4164 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO.

6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2014

Evaluating Generator Circuit Breakers Short-Circuit

Duty Using IEEE C37.010 and C37.013
Ketut Dartawan, Member, IEEE, and Conrad St. Pierre

Abstract—This paper describes a procedure for calculating

generator circuit breaker duty. Currently, commercially available
software products help in determining the duty for a general-
purpose circuit breaker. However, further calculations are needed
to determine the duty for a special-purpose generator circuit
breaker. IEEE Std C37.010-1999 provides the calculation proce-
dure for general-purpose circuit breakers. In order to evaluate a
special-purpose generator circuit breaker, this paper will expand
the steps and methodology used in IEEE C37.010-1999 by pre-
senting a procedure and detailed calculations for finding a duty
multiplication factor based on the test X/R ratio of generator
circuit breakers given in IEEE C37.013-1997 (Standard for AC
High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical
Current Basis). This way, engineers can still make a generator
circuit breaker assessment although generator circuit breaker
evaluation module is not included in many commercial short-cir-
cuit programs.
Index Terms—AC generators, circuit breakers, IEC Standards, Fig. 1. DC component at contact parting time (CPT) for General-Purpose
IEEE Standards, interrupters, synchronous generators. and Generator Rated Circuit Breakers. (Notes: DC component in percentage
is based on the peak value of a symmetrical three-phase current. The circuit
breaker CPT includes 0.5 cycle, or 8.33 ms, protective relay time).
I. I NTRODUCTION
to differ from the method given in IEEE C37.010-1999 in

T HE ANSI/IEEE Standard that specifies a symmetrical

current basis for testing, rating, and application of circuit
breakers was first issued in 1964. The standard represented
a change from using the total current as a basis for circuit
breaker ratings to a new symmetrical current basis. It is now
approaching 50 years since total current basis circuit breakers
were last manufactured and the standard has evolved further.
The most recent circuit breaker application guide is
IEEE C37.010-1999 [11]. This guide focuses on the application
of symmetrically rated circuit breakers, specifically general-
purpose circuit breakers that are tested at a lower X/R ratio
than generator circuit breakers. However, a stand-alone appli-
cation guide specifically for the application of generator rated
circuit breakers is not available. Some application information
is provided in the Annex of IEEE C37.13-1997 [13], but in this
paper, the method for determining the fault X/R ratio appears
Manuscript received January 30, 2012; revised April 26, 2013, March 6,
2014, and April 2, 2014; accepted April 27, 2014. Date of publication May 6,
2014; date of current version November 18, 2014. Paper 2012-CSC-023.R3,
presented at the 2012 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Technical Conference, Louisville, KY, USA, May 20–24, and approved for
publication in the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by
the Codes and Standards Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society.
K. Dartawan is with Pterra Consulting, Albany, NY 12205 USA (e-mail:
KetutDartawan@Pterra.us).
C. St. Pierre is with Electric Power Consultants, LLC, Schenectady, NY
12303 USA (e-mail: Conrad@capital.net).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2014.2322132
0093-9994 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
section 6.3.2. In the latter standard, separate R and X network
reductions are used in the calculation of the dc component
current. Both IEEE C37.010-1999 and IEC-60909 [12] indicate
that the X/R ratio taken from the complex math jX/R ratio is
not conservative for the calculation of the dc component.
The circuit breaker duty analysis will require examination
of both the circuit breaker’s peak current (closed and latched)
and interrupting time duties. This paper discusses several ap-
proaches that have different levels of conservatism for the peak
and interrupting time calculations based on IEEE C37.010 and
C37.013.
II. S YMMETRICAL AND A SYMMETRICAL R ATINGS OF THE
C IRCUIT B REAKERS AND M ULTIPLICATION FACTOR
Fig. 1 gives the amount of dc that is included in the circuit
breaker design for the general-purpose and generator rated
circuit breakers. The faster the circuit breaker opens, the more
dc is included for the same symmetrical current rating. The
generator circuit breaker has a greater dc component because
the fault current from the generator is likely to have a long dc
decay rate (high X/R ratio).
The application of IEEE C37.010-1999 for generator circuit
breakers requires an understanding of Figs. 8–10, which present
multiplication factors for symmetrically rated circuit breakers.
The curves provided in IEEE C37.010-1999. Figs. 8–10 have
their basis on the total current (ac and dc) fault curves
given in Annex A, in Figs. A.5 and A.9. The basis for the
DARTAWAN AND PIERRE: EVALUATING CIRCUIT BREAKERS DUTY USING IEEE C37.010 AND C37.013 4165

