierson, George A. 1918. The Ormuri or Bargista Language. Memoirs of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 7: 1.
Kieffer, Charles M. 1972. Le multilinguisme des Ormurs de Baraki-Barak
(Afghanistan); Note sur les contacts de dialects: Ormuri, pasto et persan
kabali. Studia Iranica Vol. 1: 115 - 126.
Kieffer, Charles M. 1977. The Approaching End of the SE Iranian
Languages Ormuri and Parachi. The Hague: Mouton. International
Journal of the Sociology of Language Vol. 12: 71-100.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1929. Parachi and Ormuri. Oslo. 419 p. (Indo-Iranian
Frontier Languages Vol. 1).
67
68 Ormuri
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1932. Supplementary Notes on Ormuri. Oslo. Norsk

Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap Vol. 5: 5 - 36.
Skjaervo, Prods. 1989. Modern East Iranian Languages. Wiesbaden: Ludwig
Reichert. Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.): Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum,
pp. 370 - 383.
Pashto
Pashto, Central (Mahsudi). Wazirstan, Bannu, Karak. Indo-European, Indo-
Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto. Dialects: WACIRI (WAZIRI),
BANNUCHI (BANNOCHI, BANNU). Lexical comparison and interviews indicate
this is distinct from Eastern and Southern Pashto. Grammar, dictionary. Sunni
Muslim.
Pashto, Eastern (Pakhto, Pusto, Pashtu, Passtoo, Pushto,

Ningraharian Pashto, Northeastern Pashto, Northern Pashto).
9,585,000 in Pakistan or 8.47% of population (1993 estimate); 100,000 in United
Arab Emirates (1986); 14,161 in India (1994 IMA). All Pashto in Pakistan are
13.2% of the population (1981 census). Along Afghanistan border, NWFP. Indo-
European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto. Dialects:
KOHAT (KHATAK), YUSUFZAI (PESHAWAR), AFRIDI, SHINWARI,
MOHMAND, SHILMANI. Distinct from Western Pashto, Central Pashto, and
Southern Pashto. Modified Perso-Arabic script in use. Yusufzai is the literary
dialect, used in schools and media in NWFP and adjacent tribal territories. Rich
literary tradition. The Powinda are a nomadic Pashto-speaking group. Used for
radio, TV, newspaper, movies. Low literacy rate. Dictionaries. Sunni Muslim,
some Shi'a.
Pashto, Southern. 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 in Pakistan (1992); many in

Afhanistan. Baluchistan in Pakistan and Qandahar in Afghanistan. Indo-
European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto. Dialects:
SOUTHWEST PASHTO (QANDAHAR PASHTO), SOUTHEAST PASHTO
(QUETTA PASHTO). Distinct from Eastern and Central Pashto, but with some
intelligibility with Southern and Eastern Pashto. More differences than merely
the ‘hard’ versus ‘soft’ sound shifts. Perso-Arabic script. Grammar. Muslim.
Achakzai, Naseem. 1986. Teach Yourself Pashto. Quetta: Bokhari Traders.

Bashir, Elena. 1991. A Contrastive Analysis of Pashto and Urdu.
Washington, D.C.: Academy for Educational Development. 284 p.
(Prepared for the Directorates of Primary Education, NWFP and
Balochistan by the Primary Education Development Program. December
1991).
69
70 Pashto
Bauer, E. 1998. Several Groups of Pashto-Speakers in Pakistan’s Northern

Areas; Different Ways of Dealing with Multilingual Surroundings. Köln:
Rüdiger Köppe. Stellrecht, I. (ed.): Karakorum-Hindukush-Himalaya:
Dynamics of Change (Culture Area Karakorum, Scientific Studies Vol.
4).
Bausani, Alessandro and Bernard Blair. 1971. Pashto Language and
Literature. Mahfil: A Quarterly of South Asian Literature Vol. 7, No. 1-2:
55 - 69.
Bellew, Henry Walter. 1986 (c1867). Pushto Instructor; A Grammar of the
Pukhto or Pushto Language. Peshawar: Saeed Book Bank.
Bukhari, Khyal. 1964 - 1965. Da Pashto Jabe Buniadi Mas'ale; The Basic
Problems of the Pashto Language. Peshawar: Pashto Academy. Pukhto
Vol. 7-8, No. 3-4: 119 - 234.
Bukhari, Khyal. 1983. Da Pakhto Sarf-o-Nahaw; Pashto Grammar.
Peshawar: University Book Agency.
Enevoldsen, Jens. 1969. Pakhto Proverbs and Tappas. Peshawar: University
Book Agency. 92 p.
Henderson, Michael M.T. 1983. Four Varieties of Pashto. Journal of the
American Oriental Society Vol. 103, No. 2: 595 - 597.
Heston, Wilma L. 1996. Rhyme and Repetition; Pashto Poetry as Song.
Lahore: Sang-e-Meel, with Lok Virsa. Hanaway, William L. and Wilma
L. Heston (eds.): Studies in Pakistani Popular Culture, pp. 289 - 338.
Heston, Wilma L. and Mumtaz Nasir. 1987. The Bazaar of the Storytellers.
Islamabad: Lok Virsa Publishing House.
Inayat-ur-Rahman (tr.). 1984. Folktales of Swat; (Pashto and English).
Peshawar: Inayat-ur-Rahman/IsMEO.
Jehani, Carina. 1986. Notes on Pashto Grammar and Orthography. Uppsala,
Sweden: Uppsala University.
Leech, R. 1838. A Vocabulary of the Laghmani, Tirahi, Highlands of Deer,
Moghal Aimaks Dialect. Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal Vol. 7: 780 - 787.
Pashto 71

Lorimer, John Gordon. 1902. Grammar and Vocabulary of Waziri Pashto.
Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 345 p.
Mackenzie, David N. 1959. A Standard Pashto. London. Bulletin of the
School of Oriental and African Studies Vol. 22: 231 - 235.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1927. An Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto. Oslo:
Jacob Dybwad. 120 p.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1942. Archaisms and Innovations in Pushto
Morphology. Oslo. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap Vol. XII: 88 -
114.
Pence, James Monroe. 1968. A Tagmemic Grammar of Pashto Clause
Structure. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms. 150 p.
Penzl, Herbert. 1955. A Grammar of Pashto; A Descriptive Study of the
Dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan. Washington, D.C.: American Council
of Learned Societies. (Program in Oriental Languages Publications Series
B, No. 2).
Penzl, Herbert. 1959. Standard Pashto and Other Dialects of Pashto.
Afghanistan Vol. 14, No. 3: 8 - 14.
Penzl, Herbert and Muhammad Rahim Elham. 1961. Da Pushto Grammar.
Kabul, Afghanistan: Matb'i Dawlati. 215 p.
Rahman, Tariq. 1995. The Pashto Language Movement and Identity
Formation in Pakistan. Journal of Contemporary Asia Vol. 4, No. 26: 151
- 170.
Raverty, H.G. 1982 (c1860). A Dictionary of Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or, Language
of the Afghans; With Remarks on the Originality of the Language and its
Affinity to the Semitic and Other Oriental Tongues. Peshawar: Saeed
Book Bank.
Roberts, Taylor. 1997. The Optimal Second Position in Pashto. Cambridge,
Mass: MIT. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics Vol. 30.
Roberts, Taylor. 2000. Clitics and Agreement. Cambridge, Mass: MIT.
(Ph.D. dissertation).
72 Pashto
Septfonds, Daniel. 1989. Du pashto standard au wanetsi: /Kawel/ ou /krel/?

Note de dialectologie pashto. Paris: Assn. pour l'Avancement des Etudes
Iraniennes. Fouchecour, C.-H. de, Ph. Gignoux (eds.): Etudes irano-
aryennes offertes a Gilbert Lazard, pp. 297 - 313.
pp. 370 - 383.
Skjaervo, Prods. 1989. Pashto. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert. Schmitt,
Rüdiger (ed.): Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, pp. 384 - 410.
Tegey, Habibullah. 1977. The Grammar of Clitics; Evidence from Pashto
and Other Languages. Urbana: University of Illinois. 278 p. (Ph.D.
Thesis).
Tegey, Habibullah and Barbara Robson. 1996. A Reference Grammar of
Pashto. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, U.S. Dept. of
Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational
Resources Information Center.
Trumpp, Ernest. 1969 (c1873). Grammar of the Pashto, or Language of the
Afghans, Compared with the Iranian and North Indian Idioms.
Osnabrück: Biblio-Verlag. 412 p.
Phalura (Palula, Palola, Phalulo, Dangarik, Biyori)
8,600 (1990). 7 villages on the east side of the lower Chitral Valley, possibly 1
village in Dir Kohistan; Purigal, Ghos, the Biori Valley, Kalkatak, and Ashret. Indo-
European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina. Dialects:
ASHRETI, NORTHERN PHALURA. Ashreti has 92% lexical similarity with Northern
Phalura. 56% to 58% lexical similarity with Savi in Afghanistan, 38% to 42% with
Shina. Speakers are called ‘Phalulo’. Sunni Muslim.
Buddruss, Georg. 1967. Die Sprache von Sau in Ostafghanistan; Beiträge zur
Kenntnis des dardischen Phalura. München: Kitzinger. 150 p. Münchener
Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, Beiheft M.
Decker, Kendall D. 1992. Factors Affecting Language Maintenance and
Shift in Chitral District, Pakistan. University of Texas at Arlington.
104 p. (M.A. Thesis).
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1941. Notes on Phalura, an Unknown Dardic
Language of Chitral. Oslo. (Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps
Akademi i Oslo, 1940, II. Historisk-Filosofisk Klasse, 5).
Strand, Richard F. 2000. Achareta Lexicon. Richard Strand’s Nuristân Site
(http://users.sedona.net/~strand/).
73
Punjabi, Hindko, Pahari-Potwari, Saraiki
Hindko, Northern (Hazara Hindko, Hindki, Kaghani, Kagani). 1,875,000
(1981 census); both Hindko languages had 305,505 households, 2.4% of the
population (1981 census). Total Hindko in Pakistan 3,000,000 (1993). Hazara
Division, Mansehra and Abbotabad districts, Indus and Kaghan valleys and
valleys of Indus tributaries, NWFP. Rural and urban. Indo-European, Indo-
Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda. Lexical similarities within
Northern Hindko dialects are 82% to 92%; between Northern and Southern
Hindko varieties 67% to 82%. Also related to Panjabi, Siraiki, and Pahari-
Potwari; which have all been called ‘Greater Panjabi’, forming part of
‘Lahnda’. Literacy rate probably below 20%. Perso-Arabic script is used. In
recent years there have been some publications, mainly poetry. Some radio and
television broadcasts. Second languages are Urdu for the educated, with varied
proficiency, and Pashto or Panjabi. Bilingual proficiency is generally limited.
Plains, low hills. Sunni Muslim.
Hindko, Southern. 625,000 (1981 census). Attock District, Punjab Province,

and into the southernmost portion of Hazara Division, NWFP; Kohat and
Peshawar districts, NWFP. Rural and urban. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian,
Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda. Dialects: PESHAWAR HINDKO
(PESHAWARI), ATTOCK HINDKO (ATTOCK-HARIPUR HINDKO), KOHAT
HINDKO (KOHATI), RURAL PESHAWAR HINDKO. Investigation of
intelligibility of Peshawar dialect with others is needed. Most people have limited
bilingual proficiency in Urdu, Pashto, Panjabi, or other languages. Urdu is
known by educated speakers. Perso-Arabic script is used. Peshawari has a
literary tradition, and is being promoted as standard within NWFP. Radio and
television broadcasts. The dialect in Dera Ismail Khan, sometimes called
‘Hindko’, is apparently closer to Siraiki. Plains, low hills. Sunni Muslim.
Majhi. (15,000 in India; 1994 IMA). Lahore District. Indo-European, Indo-

Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Panjabi. Grierson says this is the purest form
of Panjabi. Distinct from Majhi in Bihar, India, and Nepal.
Panjabi, Western (Western Punjabi, Lahnda, Lahanda, Lahndi).

30,000,000 to 45,000,000 in Pakistan (1981 census); 52,000 in India (1991
IMA). Mainly in the Punjab area of Pakistan. Also in Great Britain, United Arab
Emirates and other Gulf countries, other European countries, Africa, Canada,
USA. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda.
Panjabi is a major language. There is a continuum of varieties between Eastern
and Western Panjabi, and with Western Hindi and Urdu. ‘Lahnda’ is a name
74
75 Punjabi, Hindko, Pahari-Potwari, Saraiki
given earlier for Western Panjabi; an attempt to cover the dialect continuum
between Hindko, Pahari-Potwari, and Western Panjabi in the north and Sindhi in
the south. Several dozen dialects. Perso-Arabic script is used, but not often
written in Pakistan. Movies, radio, and television broadcasts in Panjabi. The
Balmiki (Valmiki) sweeper caste in Attock District speak a dialect of Panjabi.
Mainly Muslim.
Pahari-Potwari (Potwari, Pothohari, Potohari, Chibhali, Dhundi-

Kairali). Murree Hills north of Rawalpindi, and east to Azad Kashmir. To the
north in the lower half of the Neelum Valley. Poonchi is east of Rawalakot.
Potwari is in the plains around Rawalpindi. Punchhi and Chibhali are reported
to be in Jammu and Kashmir. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan,
Northern zone, Western Pahari. Dialects: PAHARI (DHUNDI-KAIRALI),
POTHWARI (POTWARI), CHIBHALI, PUNCHHI (POONCHI). Pahari means
‘hill language’ referring to a string of divergent dialects, some of which may be
separate languages. 76% to 83% lexical similarity among varieties called
‘Pahari’, ‘Potwari’, and some called ‘Hindko’ in Mansehra, Muzzaffarabad, and
Jammun. A dialect chain with Panjabi and Hindko. Closeness to western Pahari
is unknown. Muslim.
Saraiki (Riasiti, Bahawalpuri, Multani, Southern Panjabi, Siraiki).

