ICT MICROPROJECT

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,
SOLAPUR

‘ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION’

MICRO-PROJECT
SUB.-ICT
TOPIC-THE GREAT INVENTOR NIKOLA TESLA
SR.NO. NAME ROLL NO.
01. BUDDHBHUSHAN KAMBLE 26
02. SWANAND KULKARNI 33
03. RAJ MALI 36
04. YOGIRAJ NAGUR 38

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ICT MICROPROJECT

INDEX
SR.NO TOPIC PAGE
NO.
1) INTRODUCTION 04
2) INFORMATION AOUT 05
NIKOLA TESLA
3) DISCRIPTION 06
4) EARTHQUAKE CLAIMS 07
5) WIRELESS ENERGY 08
6) ARTIFICIAL TIDAL WAVE 09
7) DEATH BEAM 14
8) ELECTRIC-POWERED SUPERSONIC 15
AIRSHIP
9) AT AN ALTITUDE OF TWENTY MILES 18

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 CERTIFICATE

MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION,MUMBAI.

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC ,SOLAPUR

This is to certify that the following students:

26)Buddhbhushan kamble 36) Raj mali

33) Swanand kulkarni 38)Yogiraj Nagur

Of first semester of in electronics and telecommunication of

government polytechnic solapurhave completed the microproject
work satisfactory under my supervision and guidance in subcect
ICT(22001)for the academic year 2019-2020 as prescribed in the
curriculum.

Project Guide H.O.D Principle 3

 INTRODUCTION
Nikola Tesla
Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943)
was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer,
and futurist who is best known for his contributions to the design of the
modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.

Born and raised in the Austrian Empire, Tesla studied engineering

and physics in the 1870s without receiving a degree, and gained practical
experience in the early 1880s working in telephony and at Continental Edison
in the new electric power industry. He immigrated in 1884 to the United
States, where he would become a naturalized citizen. He worked for a short
time at the Edison Machine Works in New York City before he struck out on
his own. With the help of partners to finance and market his ideas, Tesla set
up laboratories and companies in New York to develop a range of electrical
and mechanical devices. His alternating current (AC) induction motor and
related polyphone AC patents, licensed by Westinghouse Electric in 1888,
earned him a considerable amount of money and became the cornerstone of
the polyphone system which that company would eventually market.

Attempting to develop inventions he could patent and market, Tesla

conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators,
electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging

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 INFORMATION OF NIKOLA TESLA

Tesla c. 1896

Born 10 July 1856

Smiljan, Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia)

Died 7 January 1943 (aged 86)

New York City, United States

Resting place Nikola Tesla Museum, Belgrade, Serbia

Citizenship Austrian (1856–1891)

American (1891–1943)

Education Graz University of Technology (dropped out)

Engineering career

Discipline Electrical engineering,

Mechanical engineering

Projects  Alternating current

 high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments

Significant design [show]

Awards [show]

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 DISCRIPTION
Tesla's oscillator is a reciprocating electricity generator. Steam would be
forced into the oscillator, and exit through a series of ports, pushing a piston
up and down that was attached to an armature, causing it to vibrate up and
down at high speed, producing electricity. The casing was by necessity very
strong, as temperatures due to pressure heating in the upper chamber
exceeded 200 degrees, and the pressure reached 400psi. Some versions used
air trapped behind the piston as an "air spring", increasing efficiency. Another
variation used electromagnets to control the frequency of the piston's
oscillation.

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 Earthquake claims

In 1935 at his annual birthday party/press meeting a 79-year-old

Tesla related a story where he claimed a version of his mechanical oscillator
caused extreme vibrations in structures and even an earthquake in downtown
New York City. Reporter John J. O'Neill's biography of Nikola Tesla includes
a version of this story (date of the telling not given). [3]

One version of the story has Tesla experimenting with a small version of his
mechanical oscillator at his laboratory on 46 East Houston Street near
the Manhattan neighborhood of SoHo. Tesla said the oscillator was around 7
inches (18 cm) long, and weighing one or two pounds; something "you could
put in your overcoat pocket". At one point while experimenting with the
oscillator, he alleged it generated a resonance in several buildings causing
complaints to the police. As the speed grew he said that the machine oscillated
at the resonance frequency of his own building and, belatedly realizing the
danger, he was forced to use a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment,
just as the police arrived. Other versions have Tesla smashing the device
before the police arrive and have multi-ton equipment in the basement
moving around. Another version has Tesla clamping an oscillator to a
building under construction and causing it to vibrate so violently the
steelworkers working on it left the building in a panic.

