Index

1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgements
3. Aim
4. Material Required
5. Abstract
6. Introduction
7. Classification Of Colloids
8. Theory
9. Procedure For Analysis
10. Precautions
11. Conclusion
 Certificate

This is to certify that Yatharth Jain, student of Class

XII – D , MAHATMA HANSRAJ MODERN
SCHOOL has completed the project titled Surface
Chemistry Colloidal Solutions during the
academic year 2019-2020 towards partial
fulfillment of credit for the Chemistry practical
evaluation of 12th CBSE 2020, and Submitted
satisfactory report, as compiled in the following
pages, under my supervision.
 Acknowledgements

"There are times when silence speaks so much

more loudly than words of praise to only as good
as belittle a person, whose words do not express,
but only put a veneer over true feelings, which
are of gratitude at this point of time."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
chemistry mentor Mr. SACHIN AGARWAL, for his
vital support, guidance and encouragement -
without which this project would not have come
forth.
 Aim

Surface Chemistry Colloidal Solutions

 Material Required

Two beakers of 250 ML & 50 ML

Funnel
glass rod
tripod-stand
wire gauze
burner
filter papers
distilled water (100 ML)
Arabic gum 4.5 g
 Abstract

A colloid is a mixture in which one substance of microscopically

dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another
substance. Owing to this peculiar structure of colloid, it has
varied physical and chemical properties. Let us explore more
about the physical, chemical, optical as well as electrical
properties of colloidal solutions.

Colloids exhibit a phenomenon known as the Tyndall effect

observed by Tyndall in 1869. When we pass an intense
converging beam of light through a colloidal solution kept in
dark, the path of the beam gets illuminated with a bluish light.
This phenomenon of scattering of light by colloidal particles is
called Tyndall effect and the illuminated path is known as
Tyndall cone. The dispersed colloidal particles scatter the light
falling on them resulting in emissions that are comparable to
ultraviolet and visible radiations. These scattered radiations get
illuminated.
 Introduction

The size of the particles which form homogenous or true

solution is less than 10-7 cm while the size of particles which
form heterogeneous solution is greater than 10-4 cm. The
intermediate state between these two is called Colloidal State
of matter.
 Classification of Colloids :-
(i) Lyophobic Sol :
It is also called hydrophobic sol (if water is used as medium). It
is the suspension of hydrophobic (a water repelling) substance,
which contains non-polar groups in water. This includes
dispersal of oil, fats, metal oxide, hydroxide, sulphide, etc, in
water. These sols are quite unstable & require a small amount
of electrolyte (stabilizer) for their stabilization.

(ii) Lyophilic Sol :

It is also called hydrophilic sol (if water is used as medium). It is
the suspension of hydrophilic (water loving) substance which
contains polar groups in water. For example, substances like
gum, albumin, gelatine, etc. These sols are quite stable i.e.
require no stabilizer.

(iii) Preparation of Colloids

Lyophilic sols may be prepared by simply warming the solid
with liquid dispersion medium. E.g. Gum with water. On the
other hand, lyophobic sols have to be prepared by special
methods. These methods fall into two categories;
1. Condensation or Aggregation Methods.
2. Dispersion Methods.
1. Condensation or Aggregation Methods
These methods consists of chemical reactions or change of
solvent whereby the atoms or molecules of the dispersed phase
appearing first, aggregate to form colloidal particles. The
conditions (temp., conc. etc) used are such as permit the
formation of sol particles but prevent the particles becoming
too large and forming precipitate.
The important chemical methods for preparing lyophobic sols
are as follows;

a. Double Decomposition:
An Arsenic Sulphide (AS2S3) sol is prepared by passing a slow
stream of hydrogen sulphide gas through cold solution of
arsenious oxide (AS2O3). This is continued till a yellow colour of
sol attains maximum intensity.

AS2O3 + 3 H2S-------->AS2S3 (Yellow Sol) + 3H2O

Sols of silver halide are obtained by mixing dilute solutions of

silver salts and alkali halides in equivalent amounts. Silica gel
sol is prepared by this method between dilute solutions of
sodium silicate and HCl.

b. Oxidation :
A Colloidal sol of sulphur can be obtained by passing hydrogen
Sulphide into solution of sulphur dioxide in water or through a
solution of an oxidising agent (Bromine water, nitric acid).