15,000,000 in Pakistan (1976 Shackle), 9.8% of the population; 15,692 in India
(1971 census); 15,020,000 in all countries. Southern Punjab and northern Sind,
Indus River Valley, Jampur area. Derawali is in Dera Ismail Khan, Tank, Bannu,
and Dera Ghazi Khan. Jangli is in Sahiwal area. Also in United Kingdom. Indo-
European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda. Dialects:
DERAWALI, MULTANI (KHATKI), BAHAWALPURI (RIASATI, REASATI),
JANGLI, JATKI. 85% lexical similarity with Sindhi; 68% with Dhatki, Odki, and
Sansi. Dialects blend into each other, into Panjabi to the east, and Sindhi to the
south. Until recently it was considered to be a dialect of Panjabi. Literary
movement centered in Multan and Bahawalpur. There are Saraiki literary
societies. 5% to 15% literate. Grammars. Dictionaries. Muslim, Hindu.
Abdul Haq, Mehr. 1967. Multani zabaan aur us ka Urdu se ta'alluq. 708 p.
Ahluwalia, Neeti, Rama Kant Agnihotri and Karumuri V. Subbarao. 1990.
Gricean Maxims and Conversational Goals. Kerala, India. International
Journal of Dravidian Linguistics Vol. 19, No. 2: 111 - 125.
Aksenov, A.T. 1961. Kratkii ocerk grammatiki iazyka panjabi. Moscow: Izd.
inostrannyx i natsionalnyx slovarei. Rabinovich, I.S. and I.D.
Serebriakov (eds.): Panjabsko-ruskii slovar, pp. 950 - 1039.
Punjabi, Hindko, Pahari-Potwari, Saraiki 76
Arun, Vidya Bhaskar. 1961. A Comparative Phonology of Hindi and

Panjabi. Ludhiana: Panjabi Sahitya Akademi. 182 p.
Awan, Elahi Bakhsh. 1994. The Phonology of the Verbal Phrase in Hindko.
Peshawar: Idara Farogh-i-Hindko.
Badakhshani, Maqbool Beg. 1973. Qawaid-e-Punjabi; (Punjabi Grammar).
Lahore: Punjabi Tahqeeqati Markaz.
Bahl, Kali Charan. n.d. A Grammatical Sketch of Panjabi. University of
Chicago, South Asian Language and Area Center. 102 p. (Unpublished).
Bahl, Kali Charan. 1957. Tones in Panjabi. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics
Vol. 17: 139 - 147.
Bahl, Kali Charan. 1957. Notes on tones in Western Punjabi (Lahanda).
Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol. 18: 30 - 34.
Bahl, Kali Charan. 1969. Panjabi. The Hague: Mouton. Sebeok, Thomas A.
et al. (eds.): Linguistics in South Asia (Current Trends in Linguistics Vol.
5), pp. 153 - 200.
Bahl, Kali Charan. 1975. A Grammatical Sketch of Panjabi. University of
Chicago, South Asian Language and Area Center 1970. 102 p.
(Unpublished Ms.).
Bahri, Hardev. 1962. Lahndi Phonology; With Special Reference to
Awankari. Allahabad: Bharati Press Publications. 239 p.
Bahri, Hardev. 1963. Lahndi Phonetics; With Special Reference to
Awankari. Allahabad: Bharati Press Publications. 292 p.
Bahri, Hardev. 1972. Teach yourself Punjabi. Patiala: Punjabi University.
Bahri, Ujjal Singh. 1973. An Introductory Course in Spoken Punjabi; A
Microwave Approach to Language Teaching. New Delhi: Bahri
Publications. (Series in Indian Languages and Linguistics Vol. 1).
Bahri, Ujjal Singh, and P.S. Walia. 1968. Introductory Punjabi. Patiala:
Punjabi University.
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1904. Panjabi Grammar; A Brief Grammar of
Panjabi as Spoken in the Wazirabad District. Lahore: Punjab
Government Press. 60 p.
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1908. The Languages of the Northern Himalayas;

Being Studies in the Grammar of Twenty-Six Himalayan Dialects.
London: Royal Asiatic Society. 345 p. (Asiatic Society Monographs Vol.
11).
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1913. A Panjabi Phonetic Reader. London:
University of London Press. 39 p. (The London Phonetic Readers).
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1999 (c1919). An English-Panjabi Dictionary;
Romanized. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. 159 p.
Bala, Madhu. 1983. A Comparative Study of Kangari and Panjabi
Linguistics. Hoshiarpur, India. Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal
Vol. 21, No. 1-2: 191 - 200.
Bala, Madhu. 1989. The Nature of Aspiration in Punjabi. Hoshiarpur, India.
Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal Vol. 27, No. 1-2: 58 - 63.
Bala, Madhu. 1992. Punjabi Pronouns; A Sociosemantic Study. South Asia
Language Review Vol. 2, No. 2: 75 - 83.
Bala, Madhu. 1994. Declusterization in Punjabi; A Social-and-
Psycholinguistic Perspective. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol. 55, No.
1-4: 133 -139.
Beames, John. 1970 (c1872 - 1879). A Comparative Grammar of the Modern
Aryan Languages of India; To wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati,
Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. (Vol. 1
On sounds, Vol. 2 The noun and pronoun, Vol. 3 The verb).
Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai. 1995. Colloquial Panjabi; A Complete Language
Course. London: Routledge. 296 p. (Colloquial Series).
Bhardwaj, Mangat-Rai. 1988. The Punjabi Sentence as a Form-Meaning
Complex. Dissertation Abstracts International Vol. 49, No. 1.
Bhatia, M. 1985. An Intensive Course in Punjabi. Mysore: Central Institute
of Indian Languages.
Bhatia, Tej K. 1975. The Evolution of Tones in Punjabi. Urbana, IL. Studies
in the Linguistic Sciences Vol. 5, No. 2: 12 - 24.
Bhatia, Tej K. 1979. Negation in South Asian Languages. Urbana:
University of Illinois. South Asian Language Analysis, pp. 1 - 12.
Bhatia, Tej K. 1990. The Notion ‘Subject’ in Panjabi and Lahanda. Stanford,
CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information. Verma, Maninda
K. and K.P. Mohanan (eds.): Experiencer Subjects in South Asian
Bhatia, Tej K. 1992. Punjabi. Oxford: Oxford University Press. International
Encyclopedia of Linguistics, pp. 299 - 302.
Bhatia, Tej K. 1993. Punjabi; A Cognitive Descriptive Grammar. New York:
Routledge. 423 p. (Descriptive Grammars).
Bukhari, Tanvir. 1989. Panjabi Urdu lughat. Lahore: Urdu Sa'ins Bord.
1560 p. (Silsilah-yi matbu'at No. 205).
Carey, William. 1812. A Grammar of the Punjabee Language. Serampore:
Serampore Mission.
Cheshire, Jenny and Penelope Gardner-Chloros. 1997. Communicating
Gender in Two Languages. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Kotthoff, Helga and
Ruth Wodak (eds.): Communicating Gender in Context, pp. 249 - 281.
Cheshire, Jenny and Penelope Gardner-Chloros. 1998. Code-Switching and
the Sociolinguistic Gender Pattern. International Journal of the Sociology
of Language Vol. 129: 5 - 34.
Clifford, Joseph. 1990. Morphological Coding and Syntactic Role in the
Grammar of Panjabi Complex Sentences. Colorado Research in
Linguistics Vol. 11: 23 - 41.
Clivio, Gianrenzo. 1964 - 1966. A Phonological Sketch of Standard Panjabi.
Taos, NM. Studies in Linguistics Vol. 18: 1 - 12.
Court, Major Henry. 1983 (c1883). A Short Punjabi Grammar; And an
Appendix Containing Some Useful Technical Words in Roman
Character. Delhi: Amar Prakashan.
Cummings, Thomas F. and Thomas Grahame Bailey. 1925. Punjabi Manual
and Grammar; A Guide to the Colloquial Panjabi of the Northern Panjab.
Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.
Dass, Thakur. 1987. Problems of Language Maintenance and Language Shift
in Lahnda Speech Community. Journal of the Linguistic Society of India,
Vol. 48, No. 1-4: 33 - 43.
Duggal, K.S. 1979. Punjabi. New Delhi: Heritage. Jotwani, Motilal (ed.):
Contemporary Indian Literature and Society, pp. 134 - 142.
Dulai, Narinder and Omkar N. Koul. 1980. Punjabi Phonetic Reader.

Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. 82 p. (Phonetic Reader
Series Vol. 22).
Dule, Narindara. 1989. A Pedagogical Grammar of Punjabi. Patiala: Indian
Institute of Language Studies. 255 p.
Estrill, Carrie Anne. 1986. The Development of Tone in Panjabi as
Evidenced in the Poetic Alliteration Patterns. Dissertation Abstracts
International Vol. 47, No. 3: 866.
Faridi, Qais. n.d. Chand Siraiki Istalahat o Mutradifat; (Siraiki: Some Siraiki
Terms and Equivalents). Khanpur: Dahreecha Adabi Academy.
Gill, David and Bath, K.S. 1976. English and Punjabi Grammar and Syntax;
A Comparison. Slough: National Association for Multiracial Education.
8 p.
Gill, Harjeet Singh. 1960. Punjabi Tonemics. Anthropological Linguistics
Vol. 2, No. 6: 11 - 18.
Gill, Harjeet Singh. 1962. A Descriptive Grammar of Panjabi. Hartford
Seminary Foundation. 211 p. (Ph.D. Thesis).
Gill, Harjeet Singh. 1973. Linguistic Atlas of the Punjab. Patiala:
Department of Anthropological Linguistics, Punjabi University.
Gill, Harjeet Singh and Henry A. Gleason. 1986. A Reference Grammar of
Punjabi. Patiala: Punjabi University. 157 p. (First Published as Hartford
Studies in Linguistics No. 3 in 1962).
Gumperz, John Joseph. 1962. Hindi-Punjabi Code-Switching in Delhi.
Berkeley, CA: Center for South Asia Studies. South Asia Series Vol. 157
(Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of
Linguists, Cambridge, Mass. 1962, pp. 1115 - 1124).
Gupata, Baladwa Raja. 1990. Indian Linguistics: Punjabi Tamil Phonology.
New Delhi: Ariana Pub. House. 132 p.
Gupta, Baldev Raj. 1975. Religious Vocabulary of Panjabi. Hoshiarpur,
India. Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal Vol. 13, No. 2: 96 - 101.
Handa, Devendra. 1984. Disguised Compounds in the Place Names of
Punjab. Chandigarh, India. Panjab University Research Bulletin Vol. 15,
No. 2: 97 - 109.
Handa, Devendra. 1987. Toponymy of Punjab. Panjab University Research

Bulletin Vol. 18, No. 1: 119 - 143.
Hares, Walter Pullin. 1940. Punjabi Proverbs and Idiomatic Sentences in
Roman-Punjabi. Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette, Ltd. 441 p.
Hares, Walter Pullin. 1998 (c1929). An English - Punjabi Dictionary. New
Delhi: Asian Educational Services. 478 p.
Hares, Walter Pullin (comp.). 1965 (c1940). A Collection of Panjabi
Proverbs and Idiomatic Sentences in Roman-Punjabi. Lahore: Maktaba
Mayar. 441 p.
Haudricourt, A.G. 1971. On tones in Punjabi. Patiala: Department of
Linguistics, Punjabi University. Pakha Sanjam Vol. 4: 1 - 3.
Jaggi, Vaishna. 1978. Some Observations on Reduced Forms in Hindi and
Panjabi. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol. 36: 276 - 284.
Jain, Banarsi Das. 1934. A Ludhiani Phonetic Reader. Lahore: University of
the Panjab. 72 p. (Panjab University Oriental Publications No. 12A).
Jain, Banarsi Das. 1934. A Phonology of Panjabi; As Spoken about
Ludhiana and a Ludhiana Phonetic Reader. Lahore: The University of the
Panjab. 226 p. (Panjab University Oriental Publications No. 12).
Javier, L. 1970 (c1854). Dictionary of the Punjabi Language. Patiala.
Joshi, Shiv Sharma. 1971. Retroflexion in Punjabi. Patiala: Department of
Joshi, Shiv Sharma. 1973. Pitch and Related Phenomena in Punjabi. Patiala:
Department of Linguistics, Punjabi University. Pakha Sanjam Vol. 6: 1 -
62.
Joshi, Shiv Sharma. 1989. The Phonology of the Punjabi Verb; A
Polysy(s)temic Analysis. New Delhi: Classical Pub. Co. 208 p.
Jukes, Andrew John. 1961 (c1900). Dictionary of the Jatki or Western
Panjabi Language. Patiala: Language Department. 344 p.
Kachru, Yamuna, Braj B. Kachru and Tej K. Bhatia. 1976. On the Notion of
Subjecthood; A Note on Hindi-Urdu, Kashmiri, and Panjabi. Madison:
Kalra, A.K. 1982. Some Topics in Panjabi Phonology. Delhi: Delhi