TABLE I
C IRCUIT B REAKER R EQUIRED A SYMMETRICAL C APABILITY FOR
G ENERAL -P URPOSE AND G ENERATOR R ATED C IRCUIT B REAKERS

multiplication factors is the total symmetrically rated curves

with an adjustment multiplier, i.e., the “S-factor,” where
ISYM MF = ITOTAL MF/S-factor.
The S-factor is the ratio of total current to symmetrical
current. The S-factor is not included in IEEE C37.010-1999,
but it is in IEEE C37.010-1979 [16] in Fig. 4. Fig. 2. Remote three-phase multiplication factors for generator rated circuit
breakers.
A general-purpose circuit breaker is tested based on the fault
current X/R ratio of 17. The resulting interrupting rating is TABLE II
given in symmetrical amperes, but the circuit breaker has the M ULTIPLICATION FACTORS FOR T OTAL FAULT C URRENT H AVING
B OTH AC AND DC C OMPONENTS (R EFERENCE C37.010-1999,
capability to interrupt fault currents that have a dc compo- F IG . A.9. CPT IN C YCLES )
nent associated with fault X/R ratio of 17 or less. The ratio
of total current to symmetrical current at an X/R of 17 is
given in Table I and is a function of the circuit breaker CPT.
For an ANSI/IEEE rated high-voltage circuit breaker, a half-
cycle (8.33 ms) protective relay time is included in the CPT.
When the symmetrical multiplier curves were developed for
IEEE C37.010-1979, a test X/R ratio of 15- and 4-cycle
CPT was applied. The resulting total current is 1.034 times
the symmetrical current, subsequently rounded to 1.0. Table I
includes the S-factor for generator rated circuit breakers.
Fig. 2 provides a set of multiplication factor curves for
generator rated circuit breakers at 60 Hz following the same
procedure as used in IEEE C37.010-1979 between symmetrical
and total current basis circuit breakers.
The total asymmetrical current is determined from

ITOT = (Iacsym )2 + (Idc )2 . (1)

Taking Iacsym as 1.0 PU, composition is not known; thus, the development of similar
√ X/R √ 2πf t multiplying curves is done by using data read from the Fig. A.9
Idc = 2 × ε− tc ; tc = = 2 × ε− X/R
t
; thus Idc curves. Dividing any of the total fault currents in Table II
2πf
(2) by the generator circuit breaker S-factor of Table I yields a
multiplication factor of less than 1.0 for all values in Table I.
where Therefore, for a system where all the current is from a local
t time (in seconds); generator without any impedance between the generator and the
tc time constant (in seconds); fault, the multiplication factor is set equal to 1.0.
f frequency (in hertz).
For an X/R ratio = 17, tc = 0.045 s, and for X/R = 50,
III. E XAMPLE
tc = 0.133 s.
Fig. A.9 of IEEE C37.010-1999 has the multiplication fac- The example of a typical combined cycle generating station
tors for currents that have both ac and dc decrements (not stated is shown in Fig. 3. The combustion and steam turbine genera-
in IEEE C37.010-1999 as having ac decay, but it is the same tors (identified as “CTG” and “STG” in the figure) share a com-
as Fig. A.9 in C37.010-1979). The origin of the amount of ac mon transformer, but each generator is required to have its own
decay given in the curve is not based on equation, and its exact circuit breaker. The data for the station are given in Table III.
4166 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2014
Fig. 3. Sample combined cycle one-line diagram.
TABLE III
DATA FOR THE E XAMPLE IN F IG. 3
Fig. 4. Vector diagram for generator internal voltage calculation for STG.
In the upcoming analysis, to provide some conservatism,
the voltage behind the subtransient reactance will be used
(see Fig. 4). This is a deviation from 1.0 PU driving voltage
suggested in IEEE C37.010 and is similar to the effect of the
generator impedance modifier used in IEC 60909. To calculate
this per-unit internal voltage for the generator at rated load,
the approximate equation from IEC 60909 or a more detailed
equation can be used. With the generator resistance being much
Fig. 5. Impedance diagram on a 100-MVA base for the example in Fig. 3.
less than the generator reactance, the resistance component of
voltage has been neglected.
IEC equation