SO2 +2H2S-------->3S+2H2O

H2S + (O)-------->S + H2O

c. Reduction :
A colloidal solution of a metal like silver, gold and platinum can
be prepared by reducing their salt solutions with suitable
reducing agents, such as stannous chloride, formaldehyde,
hydrazine, tannic acid etc.

2AuCl3 + 3SnCl2--------> 2Au (Gold sol.) + 3 SnCl4

or AuCl3 + Tannic acid-------->Au (Sol.)

d. Hydrolysis :
The method is used to prepare hydroxides and oxides of weakly
electropositive metals like Fe, Al or Sn. A red sol of ferric
hydroxide, is obtained by adding few drops of 30% ferric
chloride solution to a large volume of almost boiling water and
stirred with a glass rod.FeCl3 +3H2O-------->Fe(OH)3 (Red Sol.) +
3HCl.

The important physical methods for preparing lyophobic sols

are:

e. By Exchange of Solvent :
When a true solution is mixed with an excess of the other
solvent in which the solute is insoluble but solvent is soluble, a
colloidal solution is obtained. For Example, when a solution of
sulphur in alcohol (ethanol) is added to an excess of water, a
colloidal solution of sulphur is obtained due to decrease in
solubility.
 f. By Excessive Cooling :
The colloidal solution of ice in an organic solvent such as CHCl3
or ether can be obtained by freezing a solution of water in the
solvent. The molecules of water which can no longer be held in
solution separately combines to form particles of colloidal size.

1. Dispersion Methods :
In this method large particles of the substances are broken, into
particles of colloidal dimensions in presence of dispersion
medium. Since the sols formed are highly unstable. They are
stabilized by adding some suitable stabilizer. Some of the
methods employed for carrying out dispersion are as follows:

a. Mechanical Dispersion
In this method, the coarse particles along with dispersion
medium is brought into colloidal state by grinding it in colloidal
mill, ball mill or ultrasonic disintegrator. The solid particles
along the dispersion medium are fed into the colloidal mill. The
mill consists of two steel plates nearly touching each other and
rotating in opposite directions with high speed (7000 rev/min).
The solid particles are torn off to colloidal size and are then
dispersed in liquid to give the sol colloidal graphite (lubricant)
and printing inks are made by this method. Recently, a mercury
sol has been prepared by disintegrating a layer of mercury into
sol particles in water, by means of ultrasonic vibrator

b. Bredig’s Arc Method :

This process involves dispersion as well as aggregation.
Colloidal solutions of metals such as gold, silver, platinum etc.
can be prepared by this method. In this method electric arc is
struck between electrodes of metal immersed in the dispersion
medium. The intense heat produced vapourises some of metal,
which then condenses to form particles of colloidal size.

c. Peptisation :
Peptisation may be defined as the process of converting a
precipitate into colloidal form by shaking it with dispersion
medium in the presence of small amount of electrolyte. The
electrolyte used for this purpose is called Peptizing Agent. This
method is applied, generally, to convert fresh precipitate into
colloidal solution because such precipitates are simply clusters
of particles of colloidal size held by weak forces.
 Theory :

Gums are naturally occurring complex polysaccharides. Gum is

secreted by stems of trees to seal wounds in the bark. All gums
are soluble in water. Gums on heating with water get
hydrolysed to yield a number of monosaccharides which are
smaller in size. Thus, a colloidal sol is obtained.
 Procedure For Analysis

a. Take 4-5 g of dry Arabic gum in a mortar and grind it with the
help of pestle.

b. Transfer gum powder in a 250 ML beaker, add 100 ML

distilled water and heat the mixture up to 600C with constant
stirring for 4-5 minutes.

c. Stop heating, allow the solution to cool up to room

temperature and filter it.

d. The filtrate obtained is the required sol.

 Precautions :

a. Mortar, pestle, beakers, glass rod should be properly

cleaned.

b. Stirring should be done constantly during addition of gum

powder to hot water.

c. Distilled water must be used for preparation of sol.

 Conclusion

Advantages of Arabic gum sol :

(i) It is used in pharmaceuticals as a demuicent.

(ii) It is used topically for healing wounds.

Disadvantages of Arabic gum sol :

(i) Ingestion of Arabic gum sol may raise serum cholesterol.

(ii) Allergic reactions to Arabic gum sol may cause respiratory

problems.
 Bibliography

Chemistry (Part I) – Textbook for Class XII;

National
Council of Educational Research and Training
Websites :
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.yahoo.com