https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)

Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather
patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time. This length of time can be as
short as a few decades to as long as millions of years. Scientists have identified many
episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the
industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving
global warming,[1] and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.[2]

The climate system receives nearly all of its energy from the sun. The climate system also
gives off energy to outer space. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the
passage of the energy through the climate system, determines Earth's energy budget. When
the incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, earth's energy budget is positive and
the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and
earth experiences cooling.

The energy moving through Earth's climate system finds expression in weather, varying on
geographic scales and time. Long-term averages and variability of weather in a region
constitute the region's climate. Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in
climate. Such changes can be the result of "internal variability", when natural processes
inherent to the various parts of the climate system alter the distribution of energy. Examples
include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic
multidecadal oscillation. Climate change can also result from external forcing, when events
outside of the climate system's components nonetheless produce changes within the system.
Examples include changes in solar output and volcanism.

Climate change has various consequences for sea level changes, plant life, and mass
extinctions; it also affects human societies.

https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/greenhouse-
gases.php?section=watervapor

Water Vapor (H2O)

Water Vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, which is why it is
addressed here first. However, changes in its concentration is also considered to be a result of
climate feedbacks related to the warming of the atmosphere rather than a direct result of
industrialization. The feedback loop in which water is involved is critically important to
projecting future climate change, but as yet is still fairly poorly measured and understood.
As the temperature of the atmosphere rises, more water is evaporated from ground storage
(rivers, oceans, reservoirs, soil). Because the air is warmer, the absolute humidity can be
higher (in essence, the air is able to 'hold' more water when it's warmer), leading to more
water vapor in the atmosphere. As a greenhouse gas, the higher concentration of water vapor
is then able to absorb more thermal IR energy radiated from the Earth, thus further warming
the atmosphere. The warmer atmosphere can then hold more water vapor and so on and so on.
This is referred to as a 'positive feedback loop'. However, huge scientific uncertainty exists in
defining the extent and importance of this feedback loop. As water vapor increases in the
atmosphere, more of it will eventually also condense into clouds, which are more able to
reflect incoming solar radiation (thus allowing less energy to reach the Earth's surface and
heat it up). The future monitoring of atmospheric processes involving water vapor will be
critical to fully understand the feedbacks in the climate system leading to global climate
change. As yet, though the basics of the hydrological cycle are fairly well understood, we
have very little comprehension of the complexity of the feedback loops. Also, while we have
good atmospheric measurements of other key greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and
methane, we have poor measurements of global water vapor, so it is not certain by how much
atmospheric concentrations have risen in recent decades or centuries, though satellite
measurements, combined with balloon data and some in-situ ground measurements indicate
generally positive trends in global water vapor.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

The natural production and absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) is achieved through the
terrestrial biosphere and the ocean. However, humankind has altered the natural carbon cycle
by burning coal, oil, natural gas and wood and since the industrial revolution began in the mid
1700s, each of these activities has increased in scale and distribution. Carbon dioxide was the
first greenhouse gas demonstrated to be increasing in atmospheric concentration with the first
conclusive measurements being made in the last half of the 20th century. Prior to the
industrial revolution, concentrations were fairly stable at 280ppm. Today, they are around
370ppm, an increase of well over 30 percent. The atmospheric concentration has a marked
seasonal oscillation that is mostly due to the greater extent of landmass in the northern
hemisphere and its vegetation. A greater drawdown of CO2 occurs in the northern hemisphere
spring and summer as plants convert CO2 to plant material through photosynthesis. It is then
released again in the fall and winter as the plants decompose.

Methane (CH4)
Methane (CH4) is an extremely effective absorber of radiation, though its atmospheric
concentration is less than CO2 and its lifetime in the atmosphere is brief (10-12 years),
compared to some other greenhouse gases (such as CO2, N2O, CFCs). Methane has both
natural and anthropogenic sources. It is released as part of the biological processes in low
oxygen environments, such as in swamplands or in rice production (at the roots of the plants).
Over the last 50 years, human activities such as growing rice, raising cattle, using natural gas
and mining coal have added to the atmospheric concentration of methane. Direct atmospheric
measurement of atmospheric methane has been possible since the late 1970s and its
concentration rose from 1.52 ppmv in 1978 by around 1 percent per year to 1990, since when
there has been little sustained increase. The current atmospheric concentration is
approximately 1.77 ppmv, and there is no scientific consensus on why methane has not risen
much since around 1990.
Tropospheric Ozone (O3)
Ultraviolet radiation and oxygen interact to form ozone in the stratosphere. Existing in a broad
band, commonly called the 'ozone layer', a small fraction of this ozone naturally descends to
the surface of the Earth. However, during the 20th century, this tropospheric ozone has been
supplemented by ozone created by human processes. The exhaust emissions from automobiles
and pollution from factories (as well as burning vegetation) leads to greater concentrations of
carbon and nitrogen molecules in the lower atmosphere which, when it they are acted on by
sunlight, produce ozone. Consequently, ozone has higher concentrations in and around cities
than in sparsely populated areas, though there is some transport of ozone downwind of major
urban areas. Ozone is an important contributor to photochemical smog. Though the lifetime of
ozone is short, and is therefore not well-mixed through the atmosphere, there is a general band
of higher ozone concentration during northern hemisphere spring and summer between 30°N
and 50°N resulting from the higher urbanization and industrial activity in this band.
Concentrations of ozone have risen by around 30 percent since the pre-industrial era, and is
now considered by the IPCC to be the third most important greenhouse gas after carbon
dioxide and methane. An additional complication of ozone is that it also interacts with and is
modulated by concentrations of methane.

Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

Concentrations of nitrous oxide also began to rise at the beginning of the industrial revolution
and is understood to be produced by microbial processes in soil and water, including those
reactions which occur in fertilizer containing nitrogen. Increasing use of these fertilizers has
been made over the last century. Global concentration for N2O in 1998 was 314 ppb, and in
addition to agricultural sources for the gas, some industrial processes (fossil fuel-fired power
plants, nylon production, nitric acid production and vehicle emissions) also contribute to its
atmospheric load.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have no natural source, but were entirely synthesized for such
diverse uses as refrigerants, aerosol propellants and cleaning solvents. Their creation was in
1928 and since then concentrations of CFCs in the atmosphere have been rising. Due to the
discovery that they are able to destroy stratospheric ozone, a global effort to halt their
production was undertaken and was extremely successful. So much so that levels of the major
CFCs are now remaining level or declining. However, their long atmospheric lifetimes
determine that some concentration of the CFCs will remain in the atmosphere for over 100
years. Since they are also greenhouse gas, along with such other long-lived synthesized gases
as CF4 (carbon tetrafluoride), SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride), they are of concern. Another set of
synthesized compounds called HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are also greenhouse gases, though
they are less stable in the atmosphere and therefore have a shorter lifetime and less of an
impact as a greenhouse gas.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) and other reactive gases

Carbon monoxide (CO) is not considered a direct greenhouse gas, mostly because it does not
absorb terrestrial thermal IR energy strongly enough. However, CO is able to modulate the
production of methane and tropospheric ozone. The Northern Hemisphere contains about
twice as much CO as the Southern Hemisphere because as much as half of the global burden
of CO is derived from human activity, which is predominantly located in the northern
hemisphere. Due to the spatial variability of CO, it is difficult to ascertain global
concentrations, however, it appears as though they were generally increasing until the late
1980s, and have since begun to decline somewhat. One possible explanation is the reduction
in vehicle emissions of CO since greater use of catalytic converters has been made.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) also have a small direct impact as greenhouse gases, as
well being involved in chemical processes which modulate ozone production. VOCs include
non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and oxygenated NMHCs (eg. alcohols and organic
acids), and their largest source is natural emissions from vegetation. However, there are some
anthropogenic sources such as vehicle emissions, fuel production and biomass burning.
Though measurement of VOCs is extremely difficult, it is expected that most anthropogenic
emissions of these compounds have increased in recent decades

https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. This section provides
information on emissions and removals of the main greenhouse gases to and from the
atmosphere. For more information on the other climate forcers, such as black carbon, please
visit the Climate Change Indicators: Climate Forcing page.

 Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil
fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and other biological materials, and
also as a result of certain chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement). Carbon
dioxide is removed from the atmosphere (or "sequestered") when it is absorbed by
plants as part of the biological carbon cycle.
 Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal,
natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other
agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste
landfills.
 Nitrous oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial
activities, combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste, as well as during treatment of
wastewater.
 Fluorinated gases: Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and
nitrogen trifluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a
variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for
stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons,
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller
quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred
to as High Global Warming Potential gases ("High GWP gases").

Each gas's effect on climate change depends on three main factors:

How much is in the atmosphere?

Concentration, or abundance, is the amount of a particular gas in the air. Larger emissions
of greenhouse gases lead to higher concentrations in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gas
concentrations are measured in parts per million, parts per billion, and even parts per trillion.
One part per million is equivalent to one drop of water diluted into about 13 gallons of liquid
(roughly the fuel tank of a compact car). To learn more about the increasing concentrations of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, visit the Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric
Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases page.

How long do they stay in the atmosphere?

Each of these gases can remain in the atmosphere for different amounts of time, ranging from
a few years to thousands of years. All of these gases remain in the atmosphere long enough to
become well mixed, meaning that the amount that is measured in the atmosphere is roughly
the same all over the world, regardless of the source of the emissions.

How strongly do they impact the atmosphere?

Some gases are more effective than others at making the planet warmer and "thickening the
Earth's blanket."