Vinternal = 1 + Xdv × sin [ar cos(P F )] . (3)
Detailed equation

Vinternal = (1 + Xdv × sin [ar cos(P F )])2 + (X  × PF )2
dv
(4)

X dv
generator impedance modifier = . (5)
VINTERNAL
The IEC equation gives the internal voltage of the STG
as 1.12960 PU V, whereas the detailed equation gives
1.142741 PU V. With some commercial software using the
internal machine voltage as 1.0 PU V, the generator impedance
is modified to obtain the same terminal fault current as if the
higher internal voltage is used. For example, the STG has an

Xdv = 21.6% and would be modified by the internal voltage as

Xdv /VINTERNAL = 21.6/1.142741 = 18.9%. Fig. 5 gives the
impedance diagram of the system on a 100-MVA base.
IV. P ROCEDURE
Using the system diagram in Fig. 3, a three-phase fault is
placed at location A–B with all connections active. Then, a fault
is placed at A with the STG out of service. This will give the
fault point X/R ratio of the system for the current flowing from
the transformer. Finally, a fault is placed at location B with the
transformer out of service; this will give the fault point X/R of
the STG plus any bus duct/cable current following the circuit
breaker from the STG.
Using IEEE C37.010 procedures, a fault at location A or B
on Fig. 3 gives the total system symmetrical fault of 114.59 kA
with an IEEE X/R ratio = 80.61. In Fig. 3, the symmetrical
fault current for the first half-cycle and instantaneously cleared
interrupting time is the same since the IEEE C37.010 suggested
that generator impedance is the same for both times.
The symmetrical fault current from the STG is 39.71 kA at
−89.560 (X/R = 130.2) and 74.88 kA at −88.830 (X/R =
48.96) from the transformer. The current via the transformer
has two components: 35.14-kA contribution from the CTG and
39.75 kA from the 400-kV system. The fault point IEEE X/R
ratio from the STG is 130.3 when the transformer is out of
service, and the IEEE X/R for the current via the transformer
is 53.99 when the STG is out of service. The IEEE X/R ratio
DARTAWAN AND PIERRE: EVALUATING CIRCUIT BREAKERS DUTY USING IEEE C37.010 AND C37.013
for the current via the transformer is 53.99, as compared with
the complex jX/R ratio of 48.96.
If an auxiliary station were connected to location B, then
its protective device would be evaluated with the 114.59-kA
symmetrical current and an X/R ratio of 80.61. The limiting
circuit breaker duty for circuit breaker STG would be either the
current from the transformer for fault location A or the current
from the generator for fault location B. While the current from
the transformer is greater than the current via the STG, the duty
for both conditions should be evaluated since the STG current
has a higher X/R ratio and could result in the duty current
being greater than the transformer current.
Circuit breakers that are classified as generator rated circuit
breakers have several ratings that are different than general-
purpose circuit breakers. The two key ratings, as far as this
paper is concerned, are the “close and latch” rating and the
test X/R ratio. A general-purpose circuit breaker has a peak
current “close and latch” rating of 2.6 times the interrupting,
and its interrupting rating is based on the fault current X/R
ratio of 17 (45-ms dc decay rate). The generator rated circuit
breaker has a peak current “close and latch” rating of 2.74 times
the interrupting, and its interrupting rating is based on the fault
current X/R ratio of 50 (133-ms dc decay rate).
For circuit breaker duty calculations, it is important to obtain
the system X/R that represents the dc decay. In IEEE C37.010-
1999, section 6.3.2 provides a method to determine the fault
point X/R that is more representative of the dc decay rate. Us-
ing the jX/R ratio from the complex impedance reduction does
not provide a ratio that would yield conservative calculation of
the asymmetrical or peak fault current; this statement is also
mentioned in [1].
The purpose of performing the three sets of faults at
locations A and B is to obtain the fault point IEEE X/R ratio
of each branch current flow, which generally could not be ob-
tained from commercial software programs unless the software
provides a line-end fault calculation. IEEE C37.010 states that
“the bus fault point X/R ratio is to be used for circuit breaker
duty calculation.” Using the bus fault point X/R ratio for a
multi-circuit-breaker bus makes sense because the difference
between the total system symmetrical fault current and the
symmetrical fault current used for individual circuit breaker
duties is small. For a system, as shown in Fig. 3, the total
system fault current is much different than the actual fault
current in the generator circuit breaker. For this system and
with all elements in service, for a fault at point A or B, the
IEEE bus fault point X/R ratio is 80.61. Using the 80.61
X/R ratio for the generator current, which has an X/R ratio
of 130.3, would yield a nonconservative duty, whereas for the
transformer current with an X/R ratio of 53.99, the result could
be overly conservative. Section 6.3 of IEEE C37.010 allows the
more rigorous method to be used. Using the IEEE fault point
X/R ratio as proposed by individually removing the branch on
each side of the generator circuit breaker is rigorous.
V. A NALYSIS
Circuit breaker duty analysis requires examination of both
the circuit breaker’s peak current (close and latch) and in-
4167
terrupting time duties. We look at several approaches, each
having a different level of conservatism for the interrupting time
calculations.
A. Peak Current Calculation
The peak current is associated with the first half-cycle and
is approximated by (6) or (7). Since the peak actually occurs
before the half-cycle, using the time as 0.5 cycle would result
in a small error. To correct for this error, a fictitious time of τ is
used, as shown in the IEEE Violet Book (6) and IEC-60909 (7)
√  
IEEE Violet Book → IP K = 2IacRMS 1 + ε− X/R
2πτ
(6)
X/R
τ = 0.49 − 0.1 × ε− 3
√  
IEC-60909 → IP K = 2IacRMS 1.02 + 0.98ε− X/R . (7)
3
From STG
τ = 0.49 − 0.1 × ε− 3 = 0.49
130.2
√  2π×0.49