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 Wireless Energy

Nikola Tesla wanted to create the way to supply power without

stringing wires. He almost accomplished his goal when his experiment led
him to creation of the Tesla coil. It was the first system that could wirelessly
transmit electricity. From 1891 to 1898 he experimented with the
transmission of electrical energy using a radio frequency resonant
transformer of the Tesla coil, which produces high voltage, high frequency
alternating currents. With that he was able to transfer power over short
distances without connecting wires. However, the Tesla coil does not have
much practical application anymore, Tesla’s invention completely
transformed the way electricity was comprehended and used. Radios and
televisions still use variations of the Tesla coil today

Nikola Tesla wanted to create the way to supply power without

stringing wires. He almost accomplished his goal when his experiment led
him to creation of the Tesla coil. It was the first system that could wirelessly
transmit electricity. From 1891 to 1898 he experimented with the
transmission of electrical energy using a radio frequency resonant
transformer of the Tesla coil, which produces high voltage, high frequency
alternating currents. With that he was able to transfer power over short
distances without connecting wires

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 Artificial Tidal Wave
Just at this time, when all efforts towards peaceful arbitration
notwithstanding, the nations are preparing to expend immense sums in the
design and construction of monstrous battleships, it may be useful to bring to
the attention of the general public a singular means for naval attack and
defense, which the telautomatic art has made possible, and which is likely to
become a deciding factor in the near future

A few remarks on this invention, of which the wireless torpedo is but a special
application, are indispensable to the understanding and full appreciation of
the naval principle of destruction

The telautomatic art is the result of endeavors to produce an automaton

capable of moving and acting as if possessed of intelligence and distinct
individuality. Disconnected from its higher embodiment, an organism, such
as a human being, is a heat — or thermodynamic engine — comprising: — ( a
complete plant for receiving, transforming, and supplying energy; apparatus
for locomotion and other mechanical performance; directive organs; and
sensitive instruments responsive to external influences, all these parts
constituting a whole of marvelous perfection.

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 USING THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN ACTION .

A machine of such inconceivable complexity as the body of an organised

being, capable of an infinite variety of actions, with controlling organs
supersensitive, responsive to influences almost immaterial, cannot be
manufactured by man; but the mechanical
principles involved in the working of the living automaton are also applicable
to an inanimate engine, however crude.

An automobile boat was first employed to carry out the idea. Its
storage battery and motor furnished the power; the propeller and rudder,
respectively, served as locomotive and directive organs, and a very delicate
electrical device, actuated by a circuit tuned to a distant transmitter, took the
place of the ear. This mechanism followed perfectly the wireless signals or
comments of the operator in control of the transmitter, performing every
movement and action as if it had been gifted with intelligence

The next step was to individualize the machine. The attunement

of the controlling circuits gave it a special feature, but this was not sufficiently
distinctive. An individuality implies a number of characteristic traits which,
though perhaps extant elsewhere, are unique in that particular combination.
Here again the animated automaton, with its nerve-signal system, was
coarsely imitated. The action of the delicate device — the ear — was made
dependent on a number of sensitized receiving circuits, each recognizable by
its own free vibrations, and all together by the character of their operative
combination.

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 WONDERS OF THE NEW TELAUTOMATON
That much is done, but more is to come. A mechanism is being
perfected which without operator in control, left to itself, will behave as if
endowed with intelligence of its own. It will be responsive to the faintest
external influences and from these, unaided, determine its subsequent
actions as if possessed of selective qualities, logic, and reason. It will perform
the duties of an intelligent slave. Many of us will live to see Bulwer’s dream
realized.

The reader for whom the preceding short explanation of this novel
art is intended may think it simple and easy of execution, but it is far from
being so. It has taken years of study and experiment to develop the necessary
methods and apparatus, and five inventions, all more or less fundamental and
difficult to practice, must be employed to operate successfully and
individualized telautomaton.