University. (Ph.D. dissertation).
Kalra, Surjit Singh, Navtej Kaur Purewal and Sue Tyson-Ward. 1999.
Panjabi. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Pub. Group. 296 p. (Teach Yourself
Books).
Kamboj, C.S. 1985. Punjabi Syntax; A Functional Overview. Patiala:
Department of Linguistics, Punjabi University. Pakha Sanjam Vol. 18: 99
- 112.
Kapoor, Kapil. 1985. Semantic Structure and the Verb; A Propositional
Analysis. New Delhi: Intellectual Pub. House. 224 p.
Koul, Omkar N. 1984. Modes of Address in Punjabi. Hoshiarpur, India.
Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal Vol. 22, No.1 - 2: 169 - 177.
Koul, Omkar N. 1992. Punjabi Language and Linguistics; An Annotated
Bibliography. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies. 107 p.
Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala. 1989. Modes of Address and Pronominal
Usage in Punjabi. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. 250 p.
(Occasional Monograph Series Vol. 45).
Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala. 1990. Punjabi Language and Literature;
An Overview. Hoshiarpur, India. Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal
Vol. 28, No. 1-2: 75 - 86.
Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala. 1992. Punjabi Language and Linguistics;
An Annotated Bibliography. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language
Studies. 107 p.
Malik, Amar Nath. 1995. The Phonology and Morphology of Panjabi. New
Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 376 p.
Mizokami, T. 1981. Panjabi. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages
and Cultures of Asia and Africa, University of Tokyo. (Asian and
African Grammatical Manuals Vol. 13e).
Mizokami, T. 1982. Some Aspects of Language Contact in an Urban Area of

Punjab; A Case Study among the Migrants in Jullundar City. Delhi:
Delhi University. (Ph.D. dissertation).
Mughal, Shaukat. 1987. Qadeem Urdu Ki Lughat aur Siraiki Zaban; (The
Vocabulary of Old Urdu and the Siraiki Language). Multan: Siraiki
Isha'ati Idara.
Mukherjee, Aditi. 1996. Language Maintenance and Language Shift;
Panjabis and Bengali in Delhi. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. 192 p.
(Series in Indian Languages and Linguistics Vol. 21).
Naval, Uday C. 1986. Tones in Panjabi; A Reinterpretation. New York: City
University of New York. Papers in Linguistics Vol. 12: 152 - 171.
Nayyar, Mukhtar Ali. 1976. Hindko Qawaid; Hindko Grammar. Peshawar:
Maktaba Hindko Zaban.
Newton, E.P. 1898. Panjabi Grammar; With Exercises and Vocabulary.
Ludhiana, India: Ludhiana Mission Press. 533 p.
Newton, E.P. Thomas Fulton Cummings and Thomas Grahame Bailey.
1961. Panjabi Manual and Grammars. Patiala: Language Department.
342 p.
Newton, J. 1866 (2d edition). Grammar of the Panjabi Language; With
Appendices. Londiana, India: The American Presbyterian Mission Press.
112 p.
Nirvair, Darshan Singh. 1975. Persian Words in Panjabi; A Semantic View.
Hoshiarpur, India. Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal Vol. 13, No. 2:
250 - 257.
n.n. 1960. Hindi Words Common to Other Indian Languages, Hindi-Punjabi.
New Delhi: Central Hindi Directorate, Ministry of Education. 71 p.
(Ministry of Education, Publication No. 474).
n.n. 1985. Punjabi. London: Centre for Information on Language Teaching
and Research. 63 p. (Language and Culture Guide Vol. 21).
n.n. 1991. Talkabout; An Introduction to Mirpuri. Walsall, England: Local
Studies Project. 13 p. and one Sound Cassette (Chosen and Compiled by
a goup of Children from Clothier Street Primary School, Willenhall
(England)).
O'Brien, Edward. 1881. Glossary of the Multani Language Compared with

Punjabi and Sindhi. Lahore: The Panjab Government Civil Secretariat
Press. 293 p.
O'Brien, Edward, James Wilson, Hari Kishan Kaul and Raja Rai Bahadur
Pandit. 1903. Glossary of the Multani Language or South-Western
Panjabi. Lahore: The Punjab Government Press.
Pandit, Probodh P. 1978. Language and Identity; The Panjabi Language in
Delhi. International Journal of the Sociology of Language Vol. 16: 93 -
108.
Payne, J.R. 1997. The Central Asia Parya. London: School of Oriental and
African Languages. Akiner, Shirin and Nicholas Sims-Williams (eds.):
Languages and Scripts of Central Asia, pp. 144 - 153.
Puar, Joginder Singh. 1974. A Grammatical Analysis of the Finite Verbal
Phrase in Punjabi. Patiala: Department of Linguistics, Punjabi
University. Pakha Sanjam Vol. 7: 89 - 174.
Puar, Joginder Singh. 1977. A Grammatical Study of Time and Tense in
Punjabi. Patiala: Punjabi University. 247 p. (Thesis).
Puar, Joginder Singh. 1985. Passivization in Punjabi. Patiala: Department of
Puar, Joginder Singh. 1990. The Panjabi Verb; Form and Function. Patiala:
Punjabi University. 147 p.
Rabinovich, I.S. and I.D. Serebriakov. 1961. Panjabsko-russkii slovar.
Moscow: Izd. Inostrannyx i natsionalnyx slovarei.
Rahman, Tariq. 1995. Siraiki Movement in Pakistan. Language Problems
and Language Planning Vol. 19, No. 1: 1 - 25.
Rahman, Tariq. 1995. The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan. Language
Problems and Language Planning Vol. 19, No. 1: 1 - 12.
Rahman, Tariq. 1996. The Hindko Language Movement in Pakistan.
Kashmir Journal of Language Research Vol. 1, No. 1: 30 - 40.
Rait, S.K. 1984. A Dictionary of Punjabi Name Elements. Leeds: School of
Librarianship, Leeds Polytechnic. 461 p.
Raja, Nasim Akhtar. 1992. Punjabi Compounds; A Structural and Semantic

Study. University of Strathclyde. (M. Litt. Dissertation).
Raja, Nasim Akhtar. 1999. Aspectual Complex Predicates in Punjabi. Essex:
University of Essex. 313 p. (Ph.D. Thesis).
Rampton, Ben. 1995. Crossing; Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents.
London: Longman. 384 p. (Real Language Series).
Rampton, Ben. 1995. Language Crossing and the Problematisation of
Ethnicity and Socialisation. Pragmatics (Quarterly Publication of the
International Pragmatics Association) Vol. 5, No. 4: 485 - 513.
Rasoolpuri, Aslam. 1976. Siraiki Rasmulkhat Ki Mukhtasar Tareekh; (A
Short History of Siraiki Orthography). Multan: Bazme Saqafat.
Rensch. Calvin R. 1992. The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking
People. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer
Institute of Linguistics. Rensch, Calvin R. Calinda R. Hallberg and Clare
F. O'Leary: Hindko and Gujari (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern
Pakistan Vol. 3), pp. 3 - 88.
Rensch, Calvin R. Calinda E. Hallberg and Clare F. O'Leary. 1992. Hindko
and Gujari. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and
Summer Institute of Linguistics. 305 p. (Sociolinguistic Survey of
Romaine, Suzanne. 1985. The Syntax and Semantics of the Code-Mixed
Compound Verb in Panjabi/English Bilingual Discourse. Baltimore, MD.
Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, pp.
35 - 49.
Sadanand Kamlesh and K.G. Vijayakrishnan. 1995. High Tone in Punjabi; A
Case of Deaspiration and Tonogenesis. Paper Presented at South Asian
Languages Analysis Roundtable Conference, Texas, June 2 - 4.
Sadanand, Kamlesh and K.G. Vijayakrishnan. 1993. Pitch Patterns
Associated with the Glottal Fricative in Punjabi; A Preliminary
Investigation. Osmania Papers in Linguistics Vol. 19: 85 - 98.
Sampat, K.S. 1964. Tonal Structure of Majhi. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics
Vol. 25: 108 - 110.
Sandhi, B.S. 1968. The Tonal System of the Punjabi Language. Chandigarh:
Punjab University. (Parakh Vol. 1).
Sandhi, B.S. 1974. The Articulatory and Acoustic Structure of the Punjabi
Vowels. Chandigarh: Punjab University. (Parakh Vol. 2).
Sethi, Jitendra. 1971. Intonation of Statements and Questions in Panjabi.
Hyderabad, India: Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages.
74 p. (Monograph No. 6).
Sethi, Jitendra. 1978. The Vowel System in Educated Panjabi-Speakers'
Languages Bulletin Vol. 14, No. 2: 35 - 48.
Sethi, Jitendra. 1980. Word Accent in Educated Panjabi-Speakers’ English.
Bulletin Vol. 16, No. 2: 31 - 55.
Sethi, Jitendra. 1981. Sentence Stress in Educated Panjabi-Speakers’
Languages Bulletin Vol. 17, No.2: 61 - 71.
Sethi, Jitendra. 1982. Intonation in Educated Panjabi-Speakers' English.
Bulletin Vol. 18, No. 1-2: 69 - 85.
Shackle, Christopher. 1970. Punjabi in Lahore. Modern Asian Studies 4: 239
- 267.
Shackle, Christopher. 1972. Punjabi. London: English University Press.
223 p. (Teach Yourself Books).
Shackle, Christopher. 1976. The Siraiki Language of Central Pakistan.
London: School of Oriental and African Studies. 198 p.
Shackle, Christopher. 1977. Siraiki; A Language Movement in Pakistan.
Modern Asian Studies Vol. 11: 379 - 403.
Shackle, Christopher. 1979. Problems of Classification in Pakistan Panjab.
Oxford. Transactions of the Philological Society, pp. 191 - 210.
Shackle, Christopher. 1980. Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar. London.
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Vol. 43, No. 3:
482 - 510.
Shackle, Christopher and Gopal Krishna. 1979. Language and Cultural

Identity in Pakistan Panjab. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Krishna,
Gopal (ed.): Contributions to South Asian Studies Vol. 1: 137 - 160.
Shackle, Christopher, Peter G. Robb and David D. Taylor. 1979. Rival
Linguistic Identities in Pakistan Punjab. Coll. Papers on South Asia Vol.
1: 213 - 234.
Sharma, Devi Datt. 1971. Syllabic Structure of Hindi and Panjabi.
Chandigar: Panjab University. 229 p.
Sharma, Devi Datt. 1975. Striking Similarities in Dakhini Hindi and Panjabi.
Panjab University Research Bulletin (Arts) Vol. 6: 89 - 101.
Sharma, Devi Datt. 1981. Dardic Elements in Central Pahari. Hoshiarpur,
India. Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal Vol. 18, Parts 1-2: 105 -
119.
Sharma, Piare Lal. 1983. Linguistic Liaison in Punjabi Intercontinental; A
Politico-Linguistic Thesis for World-Peace. Chandigarh: Juvenile Mood.
271 p.
Shyamlal. 1983. Kangari Stylistics. Hoshiarpur, India. Vishveshvaranand
Indological Journal Vol. 21, No. 1-2: 201 - 218.
Singh, A. 1970. An Introduction to the Dialects of Punjabi. Patiala:
Department of Linguistics. Pakha Sanjam Vol. 3: 120 - 152.
Singh, A. 1979. Linguistic Interaction and Social Differentiation in a Punjab
Village. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol. 40, No. 4: 294 - 300.
Singh, A. 1981. Problem of Systematic Linguistic Differences among
Different Social Strata. Patiala: Department of Linguistics. Pakha Sanjam
Vol. 14: 95 - 104.
Singh, G. 1963. Studies in the Descriptive Aspects of Punjabi. Delhi: Delhi
Singh, Gurcaran, Saran Singh and Ravindar Kaur. 1981. Panjabi-English
Dictionary. Amritsar: Singh Brothers, Mai Sevan (third edition).
Singh, Gurdial Soofi. 1983. Punjabi. Aberdeen: Assn. for Scottish Lit.
Studies. Mc.Clure, J. Derrick (ed.): Minority Languages in Central
Scotland No. 5: 42 - 45 (1983).
Singh, H. 1968. A Comparative Study of Majhi and Multani. Patiala: Punjabi
Singh, Mayya. 1999 (c1895). The Punjabi Dictionary; Roman-Punjabi-

English. Springfield, VA: Nataraj Books. 1221 p.
Singh, Sukhvinder. 1992. Schwa-Deletion in Panjabi; A Sociolinguistic
Perspective. South Asian Language Review Vol. 2, No.2: 84 - 93.
Siyal, Nur Ahmad ibn Shamsuddin. 1975. al-Huruf va al-uluf. Bahavalpur:
Anjuman-i Hifz-i Quran. 116 p.
Smirnov, Iurii Andreevich. 1975. The Lahndi Language. Moscow: Nauka
Pub. House, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature. 162 p. (Languages of
Asia and Africa). (Translation of Iazyk lendi).
Smirnov, Y.A. 1976. Grammatika iazyka Panjabi. Moscow: Nauka. 478 p.
Temple, Richard Carnac. 1983 (c1883). A Dissertation on the Proper Names
of the Panjabis; With Special Reference to the Proper Names of Villagers
in the Eastern Panjab. Lahore: Panjabi Adabi Laihr. 228 p.
Tisdall, William St. Clair. 1961 (c1888). A Simplified Grammar and
Reading Book of the Panjabi Language. New York: F. Ungar Publ. Co.
136 p.
Tolstaya, N.I. 1960. Iazyk Pandzhabi. Moscow: Nauka.
Tolstoya, Nataliya Ivanovna. 1981(c1960). The Panjabi Language; A
Descriptive Grammar. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (Translation
of: Iazyk pandzhabi).
Varma, Siddheshwar. 1936. The Phonetics of Lahnda. Calcutta. Journal of
the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 2, No. 2: 47 - 118.
Varma, Siddheshwar. 1978. Pahari Language; A Linguistic Analysis.
Hoshiarpur: Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies.
Vatuk, Ved Prakash. 1966. Spoken Panjabi. New Delhi: American Peace
Corps. 30 p.
Virk, Kulwant Singh and Harbans Singh. 1948. Greater East Punjab; A Plea
for Linguistic Regrouping. Ludhiana: Jiwan Singh, Lahore Book Shop.
54 p.
Wagha, Ahsan. 1990. The Siraiki Language; Its Growth and Development.
Islamabad.
Wells, Clarice and Peter Roach. 1980. An Experimental Investigation of
Some Aspects of Tone in Punjabi. Journal of Phonetics Vol. 8: 85 - 89.
Wilson, J. 1899. Grammar and Dictionary of Western Panjabi as Spoken in