IP K = 2 × 39.71 1 + ε− 130.2 = 111.0 kA.
From transformer
τ = 0.49 − 0.1 × ε− 3 = 0.49
53.99
√  
2π×0.49
IP K = 2 × 74.88 1 + ε− 53.99 = 205.9 kA.
These calculations were made assuming that the generator
voltage is at 100% rated voltage. For this condition, fault duty
is below the circuit breaker peak rating of 220-kA peak, and
since the fault current via the transformer is greater than the
fault current from STG, it is used to evaluate the duty of the
circuit breaker. However, since the generator has the capability
to operate continuously at 105% of nameplate voltage, this
condition results in fault current via the transformer being
1.05 ∗ 205.9 = 216.2 kA or 98.3% of the generator circuit
breaker rating.
B. Interrupting Time Current Calculation
The STG circuit breaker has a CPT of 2.4 cycles with a
protective relay time of 0.5 cycles (8.33 ms). Since both circuit
breakers are subject to a fault current with an IEEE X/R
ratio greater than 50, a duty multiplier is required. The duty
multiplier can be determined from Fig. 2 or calculated using
(1) and (2).
From Fig. 2 with 2.4-cycle CPT, the multiplier for the current
via the generator is 1.12 and via the transformer is 1.01. This
is a conservative approach since Fig. 2 considers dc decay only
and does not include ac decay. In real life, generally, the fault
current contribution from generator would have ac decay. Thus,
using Fig. 2, the interrupting time duty would be
from STG, IacRMS ∗ multiplier = 39.71 ∗ 1.12 = 44.48 kA
from transformer, 74.88 ∗ 1.01 = 75.63 kA.
4168 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2014
The duty multiplier can be also calculated from (1) and (2).
First, the circuit breaker interrupting rating capability (includ-
ing ac and dc) at the circuit breaker test X/R ratio of 50 at
40 ms needs to be determined. Second, calculate the current
via STG and transformer if the fault X/R ratio is greater
than 50. The duty multiplier is the value from the second step
divided by the value from the first step. If the fault point X/R
ratio is less than 50 (circuit breaker test X/R ratio), the duty
multiplier (other than 1.0) is not required, and the symmetrical
interrupting current can be compared to the circuit breaker’s
interrupting rating directly.
Circuit breaker interrupting rating capability (including ac
and dc, or ITOT ) can be calculated from (1) and (2) as follows:
√ circuit breaker duty, the refinement in the current from the gen-
Idc = 2 × ε− 50 = 1.046
377∗0.04
 erator can be based on the generator parameters. An example of
IOT = (1)2 + (1.046)2 = 1.447.
Current via STG
√
Idc = 2 × ε− 130.2 = 1.2595
377∗0.04
 IGEN = (IG −IG )×ε Td +(IG
ITOT = (1)2 +(1.2595)2 = 1.608
1.608
duty multiplier = = 1.111
1.447
interrupting duty current = IacRMS × 1.111
= 39.71 ∗ 1.11 = 44.13 kA.
Current via transformer
√
Idc = 2 × ε− 53.99 = 1.0696
377∗0.04
 current occurs closer to 0.49 cycles rather than 0.5 cycles. Using
ITOT = (1)2 +(1.0696)2 = 1.464
1.464
duty multiplier = = 1.0117
1.447
interrupting duty current = IacRMS × 1.0117
= 74.88 ∗ 1.0117 = 75.76 kA.
All interrupting duty currents determined using Fig. 2 and
(1) and (2) are less than the circuit breaker rating. Allowing for
105% operating voltage, the circuit breaker interrupting current
is at 99.4% of the circuit breaker rating. If this system were
in the design stage, a larger margin between the duty and the
circuit breaker rating would be warranted.
For discussion purposes, let us assume that the interrupting
time current is slightly greater than the circuit breaker rating
and a further refinement in the calculation is desired. For
example, [2] uses graduated curves where the fault current
via the transformer could be treated as a composite of a
decaying ac component and a nondecaying component. The
graduated curves given in [2] are widely used in software
programs for industrial and commercial systems. Note that the
IEEE C37.010-1999 has curves for the current either being with
no ac decay or having ac decay from nearby generators. As
given above, the current via the transformer has two compo-
nents: 35.14 kA from the CTG and 39.75 kA from the 400-kV
system. It was shown earlier that the total current with decay
would not have any duty multiplier other than 1.0. This leaves
the multiplier to be applied only to the current component from
the 400-kV system. Using the 1.0117 multiplier on 39.75 kA
gives 40.214 kA plus the 35.14 kA from the CTG gives a total of
75.355 kA. Allowing for 5% high voltage, the total duty current
would be 79.12 kA or 98.9% of the circuit breaker rating. In
this case, this decrease in rating to duty is small (from 99.4%
to 98.9%) and would be greater if the IEEE X/R ratio of the
current from the transformer was greater.
C. Calculations Using IEEE C37.013-1997
Generally, the generator transformer impedance and source
impedance are less than the generator impedance; thus, the cur-
rent via transformer is used for circuit breaker duty evaluation.
In rare cases where the current from the generator dictates the
this is given in IEEE C37.013-1997, Annex section A.3.
The expression for the ac decay with the currents in per unit
on the generator base is
−t −t
    