Everything points to the development of a small vessel with

internal combustion engines, extreme speed, and few weapons of great
destructiveness. But the new leviathan is admirably adapted to the practical
requirements of the day. In attack it could alone annihilate a nation’s fleet. It
is equally effective in defence. If equipped with proper acoustic and electrical
appliances it has little to fear from a submarine, and an ordinary torpedo will
scarcely hurt it. That is why the first of these monsters, built in England, has
been name Dreadnought. Now, there is a novel means for attacking a fortress
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of this kind, from shore or on the high seas, against which all its gun-power
and armour resistance are of no avail. It is the tidal wave.Such a wave can be
produced with twenty or thirty tons of cheap explosive, carried to its
destination and ignited by a non-interferible telautomaton.

The tidal disturbance, as here considered, is a peculiar

hydrodynamic phenomenon, in many respects different from the commonly
occurring, characterized by a rhythmical
succession of waves. It consists generally of but a single advancing swell
succeeded by a hollow, the water if not otherwise agitated being perfectly calm
in front and very nearly so behind. The wave is produced by some sudden
explosion or upheaval, and is, as a rule, asymmetrical for a large part of its
course. Those who have encountered a tidal wave must have observed that
the sea rises rather slowly, but the descent into the trough is steep. This is due
to the fact that the water is lifted, possibly very slowly, under the action of a
varying force, great at first, but dying out quickly, while the raised mass is
urged downward by the constant force of gravity. When produced by natural
causes these waves are not very dangerous to ordinary vessels, because the
disturbance originated at a great depth.

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 HOW THE ENEMY WOULD BE ENGULFED.

Otherwise stated, 25,000,000 tons — that is, 860,000,000 cu. ft.

of water, could be raised 1 ft., or a smaller quantity to a correspondingly
greater elevation. The height and length of the wave will be determined by the
depth at which the disturbance originated. Opening in the center like a
volcano, the great hollows will belch forth a shower of ice. Some sixteen
seconds later a valley of 600 ft. depth, counted from normal ocean level, will
form, surrounded by a perfectly circular swell, approximately of equal height,
which will enlarge in diameter at the rate of about 220 ft. per second.

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 Death Beam
In the year 1923, Edwin R. Scott, an
inventor from San Francisco, claimed he was
the first to develop a death ray that would
destroy human life and bring down planes at a
distance. He was born in Detroit, and he
claimed he worked for nine years as a
student and protégé of Charles P. Steinmetz. Harry Grendel-Matthews tried
to sell what he reported to be a death ray to the British Air Ministry in 1924.
He was never able to show a functioning model or demonstrate it to the
military.
Nikola Tesla claimed to have invented a "death beam" which he
called teleworker in the 1930s and continued the claims up until his death.
Tesla explained that "this invention of mine does not contemplate the use of
any so-called 'death rays'. Rays are not applicable because they cannot be
produced in requisite quantities and diminish rapidly in intensity with
distance. All the energy of New York City (approximately two million
horsepower) transformed into rays and projected twenty miles, could not kill
a human being, because, according to a well known law of physics, it would
disperse to such an extent as to be ineffectual. My apparatus projects particles
which may be relatively large or of microscopic dimensions, enabling us to
convey to a small area at a great distance trillions of times more energy than
is possible with rays of any kind. Many thousands of horsepower can thus be
transmitted by a stream thinner than a hair, so that nothing can resist." Tesla
proposed that a nation could "destroy anything approaching within 200 miles
... [and] will provide a wall of power" in order to "make any country, large or
small, impregnable against armies, airplanes, and other means for attack". He
claimed to have worked on the project since about 1900, and said that it drew
power from the ionosphere, which he called "an invisible ball of energy
surrounding Earth". He said that he had done this with the help of a 50-foot
tesla coil.
Antonio Longoria in 1934 claimed to have a death ray that could kill
pigeons from four miles away and could kill a mouse enclosed in a "thick
walled metal chamber".
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 Electric-Powered Supersonic Airship

As the inventor of the alternating current, the world is indebted to Mr. Tesla
for the use of electricity carried long distances. He now discusses the
probability that airplanes will rise to great heights and travel at speeds that
seem incredible. This article is written, in part by Mr. Tesla himself. The rest
is written from stenographic notes. It gives, very likely, a

The three-hour aeroplane trip from New York to London, flying above the
storm level at eight miles above the earth’s surface is the possibility of the
immediate future.