Shahpur District. Lahore: Punjab University.
Shina
Shina (Sina, Shinaki). 300,000 in Pakistan (1981 census); 20,416 in India
(1994); 320,000 in all countries. Northern Areas including Gilgit District,
scattered villages in Yasin and Ishkoman valleys, Punial, Gilgit, Haramosh,
lower Hunza Valley; Diamer District, Chilas area, Darel and Tangir valleys,
Astor Valley; scattered areas of Baltistan District, Satpara, Kharmang, Kachura,
and other small valleys; NWFP, east part of Kohistan District, Sazin, Harban.
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina.
Dialects: GILGITI (GILGIT, PUNIAL, HUNZA-NAGAR, BAGROTE,
HARAMOSH, RONDU, BUNJI), ASTORI (ASTOR, GUREZI, DRAS, SATPARA,
KHARMANGI), CHILASI KOHISTANI (CHILAS, DAREL, TANGIR, SAZIN,
HARBAN). 79% to 99% lexical similarity within the Gilgiti (Northern) dialect
cluster, 81% to 96% among the Astori (Eastern) cluster, 84% to 98% among the
Chilas (Diamer) cluster. Gilgit functions as the language standard. Shina is the
primary language in Gilgit and Diamer districts. ‘Brocpa’ is the name used for
Shina speakers in Baltistan and Ladakh. ‘Brokskat’ refers to their language.
‘Brokskat’ is used semi-officially in India to refer to a highly divergent variety of
Shina spoken by Buddhists. Below 20% literacy rate. Muslim, some Shi'a, some
Sunni.
Shina, Kohistani (Palasi-Kohistani, Kohistani, Kohistyo). 200,000

(1981 census). East bank of the Indus in Kohistan District, NWFP, in the Jalkot,
Palas, and Kolai valleys and surrounding areas. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian,
Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina. Dialects: PALASI, JALKOTI,
KOLAI. A somewhat divergent variety of Shina linguistically and socially. Closer
to Shina of Chilas, but more distinct from that of Gilgit. Mainly Sunni Muslim.
Ali, Usman. 1991. Shinalogi. Gilgit: Usmani Kitabkhana. 144 p.

Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1924. Grammar of the Shina (Sina) Language;
Consisting of a Full Grammar, with Texts and Vocabularies of the Main
or Gilgiti Dialect and Briefer Grammars (with Vocabularies and Texts)
of the Kohistani, Guresi and Drasi Dialects. London: The Royal Asiatic
Society. 285 p. (Royal Asiatic Society Prize Publication Fund Vol. 8).
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1924. Notes on Gilgit Phonetics by Col. Lorimer.
London. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 435 - 439.
89
90 Shina
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1925. Are the Four Series (Front t, d, r, n; Back t,
d, r, b; Aspirates and Non-Aspirates) Found in Shina? London. Journal of
the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 87 - 93.
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1925. Dentals and Cerebrals in Shina. Journal of
the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 497 - 498.
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1925. The Sounds of Shina. London. Bulletin of
Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1927. West Himalayan ‘bohri’ and Shina ‘bodu’.
London. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 316 - 318.
Berger, Hermann. 1954. Eine eigentümliche Analogiebildung im Verbum
des Shina. München. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft Vol. 5:
84 - 90.
Berger, Hermann. 1961. Die mit -ar- erweiterten Verben des Shina; Shina
Verbs augmented by -ar-. Wien. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd-
und Ostasiens Vol. 5: 53 - 67.
Biddulph, John. 1885. Dialects of Tribes of the Hindu Kush; Shina,
Language of Gilgit; Khowar, Language of Chitral. London. Journal of the
Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 17: 89 - 144.
Buddruss, Georg. 1987. Zur ältesten Sammlung von Sprichwörtern und
Rätseln in der Shina-Sprache. Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik Vol.
13/14: 39 - 57.
Buddruss, Georg. 1993. Das Gedicht von Muhammad Amin Zia ‘An meine
Lebensgefährtin’; Übersetzung aus der Shina-Sprache und Kommentar.
Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. Sontheimer, G.D. (ed.): Südasien-Anthologie: 44
Übersetzungen aus südasiatischen Literaturen, pp. 1 - 4.
Buddruss, Georg. 1996. Shina-Rätsel. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Kapp, D.B.
(ed.): Nanavidhaikata; Festschrift für Hermann Berger, pp. 29 - 54.
Carree, A. 1989. Phonologie du dialecte Shina de Dah-Hanu. Rohan, France:
College Public. (Master's Thesis).
Grierson, George A. 1924. On Shina Cerebrals. London. Journal of the
Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 656 - 663.
Shina 91
Grierson, George A. 1925. Once again on Shina Cerebrals. London. Journal

of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 304 - 314.
Hook, Peter Edwin. 1990. A Note on Expressions of Involuntary Experience
in the Shina of Skardu. London. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and
Hook, Peter Edwin. 1996. Kesar of Layul; A Central Asian Epic in the Shina
of Gultari. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel. Hanaway, William and Wilma Heston
(eds.): Studies in the Popular Cultures of Pakistan, pp. 121 - 183.
Hook, Peter Edwin. 1997. Relative Clauses in Eastern Shina. Washington:
Institute for the Study of Man. Michalove, Peter, Iren Hegedus and
Alexis Manaster-Ramer (eds.): Festschrift for Vitaly Shevoroshkin
(Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series), pp. 140 -154.
Koul, Omkar N. and Ruth Laila Schmidt. 1984. Dardistan Revisited; An
Examination of the Relationship between Kashmiri and Shina. New
Delhi: Bahri Publications. Koul, Omkar N. and Peter Edwin Hook (eds.):
Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics, pp. 1 - 26.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1924. Notes on the Phonetics of the Gilgit Dialect of
Shina. London. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Part I: 1 - 42; Part
II: 177 - 212.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1924. Review of Bailey’s Grammar of the Shina
Language. London. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies Vol. 3: 829
- 842.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1924. The Forms and Nature of the Transitive Verb in
Shina (Gilgit Dialect). London. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies
Vol. 3: 467 - 493.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1927. On the Conjugation of the Transitive Verb in the
Principal Dialects of Shina. London. Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society, pp. 717 - 764.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1927. The Conjugation of the Transitive Verb in the
Principal Dialects of Shina. London. Journal of the Royal Asiatic
Society, pp. 717 - 764.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1925. Review: T.G. Bailey, Grammar of the Shina
(Sina) Language. Copenhagen. Acta Orientalia Vol. 4: 116 - 117.
Namus, Mohammad Shuja. 1955. Gilgit aur Shina Zaban; Gilgit and the
Shina Language. Bahawalpur, Pakistan: Urdu Academy. 499 p.
92 Shina
Namus, Mohammad Shuja. 1963. The Origin of the Shina Language.

Lahore: Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan. Dil, Anwar S. (ed.):
Pakistani Linguistics, pp. 55 - 60.
Namus, Mohammad Shuja. 1965. A Comparative Study of Some Features of
Urdu and Shina. Lahore: Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan. Dil,
Anwar S. (ed.): Studies in Pakistani Linguistics, pp. 67 - 78.
Radloff, Carla F. 1992. The Dialects of Shina. Islamabad: National Institute
of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Backstrom,
Peter C. and Carla F. Radloff: Languages of Northern Areas
Radloff, Carla F. 1999. Aspects of the Sound System of Gilgiti Shina.
Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of
Radloff, Carla F. with Shakil Ahmad Shakil. 1998. Folktales in the Shina of
Gilgit; Text, Grammatical Analysis and Commentary. Islamabad:
Rajapurohit, B.B. 1983. Shina Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of
Indian Languages. 57 p. (Phonetic Reader Series Vol. 24).
Ramaswami, N. 1975. Brokskat Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute
of Indian Languages. 128 p. (Phonetic Reader Series Vol. 16).
Ramaswami, N. 1982. Brokskat Grammar. Mysore: Central Institute of
Indian Languages. 100 p. (Grammar Series Vol. 8).
Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1984. The Shina Speakers of Pakistan and India.
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Weekes, Richard V. (ed.):
Muslim Peoples (Second Edition), Vol. 2: 678 - 684.
Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1985. Morphological Criteria for Distinguishing
Categories of Transitivity in Shina. Bloomington: Indiana University
Linguistics Club. Zide, Arlene R.K. David Magier and Eric Schiller
(eds.): Proceedings of the Conference on Participant Roles; South Asia
and Adjacent Areas, pp. 33 - 47.
Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1985. Where Have the Shina Speakers Come from?;
Some Linguistics Clues. Islamabad. Journal of Central Asia Vol. 8, No.
1: 17 - 26.
Shina 93
Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1983. Investigation of Tonal Contrasts in Two Shina

Dialects. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. Rajpurohit, B.B.
(ed.): Papers in Phonetics and Phonology, pp. 31- 42.
Schmidt, Ruth Laila and Mohammed M. Zarin. 1981. The Phonology and
Tonal System of Palas /kohis'tyo:/ Shina. München. Münchener Studien
zur Sprachwissenschaft Vol. 40: 155 - 185.
Schmidt, Ruth Laila and Razwal Kohistani. 1998. Paalus kostyo Shina
Revisited. Copenhagen. Acta Orientalia Vol. 59: 106 - 149.
Shah, Ijlal Hussain. 1994. The Pragmatics of Formality and Politeness in
Burushaski and Shina. Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University. (M.Phil.
Thesis).
Taj, Abdulkhaliq. 1989. Shina qa'idah. Gilgit: Usmani Kitabkhana. 96 p.
Wilson, J. and George A. Grierson. 1899. On the Gurezi Dialect of Shina.
Zia, Mohammed Amin. 1986. Shina Qa'ida aur Grammar; (Shina Rules and
Grammar). Pakistan: Zia Publications.
Torwali (Turvali)
60,000 (1987). Swat Kohistan, on both sides of Swat River from just beyond Madyan
north to Asrit (between Mankial and Peshmal), and in Chail Valley east of Madyan,
Bahrain and Chail are centers. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan,
Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani. Dialects: BAHRAIN, CHAIL. 44% lexical
similarity with Kalkoti and Kalami, 89% between Bahrain and Chail. Men are fairly
bilingual in Pashto, more limited in Urdu. Women are limited in use of Pashto, and
know almost no Urdu. Sunni Muslim.

of Some Southeast Dardic Dialects. Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for
Sprongvidenskap Vol. 18. Also in The Encyclopedia of Islam, 1961.
Grierson, George A. and Aurel Stein. 1929. Torwali; An Account of a
Dardic Language of the Swat Kohistan. London: Royal Asiatic Society.
216 p. (Royal Asiatic Society Prize Publication Fund Vol. 11).
Karimi, Abdul Hamid Khan. 1995 (c1982). Urdu-Kohistani Bol Chaal;
(Urdu-Kohistani Conversation). Bahrain, Swat: Kohistan Adab
Academy, 31 p.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1930. Notes on Torwali. Copenhagen: Acta
Orientalia Vol. 8: 294 - 310.
94
Urdu (including literature on the structure of Hindi)
Urdu. 10,719,000 mother tongue speakers in Pakistan (1993), 7.57% of the
population; 45,773,000 in India (1994 IMA); 600,000 in Bangladesh (1993); 18,500
in Bahrain (1979 WA); 17,800 in Oman (1980 WA); 15,400 in Qatar; 382,000 in
Saudi Arabia; 3,562 in Fiji (1980 WA); 23,000 in Germany; 14,000 in Norway;
56,584,000 or more in all countries. Also in Afghanistan, South Africa, Mauritius,
United Arab Emirates, Thailand, United Kingdom. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian,
Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, Hindustani. The second or third language
of most Pakistanis for whom it is not the mother tongue. Arabic script in Nastaliq
style with several extra characters is used. Intelligible with Hindi, but has formal
vocabulary borrowed from Arabic and Persian. The Valmiki (Balmiki) sweeper caste
speaks standard Urdu or Hindi and do not have their own language. Valmiki in
Attock District are reported to speak a dialect of Panjabi. National language.
Muslim.
Abdul Haq, Mehr. 1967. Multani zabaan aur us ka Urdu se ta'alluq. 708 p.
Ahmad, M. 1964. A Contrastive Phonological Study of English and Urdu
with Special Reference to Some Major Problems of Pronunciation.
Bangor: University of North Wales. (Unpublished Paper).
Akhtar, Saleem. 1995. Urdu Zaban Ki Mukhtasar Tareen Tareekh; (Urdu:
The Briefest History of the Urdu Language). Islamabad: National
Language Authority.
Alam Astori, Said. 1991. Shimali ilaqahjat men Urdu. Rattu: Said Alam
Astori. 184 p.
Alam, Q.Z. 1980. Commands and Requests in English and Urdu. Pune,
Anjum, Tanveer. 1991. Urdu-English Code-Switching in the Speech of
Pakistani Women in Texas. Austin: University of Texas. (Dissertation).
Ansari, Zoe. 1964. Urdu - Russkii Slovar'. Soviet Encyclopedia.
Bahl, Kali Charan. 1964. A Study in the Transformational Analysis of the
Hindi Verb. Chicago. 320 p.
Bahl, Kali Charan. 1974. Studies in the Semantic Structure of Hindi;
Synonymous Nouns and Adjectives with karana. Vol. I. New Delhi:
Motilal Banarsidass. 409 p.
95
96 Urdu
Bahl, Kali Charan. 1978 (c1967). A Reference Grammar of Hindi; (A Study

of Some Selected Topics in Hindi Grammar). Chicago: University of
Chicago. (Vol. 1 - 3).
Bahl, Kali Charan. 1979. Studies in the Semantic Structure of Hindi;
Synonymous Nouns and Adjectives with karana. Vol. II. New Delhi:
Manohar. 272 p.
Bahri, Ujjal Singh. 1981. Topics in Hindi Linguistics (Vol. I). New Delhi:
Bahri Publications. 122 p.
Bailey, Thomas Grahame, J.R. Firth and A.H. Harley (eds.). 1956. Teach
Yourself Urdu. London: English Universities Press. 314 p. (Teach
Yourself Books).
Bains, Gurprit Singh. 2000. Complex Structures in Hindi-Urdu; Explorations
in Government and Binding Theory. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
(Monographs in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language Vol. 3).
Bansal, R.K. 1981. English and Hindi; A Contrastive Phonological Study.
Bulletin Vol. 17: 51 - 60.
Barker, Muhammad Abd-Al-Rahman. 1967. Spoken Urdu. Ithaca, NY:
Spoken Language Services, Inc. (Vols. 1 - 3 and cassettes).
Bashir, Elena. 1991. A Contrastive Analysis of Balochi and Urdu.
1991).
Bashir, Elena. 1991. A Contrastive Analysis of Brahui and Urdu.
1991).
Urdu 97
Bashir, Elena. 1991. A Contrastive Analysis of Pashto and Urdu.