−IG−SS )×ε Td +IG−SS
1 1

IG =  = = 4.6296
X dv 0.216
 1 1
IG =  = = 3.4014
X dv 0.294
1 1
IG−SS = = = 0.5089. (8)
Xdv 1.965
Equation (8) would be used to calculate the peak current
and the interrupting time current. As indicated in (6), the peak
0.49 cycles (8.2 ms) in (8) gives
IGEN = (4.63 − 3.4) × ε−0.0082/0.033 + (3.4 − 0.51)
× ε−0.0082/0.419 + 0.51
IGEN = 0.959 + 2.834 + 0.51 = 4.3033 PU.
Adjusting for the generator internal voltage rather than
1.0 PU V that was used in (8) has the generator PU A at
4.3033 ∗ 1.14274 = 4.9176 PU A. The generator symmetrical
fault current at the circuit breaker CPT allowing a 105%
generator voltage is 1.05 ∗ 4.9176 ∗ 7.506 = 38.76 kA (note,
STG-rated amps is 7506 from Table III). Using (6), correcting
the symmetrical current for the generator X/R ratio of 130.2
and τ = 0.49, gives the generator circuit breaker close and
latch duty for the current from the STG as 38.76 ∗ 2.7953 =
108.34 kA.
The interrupting time calculation using the 40 ms CPT of the
circuit breaker in (8) gives
IGEN = (4.63 − 3.4) × ε−0.04/0.033 + (3.4 − 0.51)
× ε−0.04/0.419 + 0.5089
IGEN = 0.365 + 2.629 + 0.51 = 3.504 PU.
Adjusting for the generator internal voltage rather than 1.0
PU V that was used in (8) has the generator PU A at 3.504 ∗
1.14274 = 4.0036 PUA. The generator symmetrical fault cur-
rent at the circuit breaker CPT allowing a 105% generator
voltage is 1.05 ∗ 3.504 ∗ 7.506 = 27.62 kA (note, STG-rated
DARTAWAN AND PIERRE: EVALUATING CIRCUIT BREAKERS DUTY USING IEEE C37.010 AND C37.013
TABLE IV
C OMPARISON OF STG C IRCUIT B REAKER D UTY AT 1.0 PU VOLTAGE
amps is 7506 in Table III). Correcting the symmetrical current
for the generator X/R ratio gives the generator circuit breaker
duty for the current from the generator as 27.62 ∗ 1.111 =
30.68 kA. In addition, 1.111 is the multiplier factor from the
interrupting duty for the STG current (refer to Section V-B,
Interrupting Time Current Calculation).
As noted, while these calculations were made in the PU
generator current at the half-cycle time, using IEEE genera-
tor impedance would have 1/X  dv = 1/0.216 = 4.63 PU A,
whereas using the generator impedance modifier from
IEC 60909 would have 1/X  dv = 1/0.189 = 5.29 PU A.
Using the detailed equation (8) to calculate the fault current at
the half-cycle time, the IEC generator impedance modifier (5)
appears to be overly conservative for a nondetailed fault cal-
culation. Using the unmodified generator impedance per IEEE
calculations generally will be conservative if the generator time
constant T  d is less than approximately 0.045 s for nondetailed
calculations.
Table IV provides a comparison of the STG circuit breaker
duty using the conservative and detailed calculations for gener-
ator circuit breaker duty evaluation. The peak current calcula-
tion is compared directly to the peak current rating of the circuit
breaker, and similarly, the interrupting current is compared to
the symmetrical rating of the circuit breaker.
The discussion places emphasis on the high fault point
X/R ratio (higher than 50) that would require duty multi-
plier calculation for generator circuit breaker evaluation. On
installed systems in which the circuit breakers are at or over
the circuit breaker rating, including the bus duct/cable between
the generator and the step-up transformer in the short-circuit
model can have a positive effect on lowering the fault point
X/R ratio and the total fault currents. Even short lengths are
important because of their low X/R ratios. While symmetrical
fault current is not significantly reduced, the total fault currents
could significantly reduce due to reduction in the multiplication
factor (the lower the fault point X/R ratio, the lower the
multiplication factor and the total fault current).
VI. C ONCLUSION
This paper has shown that the procedures in IEEE C37.010
can be used to evaluate generator circuit breakers that have a
higher test X/R ratio than the general-purpose circuit breakers.
