ORGAN FUNCTION SYSTEM

LIVER breaks down toxic substances in the blood and DIGESTIVE

convert nitrogenous waste into urea
SKIN (sweat glands) removes excess water and salt via sweat INTEGUMENTARY

LUNGS exhale carbon dioxide RESPIRATORY

LARGE INTESTINE eliminate solid waste DIGESTIVE

KIDNEYS excrete waste in the form of liquid (urine) URINARY

<LIVER>
 breaks down many substances in
the blood, including toxins
For example, the liver transforms
ammonia — a poisonous by-product
of protein catabolism — into urea,
which is filtered from the blood by
the kidneys and excreted in urine
The liver also excretes in its bile the
protein bilirubin, a byproduct of
hemoglobin catabolism that forms
when red blood cells die. Bile travels
to the small intestine and is then
excreted in feces by the large
intestine
<SKIN>
 excretion through the production
of sweat by sweat glands in the
dermis.
 the main role of sweat production
is to cool the body and maintain
temperature homeostasis (mainly
to cool the body and prevent
overheating)
 sweating also eliminates excess
water and salts, as well as a small
amount of urea
maintain acid-base
homeostasis. In fact, it is the
pH of blood that controls the
rate of breathing.
Water vapor is also picked up
from the lungs and other
organs of the respiratory tract
as the exhaled air passes over
their moist linings, and the
water vapor is excreted along
with the carbon dioxide. Trace
levels of some other waste
gases are exhaled, as well.
<LARGE INTESTINE>
 main function is to eliminate solid
wastes that remain after the
digestion of food and the
extraction of water from
indigestible matter in food waste.
 The large intestine also collects
wastes from throughout the body.
Bile secreted into the gastrointestinal
tract, for example, contains the waste
product bilirubin from the liver. Bilirubin
is a brown pigment that gives human
feces their characteristic brown color.

<LUNGS>

 responsible for the excretion

of gaseous wastes from the
body.
 The main waste gas excreted
by the lungs is carbon dioxide,
which is a waste product of
cellular respiration in cells
throughout the body.

Carbon dioxide is diffused

from the blood into the air in
the tiny air sacs called alveoli
in the lungs

By expelling carbon dioxide

from the blood, the lungs help
<KIDNEYS>
 principal organs of the excretory
system
 appearance: are a pair of bean-
shaped organs
location: either side of your
spine, below your ribs and behind
your belly
 filter your blood.
They remove wastes, control the body's
fluid balance, and keep the right levels
of electrolytes. All of the blood in your
body passes through them several times
a day
The nephron is the structural and
functional unit of the kidney. There are
about two million nephrons in each
kidney. Nephrons begin in the cortex;
the tubules dip down to the medulla,
then return to the cortex before draining
into the collecting duct. The collecting
ducts then descend towards the renal
pelvis and empty urine into the ureter.
The components of a single nephron
include:
 renal corpuscle
 proximal convoluted tubule
 loop of Henle
 distal convoluted tubule

In nutrition, the term refers to essential Different sections of nephrons are

minerals found in your blood, sweat and located in different parts of the kidney:
urine.
 The cortex contains the renal
When these minerals dissolve in a fluid,
corpuscle, proximal, and distal
they form electrolytes — positive or convoluted tubules.
negative ions used in metabolic  The medulla and medullary rays
processes. contain the loops of Henle and
collecting ducts.
Electrolytes found in your body include:
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium,
Magnesium, Phosphate, Bicarbonate
These electrolytes are required for
various bodily processes, including
proper nerve and muscle function,
maintaining acid-base balance and
keeping you hydrated.

The kidney is composed of an outer

cortex and inner medulla.
The medulla contains multiple cone-
shaped lobes, known as medullary
pyramids.
These urinary lobes are fused in the
cortex. The urine drains into the renal
pelvis, which is the initial part of the
ureter.
The hilum of the kidney is the site of
entry and exit for renal artery, renal
vein, and ureter.

1. RENAL CAPSULE
2. RENAL PYRAMID
3. RENAL COLUMNS
4. COLLECTING DUCTS > RENAL
PAPILLA
5. MINOR CALYCES
6. MAJOR CALYCES
7. RENAL PELVIS
8. URETER > BLADDER > URETHRA
 1. Dirty (unfiltered) blood
enter through the renal
artery
2. To the glomerulus that is
surrounded by the
bowmans capsule
3. Exit through the renal vein
 GLOMEROLUS – ball
shaped structure
composed of capillary
blood vessels actively
involved in the filtration of
blood to form urine
-some useful materials are left
behind the nephron because they
are excess materials
The waste the travels to the
proximal convoluted tubule to the
loop of henle to the distal
convoluted tubule and to the
collecting ducts
And from there on the urine is
transported through the different
parts of the kidney and into the
ureter.

*there is high pressure

inside the glomerulus
because the renal artery is
wider, (the blood?) gets
constricted (bc the way
becomes narrower?) as it
tries to leave the
glomerulus.

*the high pressure forces

the materials to move from
the glomerulus into the
capsule and enter the
tubule

*due to the small spaces

between the glomerulus
and bowmans capsule,
larger structures such as
RBCs, proteins etc. are
not able to enter the tubule
and are directed to the
renal vein instead.

*smaller structures like

urea (toxic material) and
other useful material such
as salt, glucose and water
enter the capsule and to
the tubule.

 ULTRAFILTRATION –
movement of materials
from glomerulus to the
bowmans capsule

IN ORDER TO GET THE USEFUL

MATERIALS BACK: (inside the
tubules)
-useful materials move from the
nephron to the blood capillary via
active transport
> SELECTIVE REABSORPTION –
process of taking back the
materials that are needed