1991).
Bharati, Surabhi. 1994. Aspects of the Phonology of Hindi and English. New
Delhi: Arnold Publishers. 176 p.
Bokhari, S. 1985. Phonology of Urdu Language. Karachi: Royal Book
Company.
Bright, William and S.A. Khan. 1976. Urdu Writing System. Ithaca, N.Y.:
Spoken Services. 48 p.
Butt, Miriam. 1995. The Structure of Complex Predicates in Urdu. Stanford,
CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information. (Dissertations in
Linguistics).
Chatterji, Suniti Kumar. 1960 (c1942). Indo-Aryan and Hindi; Eight
Lectures Originally Delivered in 1940 before the Gujarat Vernacular
Society, Ahmedabad. Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay (Rev. and
enl. 2d ed.). 329 p.
Chaturvedi, Malaravindam. 1973. A Contrastive Study of Hindi-English
Phonology. Delhi: National Publishing House. 135 p.
Damron, Rebecca Lynn. 1997. Prosody in Urdu and Pakistani English
Conversational Discourse. Oklahoma State University. (Dissertation).
Daoodi, Khalil ur Rahman (ed.). 1962. Qawaid-e-Zaban-e-Urdu; (The Rules
of the Urdu Language). Lahore: Majlis-e-Taraqqi-e-Adab.
Davis, K. 1994. Stop Voicing in Hindi. Journal of Phonetics Vol. 22 No. 2:
177 - 193.
Davison, Alice. 1987. WH-Movement in Hindi-Urdu Relative Clauses.
Michigan: University of Michigan. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences
Vol. 17, No. 1: 25 - 33.
98 Urdu
Dil, Anwar S. 1964. An Outline of Urdu Sentence Structure. Lahore:

Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan. 64 p.
Dil, Anwar S. (comp.). 1965. Studies in Pakistani Linguistics. Lahore:
Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan. 231 p. (Pakistani Linguistics
Series Vol. 5).
D'souza, Jean. 1987. Schwa Syncope and Vowel Nasalization in Hindi-Urdu;
A Non-Linear Approach. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics
Club. Bashir, Elena, Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter Edwin Hook
(eds.): Select Papers from SALA-7: South Asian Languages Analysis
Roundtable Conference Held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 17-19, 1985,
pp. 94 - 117.
Durrani, Atash. 1993. Urdu Istilahat Sazi; (Neologism in Urdu). Islamabad:
Anjuman Sharqia Islamia.
Dwivedi, Veena Dhar. 1994. Syntactic Dependencies and Relative Phrases in
Hindi. Amherst: University of Massachusetts. 249 p. (Ph.D. dissertation).
Faridkoti, Ainul Haq. 1972. Urdu Zaban Ki Qadeem Tareekh; (The Ancient
History of the Urdu Language). Lahore: Orient Research Centre.
Gambhir, Surendra Kumar. 1983. Spoken Hindi-Urdu; With Emphasis on
Intonation in Natural Conversation. Madison: South Asian Studies,
University of Wisconsin-Madison. 150 p. (Accompanied by a set of
twenty tapes).
Gambhir, Vijay. 1981. Syntactic Restrictions and Discourse Functions of
Word Order in Standard Hindi. University of Pennsylvania. 361 p. (Ph.D.
dissertation).
Geijbels, M. and J.S. Addleton. 1986. The Rise and Development of Urdu
and The importance of Regional Languages in Pakistan. Rawalpindi:
Christian Study Centre. 60 p. (C.S.C. No. 22).
Glassman, Eugene H. 1988. Spoken Urdu. Lahore: Nirali Kitaben 1977.
(Book and cassettes).
Grainger, Peter J. 1986. Making a Sound Start in Urdu. Lahore: Nirali
Kitaben.
Gumperz, John J. 1958. Phonological Differences in Three Hindi Dialects.
Language Vol. 34: 212 - 224.
Urdu 99
Gupta, A. 1987. Hindi Word Stress and the Obligatory-Branching Parameter.

Papers from the Annual Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic
Society.
Gupta, S. 1986. Discourse Grammar of Hindi; A Study in Relative Clauses.
New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Gurtu, Madhu. 1992. Anaphoric Relations in Hindi and English. New Delhi:
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 119 p.
Hamid, S.B. 1983. Urdu. Minority Languages in Central Scotland No. 5: 36 -
41.
Haq, Abdul. 1936. Qawaid-e-Urdu; (Urdu Grammar). New Delhi: Anjuman
Taraqi-e-Urdu.
Hasan, R. 1983. Urdu English, Urdish; Higher Education Review. Lahore:
Vanguard.
Hook, Peter Edwin. 1973, 1977. The Compound Verb in Hindi. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan. 318 p. (Michigan Series in South and Southeast
Asian Languages and Linguistics Vol. 1).
Hook, Peter Edwin and Omkar N. Koul. 1992. Reflexive Possessives in
Kashmiri and Hindi-Urdu; Evidence for an Antecedency Hierarchy.
South Asian Language Review Vol. 2: 68 - 83.
Hook, Peter Edwin (with O.N. Koul and A.K. Koul). 1987. Differential S-
Marking in Marathi, Hindi-Urdu, and Kashmiri. Chicago. Papers from
the Twenty-Third Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistics Society, pp.
148 - 165.
Hussain, Sarmad. 1997. Phonetic Correlates of Lexical Stress in Urdu.
Evanston, IL: Northwestern University. (Ph.D. dissertation).
Hussain, Sarmad and Rami Nair. 1995. Voicing and Aspiration Contrast in
Hindi and Urdu. Chicago: University of Chicago. Proceedings of the 31st
Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society.
Javed, Asmat. 1981. Nae Urdu Qawaid; The New Grammar of Urdu. New
Delhi: Taraqqi-e-Urdu Bureau.
Junghare, Indira Y. 1988. Discourse Considerations for Marathi and Hindi
Syntax. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol. 49: 66 - 79.
Kachru, Yamuna. 1979. Pragmatics and Verb Serialization in Hindi-Urdu.
Studies in the Linguistic Sciences Vol. 9: 157 - 169.
100 Urdu
Kachru, Yamuna. 1980. Aspects of Hindi Grammar. New Delhi: Manohar.

Kachru, Yamuna. 1981. On the Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics of the
Conjunctive Participle in Hindi-Urdu. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences
Vol. 11: 35 - 49.
Kachru, Yamuna. 1987. Cross-Cultural Texts, Discourse Strategies and
Discourse Interpretation. New York: Prentice Hall. Smith, L.E. (ed.):
Discourse Across Cultures, pp. 87 - 100.
Kachru, Yamuna. 1987. Ergativity, Subjecthood and Topicality. Lingua Vol.
71: 223 - 228.
Kachru, Yamuna. 1990. Hindi-Urdu. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Comrie, Bernard (ed.): The World's Major Languages, pp. 470 - 489.
Kachru, Yamuna, Braj B. Kachru and Tej K. Bhatia. 1976. The Notion
‘Subject’; A Note on Hindi-Urdu, Kashmiri, and Panjabi. Madison:
Khan, Baber S. 1987. The Ergative Case in Hindi-Urdu. Urbana, IL. Studies
in the Linguistic Sciences Vol. 17, No. 1: 91 - 101.
Khan, Baber S. 1989. A Note of Disagreement on Verb Agreement in Hindi-
Urdu. Linguistics Vol. 27: 71 - 87.
Khubchandani, L.M. 1988. Pragmatics of Hindi-Urdu Address and
Reference System. Khubchandani, L.M. (ed.): Language in a Plural
Society, pp. 77 - 98.
Kidwai, Ayesha. 2000. XP-Adjunction in Universal Grammar; Scrambling
and Binding in Hindi-Urdu. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 181 p.
(Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax).
Koshal, Sanyukta. 1978. Conflicting Phonological Patterns; A study in the
Adaptation of English Loan Words in Hindi. New Delhi: Bahri
Publications.
Koul, Omkar N. 1982. Topics in Hindi Linguistics (Vol. 2). New Delhi:
Bahri Publications. 204 p.
Koul, Omkar N. 1990. The Use of the Particles in Hindi. Kerala, India.
International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics Vol. 19, No. 1: 22 - 36.
Urdu 101
Mahmud, Shabana. 1992. Urdu Language and Literature; A Bibliography of

Sources in European Languages. London: Mansell Publishing Company.
331 p.
Masica, Colin P. 1981 (1982). Identified Object Marking in Hindi and Other
Languages. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. Koul, Omkar N. (ed.): Topics
in Hindi Linguistics Vol. 2: 16 - 50.
Matin, M.M. 1954. The National Language of Pakistan. Karachi: Movieland
Printing Press.
Mehrotra, R. 1965. Stress in Hindi. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol. 26:
96 - 105.
Misra, K.S. 1977. Terms of Address and Second Person Pronominal Usage
in Hindi. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. 75 p.
Mohanan, Tara. 1994. Argument Structure in Hindi. Stanford, CA: Center
for the Study of Language and Information. (Dissertations in
Linguistics).
Moizuddin, Mohammad. 1989. Word Forms in Urdu. Islamabad: National
Language Authority. 108 p. (Publication Series Vol. 151).
Mughal, Shaukat. 1987. Qadeem Urdu Ki Lughat aur Siraiki Zaban; (The
Vocabulary of Old Urdu and the Siraiki Language). Multan: Siraiki
Isha'ati Idara.
Murree Language Board. 1987. Urdu Language Course. Lahore: Nirali
Kitaben. (with readers and five cassettes).
Naim, C.M. R.S. Ahmad, S.S. Nadvi and M.A. Haq. 1975. Introductory
Urdu. Chicago: University of Chicago. (Two Volumes).
Nair, Rami. 1999. Syllables and Word-Edges. Evanston, IL: Northwestern
n.n. n.d. Popular Oxford Practical Dictionary; English to English and Urdu.
Lahore: Oriental Book Society. 673 p.
n.n. n.d. Popular Oxford Practical Dictionary; Urdu to Urdu and English.
Lahore: Oriental Book Society. 673 p.
102 Urdu
n.n. n.d. Popular Oxford Practical Pocket Dictionary; English to English and
Urdu. Lahore: Oriental Book Society. 895 p.
n.n. n.d. Popular Oxford Practical Pocket Dictionary; Urdu to Urdu and
English. Lahore: Oriental Book Society. 911 p.
n.n. 1973. English to English and Urdu dictionary. Lahore: Ferozsons
Limited.
n.n. 1989. Hindi Urdu "Bol Chaal"; A Beginners' Course in Spoken Hindi
and Urdu on BBC Television. London: BBC Books. 215 p.
Ohala, M. 1977. Stress in Hindi. Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern
California, Department of Linguistics. Hyman, L. (ed.): Studies in Stress
and Accent (Occasional Papers in Linguistics Vol. 4), pp. 327 - 338.
Ohala, M. 1983. Aspects of Hindi Phonology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Ohala, M. 1986. A Search for the Phonetic Correlates of Hindi Stress. Delhi:
Motilal Banarsidass. Krishnamurti, Bh. (ed.): South Asian Languages;
Structure, Convergence and Diglossia.
Pandey, P.K. 1989. Word Accentuation in Hindi. Lingua Vol. 77: 37 - 73.
Pattanayak, D.P. 1966. A Controlled Historical Reconstruction of Oriya,
Assamese, Bengali, and Hindi. The Hague: Mouton.
Pierrehumbert, Janet and Rami Nair. 1996. Implications of Hindi Prosodic
Structure. Salford, Manchester: European Studies Research Institute,
University of Salford. Durand, Jacques and Bernard Laks (eds.): Current
Trends in Phonology; Models and Methods.
Platts, John T. 1965 (c1884). A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and
English. London: Oxford University Press. 1259 p.
Platts, John T. 1967 (c1892). A Grammar of the Hindustani or Urdu
Language. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. 399 p.
Porizka, Vincenc. 1954. Notes on R.N. Vale’s Theory of Verbal
Composition in Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati and Marathi. Archiv Orientalni
Vol. 22: 114 - 128.
Pray, Bruce R. 1970. Topics in Hindi-Urdu Grammar. Berkeley, CA:
University of California, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies.
Urdu 103
Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad. n.d. Standard Dictionary; Urdu into English.