This is not my own prediction. It is the result of sixteen pages of close

calculations in higher mathematics made by Nikola Tesla, to test and check
up other pages of intricate calculations made by Samuel D. Mott, charter
member of the Aero Club of America.

Mr. Mott asserts that the three-hour trip to London from New York is a
question of rising into rarefied air where the air pressure is only one-fifth
what it is at the earth’s surface, at which point the “altiplane”, as he has named
the flying machine of the future, may be expected to fly five times as fast as at
the earth’s surface. And if the speed of the aeroplane is increased not five
times but only one-fifth, Mr. Mott says the trip will be made anyhow in the
rarefied air eight miles above the earth’s surface in not more than
twelve hours running time.

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WHAT THE PROBLEM IS
“The problem is evidently one of equipment of our planes to
function in rarefied air, and protection of navigators against its tenuity;
likewise protection of their body warmth and comfort in extremes of
temperature. How high we may go no one may know until tested. Personally
I believe it possible to go fifteen or twenty miles aloft, if necessary. It is
obviously a matter of equipment plus climbing ability of aircraft designed for
the purpose.

“What is the object of high flying? Daily experience shows us that high speed
and density are incompatible. We know that we must furnish aircraft with
four times the power to go twice as fast, and the marine engineer knows that
he must furnish eight times the power to go twice as fast. In other words, from
the ultimate height of the air to the earth’s core pressure is progressive.
Thirty-three feet below the ocean’s surface the pressure doubles. For every
1,000 feet ascent the pressure diminishes roughly one-half pound per square
inch. The pressure two miles high is 9.8 pounds per square inch; at one mile
high, 10.88; at three-quarters of a mile, 12.06; one-half mile, 13.33; one-
quarter mile, 14.2, and at sea level, 14.7 pounds, or, in round numbers, 15
pounds per square inch.

“The unknown factor in the high altitude problem is this: Will an

altiplane in one-fifth density (eight miles high), with equal push, go five times
faster or one-fifth faster? The rest is a matter of simple equipment and good
construction. In either case the gain is substantial. If the former were true a
voyage between New York and London can be made in about three hours by
going eight miles high. If the latter is true the same voyage can be made in
about twelve hours running time, assuming a surface speed of 200 miles an
hour, which is practically a question of power.

That aerial navigation at higher altitudes will undoubtedly result in

great increase of speed is also the opinion of Nikola Tesla, to whom I took Mr.
Mott’s conclusions in order to get the opinion of this man who has made a
life-time study of the air as a medium for the transmission of electrical energy.

“In the propulsion of aerial vessels problems are involved entirely

different from those presented in the navigation of the water,” said Tesla.
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“The atmosphere may be likened to a vast ocean, but if one imagines a
submarine vessel constructed like an aeroplane one immediately realizes how
inefficient it would be. The energy used in propelling a body through a
medium of any kind is wasted in three different ways; first, by skin friction;
second, wave making; third, production of eddies. On general principles,
however, the resistance can be divided into two parts: one which is due to the
friction of the medium and the other to its stickiness, or viscosity, as it is
termed. The first is proportionate to the density; the second to this peculiar
property of the fluid.

“Everybody will readily understand that the denser the medium the
harder it is to push a body through it, but it might not be clear to every person
what this other resistance — this viscosity — means. This will be understood
if we compare, for instance, water and oil. The latter is lighter, but much more
sticky, so that it is a greater obstacle to propulsion than water. Air is a very
viscous substance and that part of resistance which is due to this quality is
considerable. We must take this latter resistance into account in calculating
how fast an aeroplane could fly in the upper reaches of the air.

CONDITION EIGHT MILES UP

“According to these figures that I have worked out, at a height of
eight miles the density of the air is 0.2172 or about 22-100th of that at sea
level; at fifteen miles it is 0.057, and at twenty miles only 0.0219, or nearly
22-1000th of that at sea-level.