This paper gives both a conservative and a detailed approach to
the circuit breaker duty evaluation. The procedure discusses the
following.
1) The IEEE fault point X/R ratio can be determined for
the branch currents on each side of the generator circuit
breaker. This is done by having the equipment on each
side of the circuit breaker being inactive in turn.
4169
2) For the conservative calculation, this paper develops a
curve to obtain multiplication factor for interrupting time
calculation of generator circuit breaker, as shown in
Fig. 2. The curve considers dc decay and does not include
ac decay.
3) The generator circuit breaker’s close and latch and inter-
rupting ratings are based on X/R ratio of 50 rather than
17 of the general-purpose circuit breaker.
4) In the sample presented in this paper, the current from the
step-up transformer dictates the duty current for generator
circuit breaker.
5) The generator current of 1/X − dv results in a conser-
vative generator fault current at the close and latch and
interrupting times.
6) For an existing system where circuit breaker duties are
to be determined, including bus duct/cable between the
generator and the step-up transformer in the short-circuit
model, would have an effect on lowering the fault point
X/R ratio and the total fault currents.
The IEEE working group P62271-37-013 is working on re-
vising C37.013-1997, and the procedure given in this paper
may differ from those of the working group final procedures.
This paper covers generators in industrial plants that are on a
common bus with the plant loads.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank C. Davis of Easy Power and
R. Austria of Pterra Consulting for their contributions, as well
as anonymous IEEE reviewers for their comments and review
of this paper.
R EFERENCES
[1] K. Dartawan and C. St. Pierre, “Proposed methods to determine fault point
X/R ratio for breaker evaluation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 40, no. 4,
pp. 941–949, July/Aug. 2004.
[2] W. C. Huening, Jr., “Interpretation of new American National Standard
for power circuit breaker application,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Gen. Appl.,
vol. IGA-5, no. 5, pp. 501–523, Sep/Oct. 1969.
[3] G. D. Gregory, “North American and IEC standards for circuit breakers,”
IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 64–71, Jan./Feb. 2001.
[4] B. Kulicke and H.-H. Schramm, “Application Of vacuum circuit-breaker
to clear faults with delayed current zeros,” IEEE Tran. Power Del., vol. 3,
no. 4, pp. 1714–1723, Oct. 1988.
[5] E. M. Ruoss and P. L. Kolarik, “A new IEEE/ANSI standard for generator
circuit breakers,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 811–816,
Apr. 1995.
[6] I. M. Canay, D. Braun, and G. S. Koppl, “Delayed current zero due to
out-of-phase synchronizing,” IEEE Tran. Energy Convers., vol. 13, no. 2,
pp. 811–816, Jun. 1998.
[7] R. E. Owen and W. A. Lewis, “Asymmetry characteristics of progressive
short circuits on large synchronous generators,” IEEE Trans. Power App.
Syst., vol. PAS-90, no. 2, pp. 587–596, 1971.
[8] A. Eidinger, “Interruption of high asymmetric short-circuit currents hav-
ing long delayed zeros—An acute problem for generator breakers,” IEEE
Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-91, no. 4, pp. 1725–1731, 1972.
[9] R. P. P. Smeets and W. A. van der Linden, “The testing of SF6 generator
circuit-breakers,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1188–1193,
Oct. 1998.
[10] K. Chanda, R. Parthasarathi, and S. Holla, “Estimation of short circuit
capability of generator circuit breaker for a generator fed fault,” in Proc.
IEEE/PES Trans. Distrib. Conf. Expo, Latin Amer., 2008, pp. 1–4.
[11] Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis, ANSI/IEEE Std. C37.010-1999 (R2005),
2000.
4170 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 50, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2014