Lahore: Kitabistan Publishing Co.
Rahman, Shah Ebadur. 1981. A Contrastive Grammar of English and Urdu
Form Classes. Northern Illinois University. 246 p. (Ph.D. Thesis).
Rahman, Tariq. 1994. Urdu-Hindi Controversy. Pakistan Journal of History
and Culture Vol. 15, No. 2: 19 - 45.
Rahman, Tariq. 1996. The English-Urdu Controversy in Pakistan. Modern
Asia Studies Vol. 31, No. 1: 177 - 207.
Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Cultural Imperialism and the Pragmatics of Urdu in
Pakistan. PILC Journal of Dravidic Studies Vol. 7, No. 2: 181 - 199.
Rai, Amrit. 1991. A House Divided; The Origin and Development of Hindi-
Urdu. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Russell, Ralph. 1980. Urdu, Hindi, Hindustani, and the Other Languages of
South Asian Immigrants; A New Course in Hindustani. London: The
School of Oriental and African Studies.
Russell, Ralph. 1981 - 1986. A New Course in Urdu and Spoken Hindi.
London: School of Oriental and African Studies. (Vol. 1 and 2: An
Outline of Grammar and Common Usage, Vol. 3: Rapid Readings, Vol.
4: The Urdu Script).
Sabzwari, Shaukat. 1966. Urdu Lisaniyat; (Urdu Linguistics). Karachi:
Maktaba Takhleeq Adab.
Saleemi, Anjum. 1995. On the Acquisition of Split Ergativity; Some
Evidence from Urdu. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language
and Information. Clark, E. (ed.): The Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth
Annual Child Language Research Forum.
Saleemi, Anjum P. 1994. ‘If That’s the Case, I Don’t Agree’; Case,
Agreement and Phrase Structure in Hindi-Urdu. Iowa City, IA: South
Asian Studies Program, University of Iowa. Davison, Alice and
Frederick M. Smith (eds.): Papers from the Fifteenth South Asian
Language Analysis Roundtable Conference 1993, pp. 277 - 295.
Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1999. Urdu; An Essential Grammar. London:
Routledge.
104 Urdu
Shackle, Christopher, Peter G. Robb and David D. Taylor. 1979. Rival

Linguistic Identities in Pakistan Punjab. Coll. Papers on South Asia Vol.
1: 213 - 234.
Shahab, Mas'ud Hasan. 1983. Bahavalpur men Urdu. Bahavalpur: Urdu
Ikaidami. 344 p.
Shahidah Begam. 1980. Sindh men Urdu. Karachi: Urdu Akaidmi Sindh.
397 p.
Sharma, A. 1969. Hindi Word Accent. Pune, India. Indian Linguistics Vol.
30: 115 - 118.
Sharma, Devi Datt. 1975. Striking Similarities in Dakhini Hindi and Panjabi.
Panjab University Research Bulletin (Arts) Vol. 6: 89 - 101.
Sheorey, Surekha. 1977. A Contrastive Analysis of the Segmental Phonemes
of Hindi and English. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin. (M.A.
Thesis).
Shirani, Hafiz Mahmood. 1928. Punjab Mein Urdu; (Urdu in the Punjab).
Lahore: Kitab Numa.
Siddiqi, Tahsin. 1987. The Volitionality Tests and the Passive in Hindi-
Urdu. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club. Bashir, Elena,
Siyal, Nur Ahmad ibn Shamsuddin. 1975. al-Huruf va al-uluf. Bahavalpur:
Anjuman-i Hifz-i Quran. 116 p.
Toshkhani, S.K. (ed.). 1967 - 1980. Urdu-Kashmiri Farhang; (Urdu-
Kashmiri Dictionary). Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art,
Culture and Languages. (Vol. I - IX).
Zakir, Mohammed. 1970. Lessons in Urdu Script. Delhi: Idara-e-Amini.
93 p.
Ushojo (Ushuji)
2,000 (1992). Upper reaches of Bishigram (Chail) Valley, east of Madyan, Swat
Kohistan. 12 villages. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone,
Dardic, Shina. Not known by linguists until 1989. Reportedly came from Kolai, Indus
Kohistan several hundred years ago. 50% lexical similarity with Kolai Shina, 48%
with Palas Shina, 42% with Gilgiti Shina, 35% with Chail Torwali, 31% with Biori
Phalura, 27% with Bateri, 23% with Kalami, 22% with Kalkoti. It is reported that
children are learning Ushojo in the home, but Pashto seems to be influencing some
adult speech. Pashto appears to be the main second language used. Education in
Urdu is limited. Typology: SOV. Mountain valleys. Sunni Muslim.
Decker, Sandra J. 1992. Ushojo. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan

Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Rensch, Calvin R. Sandra J.
Decker and Daniel G. Hallberg: Languages of Kohistan (Sociolinguistic
Keiser, Lincoln. 1991. Notes on the Ethnography of Bishegram. Paper
presented at the 20th Annual Conference of South Asia, University of
Winconsin.
105
Wakhi (Wakhani, Wakhigi, Vakhan, Khik)
9,100 in Pakistan including 4,500 to 6,000 Gojal, 2,000 Ishkoman, 200 Yasin, 900
Yarkhun (1992), plus refugees; 7,000 in Afghanistan (1979); 7,000 in Tajikistan
(1993); 6,000 in China; 29,000 in all countries. Northeasternmost part of Chitral,
called Baroghil area; in glacier neighborhood. Gojal is in the upper Hunza valley
from Gulmit to the Chinese and Afghanistan borders, and the Shimshal and
Chupursan valleys; also in upper Yarkhun valley of Chitral, and upper Ishkoman
valley. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir.
Dialects: GOJAL, ISHKOMAN, YASIN, YARKHUN. Ishkoman and Gojal have 84%
lexical similarity, Yasin and Gojal 89%, Ishkoman and Yasin 91%. Dialect
intelligibility is reported to not be a problem even with those in other countries.
Speakers have a positive language attitude toward Wakhi and Urdu, in which men
and young people are fairly bilingual. Fewer than half the women, and few older
people in remote areas speak Urdu. Older people and those who live in mixed
villages in Gojal can use Burushaski. The people are called ‘Guhjali’ in upper
Hunza, but call themselves ‘Khik’. Valleys. Pastoralists: sheep, goats, cattle, yak,
camels; agriculturalists: barley. Ismaili Muslim.
Backstrom, Peter C. 1992. Wakhi. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan

Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Backstrom, Peter C. and
Carla F. Radloff: Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic Survey
of Northern Pakistan Vol. 2), pp. 57 - 74.
Bashir, Elena. 1986. Beyond Split-Ergativity; Subject-Marking in Wakhi.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
10 - 13, 1988.
Biddulph, John. 1873. Vocabulary of Sarikoli, Wakhan and Kunjoot
Dialects. Calcutta. Biddulph, John: Report on a Linguistic Mission to
Yarkand in 1873.
Buddruss, Georg. 1974. Neuiranische Wortstudien; Zur Wakhi-Sprache in
Hunza. München. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft Vol. 32: 9
- 40.
Buddruss, Georg. 1986. Wakhi-Sprichworter aus Hunza. München:
Kitzinger. Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.): Studia Grammatica Iranica; Festschrift
für Helmut Humbach, pp. 27 - 44.
106
Wakhi 107
Buddruss, Georg. (in press). Eine einheimische Sammlung von Wakhi-

Sprichwörtern aus Hunza; Text, Übersetzung, Glossar. St. Petersburg.
Gedenkband für G.A. Grjunberg.
Buddruss, Georg and S. Wiehler-Schneider. 1978. Wakhi-Lieder aus Hunza.
Jahrbuch für Musikalische Volks- und Völkerkunde Vol. 9: 89 - 110.
Gryunberg, Aleksandr L. and I.M. Steblin-Kamenskij. 1976. Vaxanskii
iazyk; Teksty, slovar, grammaticeskii ocerk. Moscow. (Iazyki
vostocnogo Gindukusha).
Gryunberg, Aleksandr L. and I.M. Steblin-Kamenskij. 1988. La langue
Wakhi. Paris: Fondation de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme.
(translated from: Vaxanskii iazyk, 1976).
Hjuler, A. 1912. The Languages Spoken in the Western Pamir (Shughnan
and Vakhan). Kopenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel - Nordisk Forlag.
Kieffer, Charles M. 1978. Einführung in die Wakhi-Sprache und Glossar.
Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. Senarclens de Grancy, R.
and R. Kostka (eds.): Grosser Pamir: Österreichisches Forschungs-
unternehmen 1975 in den Wakhan-Pamir/Afghanistan, pp. 345 - 374.
Klimitskiy, S.I. 1936. Vaxanskie teksti. Moscow. Trudy akademii nauk
SSSR, tadzhikskii filial Vol. 3: 75 - 124.
Kreutzmann, H. 1991. The Wakhi of the Karakorum. Tübingen. Culture
Kreutzmann, H. 1992. The Wakhi of the Karakorum. Tübingen. Culture
Kreutzmann, H. 1994. The Wakhi; Living on the Roof of the World. The
Encyclopedia of Humankind Vol. 5: 36 - 37.
Lorimer, David L.R. 1958. The Wakhi Language. London: School of
Oriental and African Studies. (Vol. 1: Introduction, Phonetics, Grammar,
Texts).
Mock, John Howard. 1998. The Discursive Construction of Reality in the
Wakhi Community of Northern Pakistan. Berkeley, University of
California. (Ph.D. Dissertation).
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1973 (c1938). Iranian Pamir Languages; Yidgha-
Munji, Sanglechi-Ishkashmi and Wakhi. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget (2nd
ed. rev.). (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages Vol. 2).
108 Wakhi
Pakhalina, T.N. 1966. Vaxanskii iazyk. Moscow. Iazyki narodov SSSR, pp.
398 - 415.
Pakhalina, T.N. 1975. Vaxanskii iazyk. Moscow: Akademiya Nauk SSSR.
Payne, John R. 1989. Pamir Languages. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.
444.
Reinhold, B. 1991. The Wakhi-Language. Tübingen. Culture Area
Karakorum Newsletter Vol. 1: 42.
Reinhold, B. 1992. A Collection of Oral Literature in Wakhi Language.
Tübingen. Culture Area Karakorum Newsletter Vol. 2: 116 - 117.
Reinhold, B. 1992. Seven Wakhi Poems. London. Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society Vol. 3: 203 - 211.
Reinhold, B. 1994. The Wakhi Communities of the Northern Areas; Current
Developments and Further Prospects. Tübingen. Culture Area
Karakorum Newsletter Vol. 3: 91 - 93.
Shahrani, M. Nazif. 1979. The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan. Seattle:
University of Washington Press.
Shaw, R.B. 1876. On the Ghalchah Languages (Wakhi and Sari-koli).
Calcutta. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. 45, No. 1-2: 139 -
278.
pp. 370 - 383.
Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. 1970. Folklor Vaxana. Leningrad: Akademia Nauk
SSSR. Folklor i etnografia, pp. 212 - 219.
Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. 1971. Istoriceskaia fonetika vaxanskogo iazyka.
Leningrad. Avtoreferat.
Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. 1982. Venok iz Vaxana. Leiden. Monumentum
Georg Morgenstierne Vol. 2: 228 - 249.
Waneci (Wanechi, Wanetsi, Vanechi, Tarino, Chalgari)
90,000 (1992). Northeastern Baluchistan Province, Harnai area. Indo-European,
Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto. 71% to 75% lexical similarity
with Southern Pashto, 63% to 72% with other Pashto varieties, 27% with Ormuri.
Below 5% literate. Muslim.
Askar, Umar Gul. 1972. Wanechi. Quetta: Pashto Academy, Balochistan.

Elfenbein, Josef H. 1972. Waneci. Afghanistan Vol. 25, No. 1: 28 - 72.
Septfonds, Daniel. 1989. Du pashto standard au wanetsi: /Kawel/ ou /krel/?
Note de dialectologie pashto. Paris: Assn. pour l'Avancement des Etudes
Iraniennes. Fouchecour, C.-H. de, Ph. Gignoux (eds.): Etudes irano-
aryennes offertes a Gilbert Lazard, pp. 297 - 313.
109
Yidgha (Yudgha, Yudga, Yidga, Lutkuhwar)
5,000 to 6,000 (1991). Upper Lutkuh Valley of Chitral, west of Garam Chishma.
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir. No significant
dialect variation within Yidgha. Lexical similarity with Munji in Afghanistan is
estimated at 56% to 80%. There is not much contact with Munji. Yidgha is used in
many homes and for much in-group communication, and speakers have positive
attitudes toward it. Khowar is the main second language used, although with much
Yidgha language influence, and proficiency among women is limited. Mountain
valleys. Altitude: 7600 to 7900 feet. Ismaili Muslim.
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1973 (c1938). Iranian Pamir Languages; Yidgha-
Munji, Sanglechi-Ishkashmi and Wakhi. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget (2nd
ed. rev.). (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages Vol. 2).
pp. 370 - 383.
Skjaervo, Prods. 1989. Yidgha and Munji. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.
416.
110
Language Name Index
Arandui, 42 Chalgari, 109
Arniya, 62 Chibhali, 75
Ashreti, 73 Chiliss, 36
Astori, 3; 89; 95 Chilisso, 36; 43; 66
Bahawalpuri, 75 Chitrali, 6; 62; 64
Balti, 4; 23; 24; 25; 27; 52; 106 Chitrari, 62
Baltistani, 23 Citrali, 62
Baraki, 67 Damedi, 37
Baraks, 67 Damel, 37
Bargista, 67 Dameli, 37; 42
Bashgali, 61 Damia, 37
Bashgharik, 45 Dangarik, 73
Bashkarik, 45; 46 Dashwa, 45
Baterawal, 26 Derawali, 75
Baterawal Kohistani, 26 Dir Kohistani, 45
Bateri, 26; 36; 43; 66; 105 Diri, 45
Bateri Kohistani, 26 Dogri, 50; 59
Bhotia of Baltistan, 23 Doma, 38
Biltum, 27 Domaaki, 38
Biyori, 73 Dumaki, 38
Brokskat, 89; 92 Eastern Kativiri, 61
Brushaski, 27 English, 3; 13; 18; 24; 30; 32; 39; 40;
Burucaki, 27 41; 48; 52; 57; 62; 70; 79; 80; 81;
84; 85; 95; 96; 97; 99; 100; 101;
Burucaski, 27
102; 103; 104
Burushaki, 27
Gaawro, 45
Burushaski, 4; 23; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31;
Gabar Khel, 43
32; 33; 34; 35; 38; 62; 93; 106
Gabaro, 43
Burushki, 27
Galos, 36
Cashmeeree, 50; 57
Garwa, 45
Cashmiri, 50
Garwi, 45; 46
111
112 Language name index
Gawar-Bati, 37; 42 Kamviiri, 37