For each greenhouse gas, a Global Warming Potential (GWP) has been calculated to reflect
how long it remains in the atmosphere, on average, and how strongly it absorbs energy. Gases
with a higher GWP absorb more energy, per pound, than gases with a lower GWP, and thus
contribute more to warming Earth.
https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/

Scientists attribute the global warming trend observed since the mid-20th century to the human
expansion of the "greenhouse effect"1 — warming that results when the atmosphere traps heat
radiating from Earth toward space.

Certain gases in the atmosphere block heat from escaping. Long-lived gases that remain semi-
permanently in the atmosphere and do not respond physically or chemically to changes in
temperature are described as "forcing" climate change. Gases, such as water vapor, which
respond physically or chemically to changes in temperature are seen as "feedbacks."

Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect include:

 Water vapor. The most abundant greenhouse gas, but importantly, it acts as a feedback
to the climate. Water vapor increases as the Earth's atmosphere warms, but so does the
possibility of clouds and precipitation, making these some of the most important
feedback mechanisms to the greenhouse effect.
  Carbon dioxide (CO2). A minor but very important component of the atmosphere,
carbon dioxide is released through natural processes such as respiration and volcano
eruptions and through human activities such as deforestation, land use changes, and
burning fossil fuels. Humans have increased atmospheric CO2 concentration by more
than a third since the Industrial Revolution began. This is the most important long-
lived "forcing" of climate change.

 Methane. A hydrocarbon gas produced both through natural sources and human
activities, including the decomposition of wastes in landfills, agriculture, and
especially rice cultivation, as well as ruminant digestion and manure management
associated with domestic livestock. On a molecule-for-molecule basis, methane is a far
more active greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but also one which is much less
abundant in the atmosphere.

 Nitrous oxide. A powerful greenhouse gas produced by soil cultivation practices,

especially the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric
acid production, and biomass burning.

 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Synthetic compounds entirely of industrial origin used

in a number of applications, but now largely regulated in production and release to the
atmosphere by international agreement for their ability to contribute to destruction of
the ozone layer. They are also greenhouse gases.

On Earth, human activities are changing the natural greenhouse. Over the last century the
burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon
dioxide (CO2). This happens because the coal or oil burning process combines carbon with
oxygen in the air to make CO2. To a lesser extent, the clearing of land for agriculture,
industry, and other human activities has increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.

The consequences of changing the natural atmospheric greenhouse are difficult to predict, but
certain effects seem likely:

 On average, Earth will become warmer. Some regions may welcome warmer
temperatures, but others may not.

 Warmer conditions will probably lead to more evaporation and precipitation overall,
but individual regions will vary, some becoming wetter and others dryer.

 A stronger greenhouse effect will warm the oceans and partially melt glaciers and
other ice, increasing sea level. Ocean water also will expand if it warms, contributing
further to sea level rise.

 Meanwhile, some crops and other plants may respond favorably to increased
atmospheric CO2, growing more vigorously and using water more efficiently. At the
same time, higher temperatures and shifting climate patterns may change the areas
where crops grow best and affect the makeup of natural plant communities.
The Role of Human Activity

In its Fifth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a group of
1,300 independent scientific experts from countries all over the world under the auspices of
the United Nations, concluded there's a more than 95 percent probability that human activities
over the past 50 years have warmed our planet.

The industrial activities that our modern civilization depends upon have raised atmospheric
carbon dioxide levels from 280 parts per million to 400 parts per million in the last 150 years.
The panel also concluded there's a better than 95 percent probability that human-produced
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have caused much of the
observed increase in Earth's temperatures over the past 50 years.

The panel's full Summary for Policymakers report is online at

https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-
policymakers.pdf.

https://www.paulmaior.ro/2020/01/un-raspuns-excelent-din-partea-unui-jurnalist-de-la-
skynews-australia-catre-tinerii-care-au-protestat-recent-pentru-clima/?fbclid=IwAR34c-
EMq3R8ImgN7zdj44dC0U3ghfltF8dkxYyIS4yMPLiYQAYRan38rM0

https://youtu.be/zW-ZB6mspqc?fbclid=IwAR20dD3DsKZ-esiyZ_PXg_jo-
LwPtY365H7guZZewESJDpt86In11uDpPBY

https://www.express.co.uk/news/clarifications-corrections/526191/Climate-change-is-a-lie-
global-warming-not-real-claims-weather-channel-founder

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYhCQv5tNsQ

varianta RO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zW-
ZB6mspqc&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR20dD3DsKZ-esiyZ_PXg_jo-
LwPtY365H7guZZewESJDpt86In11uDpPBY
minute 0,57; 1,24; 1,41; 2,20; 2,37; 3.00; 3,40; 3,51; 4,22; 4,29; 5.00; 5,36; 5,41;6,04; 6,11;
7,02; 7,05; 9,45; 10,40; 12,17; 13,47 (nivelul CO2); 14,21 (vaporii de apa sunt 95%); 14,42;
15,05 (cum actioneaza gazele de sera); 15,41; 16,05; 16,58; 18,45; 20,31 (legatura dintre
incalzire si CO2); 36.22 Thatcher