[12] International Standard Short-Circuit Current Calculation in Three-Phase
a.c. Systems, IEC Std. 60909-02001, Jul. 2001.
[13] IEEE Standard for AC High Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated on
a Symmetrical Current Basis, IEEE Std. C37.013-1997, 1997.
[14] IEEE Standard for AC High Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated
on a Symmetrical Current Basis Amendment 1: Supplement for Use With
Generators Rated 10-100 MVA, IEEE Std. C37.013a-2007 (Amendment
to IEEE Std C37.013-1997), 2007.
[15] IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating Short-Circuit Currents
in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, IEEE Std 551—(Violet
Book), 2006, Chapter 2.
[16] Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis, ANSI/IEEE Std. C37.010-1979, 1979.
[17] IEC Standard for High-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear,
IEC Std. 62271-100, 2008.
[18] C. St. Pierre, A Practical Guide to Short-Circuit Calculations,
(self-published book), Jul. 2001, ch. 3.
[19] W. D. Stevenson, Elements of Power System Analysis, 3rd ed. New York,
NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1975.
[20] D. Beeman, Industrial Power Systems Handbook. New York, NY, USA:
McGraw-Hill, 1955.
[21] , Westinghouse Transmission and Distribution Book. New Delhi, India:
Oxford & IBH, 1950, ch. 11.
Conrad St. Pierre received the B.S.E.E. degree
from The University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA,
in 1965 and the M.S. degree from Union College,
Schenectady, NY, USA, in 1983.
He is currently the President of Electric Power
Consultants, LLC, Schenectady, where he provides
analytical studies for industrial clients. He has writ-
ten numerous IEEE papers and magazine articles and
published a book, A Practical Guide to Short-Circuit
Calculations, and coauthored a book titled Industrial
Power System Grounding Design Handbook.
Mr. St. Pierre has been a senior member of several subcommittees, and he
was the Chairman of the Violet Book Working Group that deals with short-
circuit calculations. He was also a member of the U.S. National Committee of
the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Advisory Group for
TC73/WG1 and WG2 concerning short-circuit currents and calculation method.

Ketut Dartawan (M’00) received the B.Sc. degree

from Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology,
Indonesia.
He is currently the Managing Principal and a
Founding Member of Pterra Consulting, Albany, NY,
USA. He was previously a Senior Consultant with
Power Technologies, Inc., Schenectady, NY, USA,
and a Senior Engineer with Freeport McMoRan,
Phoenix, AZ, USA, one of the largest copper and
gold mining companies in the world. He has 15 years
of experience in power system studies, distribution
networks, transmission congestion contracts, course instruction, and software
development. He directed and participated in numerous analytical studies
on electrical transmission and distribution. He has managed and conducted
more than 100 system impact, citing, generator deliverability, and transmission
studies in the USA and other countries involving proposed wind farms, steam
and fossil-fired generation, nuclear upgrades, and ac and HVdc transmission
lines, ranging in potential power capability from 20 to 1200 MW.