Gawri, 43; 45 Kamviri, 49; 61
Gilgiti, 6; 89; 92; 105 Kaschemiri, 50
Gogri, 44 Kashkari, 62
Gojari, 44 Kashmir Gujuri, 44
Gojri, 44 Kashmiri, 1; 10; 12; 19; 24; 50; 51;
Gowar-Bati, 42 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60;
80; 91; 99; 100
Gowari, 42
Kati, 37; 47; 49; 61
Gowri, 45
Kativiri, 61
Gowro, 36; 43; 66
Keshur, 50
Grangali, 42
Khajuna, 27
Gudoji, 37
Khawar, 62
Gujari, 44; 45; 84
Khik, 106
Gujer, 44
Khili, 66
Gujjari, 44
Khowar, 27; 45; 47; 62; 63; 64; 65;
Gujuri, 44
90; 110
Gujuri Rajasthani, 44
Khowari, 62
Hazara Hindko, 74
Kohistana, 45
Hindki, 74
Kohistani, 1; 19; 26; 36; 43; 45; 46;
Hindko, 2; 44; 74; 75; 76; 82; 83; 84; 58; 66; 89; 93; 94
85
Kohistani, Indus, 36; 43; 66
Hindko, Northern, 74
Kohiste~, 66
Hindko, Southern. 74
Kohistyo, 89
Jangli, 75
Kunjut, 27
Kacmiri, 50
Lahanda, 74; 76; 78
Kaghani, 74
Lahnda, 74; 75; 78; 87
Kalami, 36; 43; 45; 46; 62; 66; 94;
Lamertiviri, 49
105
Lutkuhwar, 110
Kalami Kohistani, 45
Mair, 66
Kalash, 47; 48
Maiyã, 66
Kalasha, 15; 47; 48; 62
Maiyon, 66
Kalashamon, 47
Majhi, 74; 84; 86
Kalkoti, 45; 94; 105
Multani, 75; 83; 86; 95
Kamdeshi, 49
Mumviri, 61
Kamik, 49
Language name index 113
Narisati, 42 Punjabi, Western, 74; 76

Narsati, 42 Purik, 23
Nuristani, 7; 11; 16; 20; 37; 49; 61 Pushto, 64; 69; 70; 71
Ormui, 67 Pusto, 69
Ormur, 67 Qashqari, 62
Ormuri, 9; 15; 67; 68; 70; 109 Rajkoti, 45
Pahari, 2; 19; 75; 86; 87 Riasiti, 75
Pahari-Potwari, 44; 74; 75 Saraiki, 74; 75
Pakhto, 69; 70 Satre, 42
Palasi-Kohistani, 89 Savi, 37; 42; 73
Palola, 73 Sbalti, 23
Palula, 73 Shekhani, 49; 61
Panjabi, Southern, 75 Shina, 23; 28; 33; 36; 38; 43; 50; 57;
Panjabi, Western, 74 62; 66; 73; 89; 90; 91; 92; 93; 105
Pashto, 9; 37; 42; 45; 49; 62; 67; 69; Shina, Kohistani, 89
70; 71; 72; 74; 94; 97; 105; 109 Shinaki, 89
Pashto, Central, 69 Shumashti, 42
Pashto, Eastern, 69 Shuthun, 66
Pashto, Ningraharian, 69 Sina, 89; 91
Pashto, Northeastern, 69 Siraiki, 2; 74; 75; 79; 82; 83; 84; 85;
Pashto, Northern, 69 87; 101
Pashto, Southern. 69 Tarino, 109
Pashtu, 69 Torwali, 36; 43; 66; 94; 105
Passtoo, 69 Turvali, 94
Patu, 62 Urdu, 2; 8; 16; 23; 27; 30; 37; 39; 40;
45; 48; 51; 62; 64; 69; 74; 75; 78;
Phalulo, 73
81; 82; 83; 91; 92; 94; 95; 96; 97;
Phalura, 37; 73; 105 98; 99; 101; 102; 103; 104; 105;
Poonchi, 75 106
Pothohari, 75 Urmuri, 67
Potohari, 75 Ushojo, 105
Potwari, 2; 75 Ushuji, 105
Punchhi, 75 Vakhan, 10; 106; 107
Punjabi, 2; 8; 18; 40; 74; 76; 77; 78; Vanechi, 109
79; 80; 81; 82; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87; Wakhani, 106
101
Wakhi, 4; 23; 27; 106; 107; 108; 110
114 Language name index
Wakhigi, 106 Werchikwar, 27; 28

Wanechi, 109 Yidga, 110
Waneci, 9; 67; 70; 109 Yidgha, 110
Wanetsi, 109 Yudga, 110
Waziri, 71 Yudgha, 110
Author Index
Abbas, Shemeem. 39 Bahl, Kali Charan. 76; 95; 96
Abbi, Anvita. 3 Bahri, Hardev. 76
Achakzai, Naseem. 69 Bahri, Ujjal Singh. 19; 76; 96
Acharya, K.P. 50 Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 3; 4; 50;
Addleton, J.S. 3; 8; 98 76; 77; 78; 82; 89; 90; 96
Agnihotri, Rama Kant. 75 Bains, Gurprit Singh. 96
Ahluwalia, Neeti. 75 Bala, Madhu. 77; 81
Ahmad, M. 95 Baloch, N.A. 4
Ahmad, R.S. 101 Bandyopadhyay, S.K. 20
Akhtar, Saleem. 95 Banihali, Marghub. 51
Alam Astori, Said. 3; 95 Bansal, R.K. 96
Alam, Q.Z. 95 Barbour, P.L. 27
Ali, Usman. 89 Barker, Muhammad Abd-Al-
Rahman. 96
Allen, W.S. 3
Barki, Rozi Khan. 67
Altaha, Fayez Mohammed. 50
Barth, Fredrik. 46; 66; 94
Anderson, Gregory D. S. 27
Bashar, Bashir. 51
Andrabi, S.M.I. 50
Bashir, Elena. 3; 4; 12; 23; 27; 47;
Anjum, Tanveer. 39; 95
48; 51; 54; 62; 69; 96; 97; 98; 104;
Ansari, A.S. Bazmee. 3; 27; 62; 89 106
Ansari, Nishat. 50 Bath, K.S. 79
Ansari, Zoe. 95 Bauer, E. 70
Arun, Vidya Bhaskar. 76 Baumgardner, Robert J. 39
Askar, Umar Gul. 109 Bausani, Alessandro, 70
Awan, Elahi Bakhsh. 76 Beames, John. 4; 77
Azad, Abdul Ahad. 50 Bellew, Henry Walter. 70
Baart, Joan L.G. 45; 46 Benveniste, C. 28
Backstrom, Peter C. 3; 23; 27; 38; 92; Berger, Hermann. 4; 28; 29; 32; 33;
106 34; 90
Badakhshani, Maqbool Beg. 76 Beskrovny, V.M. 5
Badgami, Shahid. 50 Bharati, Surabhi. 97
115
116 Author index
Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai. 77 Clifford, Joseph. 78

Bhat, R.K. 57 Clivio, Gianrenzo. 78
Bhat, Raj Nath, 51 Cooper, Gregory R. 7; 26; 48; 66
Bhat, Roopkrishen. 51 Court, Major Henry. 78
Bhatia, Tej K. 5; 55; 77; 78; 80; 100 Cummings, Thomas F. 78
Bhatt, Rakesh Mohan. 51 Dagenais, Louise. 32
Biasutti, R. 23 Damron, Rebecca Lynn. 97
Biddulph, John. 5; 26; 29; 36; 43; 46; Daoodi, Khalil ur Rahman. 97
62; 90; 94; 106; 110 Dar, Nazir A. 52
Bielmeier, Roland. 23; 24 Dass, Thakur. 78
Blair, Bernard. 70 Davidson, J. 61; 63
Bleichsteiner, R. 29 Davis, K. 97
Bloch, Jules. 5; 29 Davison, Alice. 97; 103
Bokhari, S. 97 Decker, Kendall D. 6; 37; 42; 48; 49;
Borgstrom, Carl H. 29; 31 61; 63; 73; 110
Bouda, K. 29 Decker, Sandra J. 10; 18; 26; 36; 43;
Bright, William. 97 46; 66; 94; 105
Buddruss, Georg. 5; 6; 29; 38; 63; 66; Deshpande, Madhav M. 3; 4; 12; 51;
73; 90; 106; 107 54; 98; 104
Bukhard, Karl Friedrich. 51 Dil, Anwar S. 6; 19; 28; 92; 98
Bukhari, Khyal. 70 Din, Feroze. 6
Bukhari, Sayyid Muhammad Yusuf. Dodkhudoev, R. 6
51 Duggal, K.S. 78
Bukhari, Tanvir. 78 Dulai, Narinder, 79
Burkhard, Karl Friedrich. 52 Dule, Narindara. 79
Burrow, T. 6 Durrani, Atash. 98
Butt, Miriam. 6; 52; 97 Dwivedi, Veena Dhar. 98
Bykovna, E.M. 5 Edelman, Dzhoi Iosifovna. 7; 30
Cacopardo, Alberto. 47 Edgeworth, D.I. 52
Cacopardo, Augusto. 47 Efimov, V.A. 67
Cardona, George. 6; 11 Elfenbein, Josef H. 109
Carree, A. 90 Elham, Muhammad Rahim. 71
Casula, Ilija. 29 Elizarenkova, T.Y. 7
Chaturvedi, Malaravindam. 97 Elmslie, W.J. 52
Cheshire, Jenny. 39; 78 Emeneau, Murray B. 7
Author index 117
Endresen, Rolf Theil. 63 Gurdon, B.E.M. 63

Enevoldsen, Jens. 70 Gurtu, Madhu. 99
Estrill, Carrie Anne. 79 Hallberg, Calinda E. 44; 66; 84
Faizi, Inayatullah. 63 Hallberg, Daniel G. 9; 10; 26; 36; 43;
Faridi, Qais. 79 66; 67; 70; 109
Faridkoti, Ainul Haq. 7; 98 Hamid, S.B. 99
Ferguson, Charles A. 7 Hamp, Eric P. 10
Firth, J.R. 52; 96 Handa, Devendra. 79; 80
Fitch, Martin. 7; 26; 66 Handoo, Jawahar Lal. 53
Francke, August Hermann. 8 Handoo, Lilita. 53
Frembgen, J. 30 Haq, Abdul. 99
Fremont, A. 30 Haq, Maulana Abdul. 46
Fussman, Gerard. 8 Hares, Walter Pullin. 80
Gambhir, Surendra Kumar. 98 Harley, A.H. 96
Gambhir, Vijay. 98 Hasan, R. 39; 99
Ganju, Triloki Nath. 52 Henderson, Michael M.T. 70
Gardezee, Nazeer M. 8 Heston, Wilma L. 10; 70
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope. 39; 78 Hjuler, A. 10; 107
Geijbels, M. 8; 98 Hock, Hans Henrich. 10
Gilani, Ijaz. 8 Hook, Peter Edwin. 3; 4; 10; 11; 12;
51; 53; 54; 57; 60; 91; 98; 99; 104
Gill, David. 79
Hörnle, A.F. Rudolf. 10
Gill, Harjeet Singh. 8; 79
Howell, E.B. 11; 63
Glassman, Eugene H. 98
Hussain, Sarmad. 99
Gleason, Henry A. 79
Ibbetson, Denzil. 18
Godwin-Austen, Henry H. 24; 52
Inayat-ur-Rahman. 70
Grainger, Peter J. 98
Israr-ud-Din. 4; 11; 48; 62
Grierson, George A. 8; 9; 53; 67; 90;
91; 93; 94 Jaffrey, Shahida. 11
Grimes, Barbara F. 9 Jaggi, Vaishna. 80
Grune, Dick. 30 Jain, Banarsi Das. 11; 80
Gryunberg, Aleksandr L. 9; 61; 107 Jalali, J.L.K. 54
Gumperz, John Joseph. 7; 79 Javed, Asmat. 99
Gupta, A. 99 Jehani, Carina. 70
Gupta, Baldev Raj. 79 Jettmar, Karl. 11; 28; 33; 66
Gupta, S. 99 Joshi, Shiv Sharma. 54; 80
118 Author index
Jukes, Andrew John. 80 Lakshmi Bai, B. 12