“Let us suppose then that an aeroplane rises to a height of eight miles

where the pressure of the air will be only 3.1926 lbs., or, in other words, the
density 0.2172 of that at sea- level. Since, as pointed out, the purely frictional
resistance is proportionate to the density of the air, it is obvious that, if there
were no other resistance to overcome, only about 22
per cent of power or roughly one-fifth, would be required to propel the vessel
at that height, so that extremely high speed, as Mr. Mott points out, would be
obtainable.

“And though the other resistance, which is due to the stickiness of the
medium, will not be diminished at the same ratio, and therefore the gain will
not be strictly in proportion to the decrease of density of the air, nevertheless,
17
the total resistance will be reduced, if not to 22 per cent, perhaps to 30 per
cent, so that there will be a great excess of power available for more rapid
flight.

“Even allowing for the decreased thrust of the propeller due to the
thinness of the air, which cannot be overcome by driving the screw faster,
there still will be the very considerable gain and the aircraft will be propelled
at a higher speed.

“Of course many incertitudes still exist in the theoretical treatment of

a question like this, as there are a number of factors which affect the result
and in regard to which we have not yet complete information.”

AT AN ALTITUDE OF TWENTY MILES

“I doubt that it will be possible to rise as high as fifteen or twenty
miles, which is the opinion expressed by Mr. Mott. At the height of twenty
miles there is only about 7 per cent of oxygen in the air instead of 21 per cent
which is present close to the ground, and there would be great trouble in
securing the oxygen supply for the combustion of the fuel, not to speak of
other limitations.

“However, at a height of eight miles the decrease of oxygen can be

overcome for both engine and aviator. Of course provision would have to be
made for supplying the aviator and passengers with oxygen. In all probability
they would have to be entirely enclosed just as a diver is enclosed. Our highest
mountains are five miles and the rarefication of the air makes climbing them
difficult. About five miles provision would certainly have to be made for
supplying the aviator. If he were not enclosed the decrease of pressure due to
the thinner air would result disastrously. The human mechanism is adjusted
to a pressure of nearly 15 pounds per square inch; and if that pressure is
reduced to about three pounds, as it would be at an altitude of eight miles, the
aviator’s ear drums would burst, and even the blood would be forced through
the pores and would ooze out of the body.”
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 Tesla explained that the effect would be the same as that of bringing a
deep-sea fish, accustomed to live a mile below the surface, to the surface of
the water. The fish simply explodes, for lack of the pressure which its body is
built to withstand.

With proper protection of the aviator and an artificial supply of oxygen Tesla
believes that flights at the eight-mile altitude are quite possible.

The dirigible, supplied with sufficient power, need not fear the storm;
it can rise above it, or go around it. The only danger from storm in any case
lies in being blown from the course, for while the ship is moving with the
storm it is in no danger, since it travels at the same speed as the wind, and the
passengers would be in absolutely quiet air, so that a candle might be lighted
on deck. Methods of docking and housing the big ships must be devised, but
several have been proposed that reduce the danger of landing by making it
unnecessary for the ship to come to earth.”

But the revolutionizing influence on aircraft of the future Mr. Tesla

believes to lie in the possibility of transmitting power to them through the air.

“The transmission of power by wireless will do away with the present

necessity for carrying fuel on the airplane or airship. The motors of the plane
or airship will be energized by this transmitted power, and there will be no
such thing as a limitation on their radius of action, since they can pick up
power at any point on the globe.

“For years,” he said, ” I have advocated my system of wireless

transmission of power which is now perfectly practicable and I am looking
confidently to its adoption and further development. In the system I have
developed, distance is of absolutely no consequence. That is to say, a Zeppelin
vessel would receive the same power whether it was 12,000 miles away or
immediately above the power plant. The application of wireless power for
aerial propulsion will do away with a great deal of complication and waste,
and it is difficult to imagine that a more perfect means will ever be found to
19
transport human beings to great distances economically. The power supply is
virtually unlimited, as any number of power plants can be operated together,
supplying energy to airships just as trains running on tracks are now supplied
with electrical energy through rails or wires.

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