Junghare, Indira Y. 11; 12; 99 Lal Badshah. 46
Kachru, Braj B. 12; 54; 55; 80; 100 Leech, R. 12; 13; 46; 57; 64; 67; 70;
Kachru, Yamuna. 40; 55; 80; 99; 100 71; 81
Kalla, Badri Nath. 55 Leitner, G.W. 13; 30; 57
Kalra, Surjit Singh. 81 Liperovski, V.P. 5
Kantroo, Gopi Krishen. 55 Lobsang, Ghulam Hassan. 24
Kapoor, Kapil. 81 Lorimer, David L.R. 30; 31; 34; 38;
91; 107
Katre, S.M. 12
Lorimer, E.O. 31
Kaul, Hari Kishan. 83
Lorimer, John Gordon. 71
Kaul, J.L. 55
Lothers, Michael D. 46
Kaula, Pandit Isvara. 53; 55
Mackenzie, David N. 71
Kaur, Ravindar. 86
Maclagan, Edward. 18
Keiser, Lincoln. 105
Magier, David. 10; 20; 22; 27; 49; 92
Kelkar, Ashok R. 55
Mahmud, Shabana. 101
Khan, Baber S. 100
Malik, Amar Nath. 81
Khan, S.A. 97
Mansoor, Sabiha. 13; 40; 81; 101
Khubchandani, L.M. 100
Marchal, A. 31
Kidwai, Ayesha. 100
Marghoob, Banihali. 57
Kieffer, Charles M. 67; 107
Masica, Colin P. 14; 101
King, Tracy Holloway. 6; 52; 97
Matin, M.M. 101
Klimitskiy, S.I. 107
Maulwi Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh.
Klimov, G. A. 30
44
Knowles, James Hinton. 55
Meenakshi, K. 14
Kohistani, Razwal. 93
Mehrotra, R. 101
Konow, Sten. 61
Mishra, Mithilesh K. 3
Koul, Anand K. 54; 99
Mistry, P.J. 10; 14
Koul, Maharaj Krishen. 56; 59
Mock, John Howard. 107
Koul, Omkar N. 1; 10; 14; 19; 53; 54;
Mohanan, K.P. 21; 47; 78
55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 79; 81; 91;
99; 100; 101 Mohanan, Tara. 101
Kreutzmann, H. 12; 107 Moizuddin, Mohammad. 101
Krishna, Gopal. 86 Morgenstierne, Georg. 5; 12; 14; 15;
16; 31; 37; 38; 42; 46; 48; 57; 61;
Krishnamurti, Bh. 12; 14; 20; 102
63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 71; 73; 91;
Kristiansen, Knut. 12; 63 94; 107; 108; 110
Author index 119
Morin, Yves-Charles, 31; 32; 33; 34 Pence, James Monroe. 71

Mughal, Shaukat. 82; 101 Penzl, Herbert. 71
Mujoo, Ramesh. 16; 57 Pesot, Jurgen. 32; 33
Mukherjee, Aditi. 12; 20; 82 Pfeffer, G. 32
Müller, F. Max. 16 Pierrehumbert, Janet. 102
Müller-Stellrecht, Irmtraud. 16 Platts, John T. 102
Munnings, David. 64 Porizka, Vincenc. 17; 102
Murree Language Board. 101 Poucha, P. 32
Muttaqinurrahman, Sayyid. 8 Pray, Bruce R. 17; 102
Nadvi, S.S. 101 Puar, Joginder Singh. 83
Naim, C.M. 101 Purewal, Navtej Kaur. 81
Nair, Rami. 99; 101; 102 Pushp, P.N. 58
Namus, Mohammad Shuja. 91; 92 Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad. 103
Nasir, Mumtaz. 10; 70 Rabinovich, I.S. 75; 83
Nasir, Nasiruddin. 32 Radloff, Carla F. 3; 23; 27; 38; 92;
Naval, Uday C. 82 106
Nayyar, Mukhtar Ali. 82 Rahman, Shah Ebadur. 103
Nelson, David Niles. 16 Rahman, Tariq. 17; 40; 71; 83; 103
Neve, Ernest Frederic. 57 Rahmat-ud-Din. 64
Newton, E.P. 82 Rai, Amrit. 103
Newton, J. 82 Raina, Soom Nath. 57; 58
Nirvair, Darshan Singh. 82 Raina, Trilokinath. 58
O’Leary, Clare F. 44; 84 Rait, S.K. 83
Ohala, M. 16; 102 Raja, Nasim Akhtar. 84
Oranskij, I.M. 16 Rajapurohit, B. B. 17
Pakhalina, T.N. 16; 108 Ramaswami, N. 92
Pandey, P.K. 102 Ramchand, Gillian. 6; 52; 97
Pandharipande, Rajeshwari. 16 Rampton, Ben. 40; 84
Pandit, Probodh P. 83 Rangan, K. 24
Pandit, Raja Rai Bahadur. 83 Rasoolpuri, Aslam. 84
Parkin, Robert J. 16; 32 Raverty, H.G. 18; 71
Parvez, Aslam. 16; 83; 102 Rayall, G.S. 18; 40; 84
Patry, Richard. 32; 33 Read, A.F.C. 24
Pattanayak, D.P. 102 Reinhold, B. 108
Payne, J.R. 83 Rensch, Calvin R. 10; 18; 26; 36; 43;
120 Author index
44; 46; 66; 84; 94; 105 Shahidah Begam. 104

Roach, Peter. 87 Shahidullah, Muhammad. 19
Robb, Peter G. 86; 104 Shahrani, M. Nazif. 108
Robson, Barbara. 72 Shakil, Shakil Ahmad. 92
Romaine, Suzanne. 40; 84 Shapiro, Michael C. 19
Rose, Horace A. 18 Sharma, A. 104
Ross, Inge. 12 Sharma, Devi Datt. 19; 86; 104
Russell, Ralph. 103 Sharma, Jagdish Chander. 44
Rysiewicz, W. 18 Sharma, Piare Lal. 86
Sabzwari, Shaukat. 103 Sharma, Ramesh C. 51; 59
Sadanand Kamlesh. 84 Shaw, R.B. 108
Sadiq, Ghulam Mohammad. 58 Sheorey, Surekha. 104
Sagar, Muhammad Zaman. 46 Shirani, Hafiz Mahmood. 104
Sagaster, K. 24 Shivanath, Lt. Col. 59
Salam, Abdul. 18 Shyamlal. 86
Saleemi, Anjum P. 103 Siddiqi, Abdulais. 3
Sandhi, B.S. 85 Siddiqi, Tahsin. 104
Sar, Mohan Lal. 58 Sindhi, Hyder. 19; 33
Sastri, Mukundarama. 53 Singh, Gurcaran. 86
Schiffman, Harold F. 19 Singh, Gurdial Soofi. 86
Schiller, Eric. 10; 20; 22; 27; 49; 92 Singh, Harbans. 87
Schimmel, Annemarie. 18 Singh, Mayya. 87
Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1; 18; 19; 57; Singh, Rajendra. 19
58; 91; 92; 93; 103 Singh, Saran. 86
Schwartzberg, Joseph B. 19 Singh, Sukhvinder. 87
Sebeok, Thomas A. et al. 6; 12; 13; Singh, Udaya Narayana. 20
19; 54; 76
Siyal, Nur Ahmad ibn Shamsuddin.
Septfonds, Daniel. 72; 109 87; 104
Serebriakov, I.D. 75; 83 Skalmowski, Wojciech. 20
Sethi, Jitendra. 40; 41; 85 Skjaervo, Prods. 68; 72; 108; 110
Shackle, Christopher. 19; 58; 85; 86; Skold, H. 20
104
Skyhawk, Hugh van. 33
Shah, Ijlal Hussain. 33; 93
Sloan, Mohammad Ismail. 64
Shahazada Samsaam Al Malak. 64
Smirnov, Iurii Andreevich. 87
Shaheen, Muhammad Parwesh. 46
Sohnen, R. 25
Author index 121
Sommer, Anton F. W. 59 Varma, Siddheshwar. 21; 34; 35; 60;

Sprigg, R.K. 25 87
Sridhar, S.N. 20 Vatuk, Ved Prakash. 87
Stahl, James Louis. 46 Verma, Manindra K. 4; 17; 21; 22;
47; 55; 80; 100
Starosta, Stanley. 20
Vermeer, Hans J. 22
Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. 20; 107; 108
Vijayakrishnan, K.G. 84
Stellrecht, Irmtraud. 20
Virk, Kulwant Singh. 87
Strand, Richard F. 20; 49; 65; 73
Voegelin, C.F. 22
Subbarao, Karumuri V. 20; 59; 75
Voegelin, F.M. 22
Swarajya Lakshmi, V. 20
Vogt, Hans. 31; 35
Syeed, Syed Mohammad. 59
Wade, Thomas R. 60
Taj, Abdulkhaliq. 93
Wagha, Ahsan. 87
Taylor, David D. 86; 104
Wali, Kashi. 60
Tegey, Habibullah. 72
Warren, R. 31
Temple, Richard Carnac. 87
Wazir Ali Shah. 48; 65
Tiffou, Etienne. 31; 32; 33; 34
Wells, Clarice. 87
Tikkanen, Bertil. 34
Wiehler-Schneider, S. 107
Tisdall, William St. Clair. 87
Willson, Stephen R. 35
Tolstoya, Nataliya Ivanovna. 87
Wilson, James. 88; 93
Tomaschek, W. 21
Wright, J.C. 21
Toporov, V.N. 21; 34; 59
Zainagiri, A.K. Tak. 60
Toshkhani, S.K. 59; 104
Zakharyin, Boris A. 60
Trail, Gail. 48
Zakir, Mohammed. 104
Trail, Ronald L. 48
Zarin, Mohammed M. 93
Trisal, Pran Nath. 55; 59
Zarubin, I.I. 35
Trumpp, Ernest. 21; 72
Zia, Mohammed Amin. 93
Turner, Ralph L. 21
Zide, Arlene R.K. 10; 20; 22; 27; 49;
Tyson-Ward, Sue. 81
92
Vale, Ramchandra Narayan. 21
Zograph, G.A. 22

Bibliography of Languages of Northern Pa PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bibliography of Languages of Northern Pa PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bibliography of

Joan L. G. Baart and

National Institute of Summer Institute

© 2001 Summer Institute of Linguistics

NIPS - SIL Working Paper Series

Dr. Ghulam Hyder Sindhi, National Institute of Pakistan Studies

Dr. Tariq Rahman, National Institute of Pakistan Studies

Barbara F. Grimes (ed.). 1996. Ethnologue: Languages of the World;

(South Asian languages, Indo-Aryan languages, Dardic

Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1930. Review of Linguistic Survey of India Vol.

Edelman, Dzhoi Iosifovna. 1994. Dardestan, II: Languages. Costa Mesa,

Francke, August Hermann. 1905. The Eighteen Songs of the Bono-na

Grierson, George A. 1895. On the Radical and Participial Tenses of Modern

Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. The Languages of Indus Kohistan. Islamabad:

Junghare, Indira Y. 1987. The Functions of Word-Order Variants in Indo-

Leech, R. 1845. Account of Parts of the Cabool and Peshawar Territories,

Morgenstierne, Georg. 1973. Irano-Dardica. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.

Payne, John R. 1989. Pamir Languages. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.

Schmidt, Ruth Laila and Omkar N. Koul. 1983. Kohistani to Kashmiri; An

Singh, Udaya Narayana, K.V. Subbarao and S.K. Bandyopadhyay. 1986.

Tomaschek, W. 1880. Die Pamir-Dialekte. Wien. (Centralasiatische Studien

Verma, Manindra K. (ed.). 1976. The Notion of Subject in South Asian

Balti (Sbalti, Baltistani, Bhotia of Baltistan)

Backstrom, Peter C. 1992. Balti. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan

Bielmeier, Roland. 1998. Balti Tibetan in its Historical Linguistic Context.

Sohnen, R. 1983. On Reflections of Historical Events in Balti Folk-Songs.

Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1997. Burushaski Phonology. Winona Lake, IN:

Benveniste, C. 1948, 1949. Remarques sur la classification nominale en

Frembgen, J. 1997. English Loan Words in Burushaski as a Barometer of

Lorimer, David L.R. 1935. The Burushaski Language; Vol. I: Introduction

Morin, Yves-Charles and Etienne Tiffou. 1983. Les tournures passives en

Shah, Ijlal Hussain. 1994. The Pragmatics of Formality and Politeness in

Tiffou, Etienne and Yves-Charles Morin. 1993. Le Prefixe d- en

Varma, Siddheshwar. 1941. Studies in Burushaski Dialectology. Calcutta.

Decker, Kendall D. 1992. Languages of Chitral. Islamabad: National

Backstrom, Peter C. 1992. Domaaki. Islamabad: National Institute of

Abbas, Shemeem. 1993. The Power of English in Pakistan. World Englishes

Kachru, Yamuna. 1992. Speech Acts in the Other Tongue; An Integrated

Sethi, Jitendra. 1982. Intonation in Educated Panjabi-Speakers’ English.

Decker, Kendall D. 1992. Languages of Chitral. Islamabad: National

Hallberg, Calinda E. and Clare F. O'Leary. 1992. Dialect Variation and

Bashir, Elena. 1983. Some Areal Characteristics of Kalasha. (Paper

Decker, Kendall D. 1992. Factors Affecting Language Maintenance and

Decker, Kendall D. 1992. Languages of Chitral. Islamabad: National

Acharya, K.P. 1965. Phonology of Kashmiri with Particular Reference to

Burkhard, Karl Friedrich. 1888. Die Nomina der Kashmiri-Sprache.

Grierson, George A. 1895. On Pronominal Suffixes in the Kashmiri

Koul, Maharaj Krishen. 1982. A Sociolinguistic Investigation in Srinagar

Koul, Omkar N. and Peter Edwin Hook. 1984. Aspects of Kashmiri

Pushp, P.N. 1976. Kasiric zabaan' zaan; (An Introduction to Kashmiri).

Sharma, Ramesh C. and Maharaj K. Koul. 1979. Numeral System in

Varma, Siddheshwar. 1940. Notes on a Linguistic Tour in Kashmir. Pune,

Decker, Kendall D. 1992. Languages of Chitral. Islamabad: National

Buddruss, Georg. 1982. Khowar; A New Literary Language of Chitral

Leech, R. 1838. Epitome of the Grammars of the Brahuiky, the Balochky

Strand, Richard F. 1984. Kho. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

Barth, Fredrik and Georg Morgenstierne. 1958. Vocabularies and Specimens

Morgenstierne, Georg. 1932. Supplementary Notes on Ormuri. Oslo. Norsk

Pashto, Eastern (Pakhto, Pusto, Pashtu, Passtoo, Pushto,

Pashto, Southern. 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 in Pakistan (1992); many in

Achakzai, Naseem. 1986. Teach Yourself Pashto. Quetta: Bokhari Traders.

Bauer, E. 1998. Several Groups of Pashto-Speakers in Pakistan’s Northern

Leech, R. 1838. Epitome of the Grammars of the Brahuiky, the Balochky