ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PITUITARY GLAND

 Important in maintaining homeostasis in  “master” endocrine gland
the body  Hypophysis
 Hormones regulate activity, growth of  Location: hypophyseal fossa of the sella
target cells as well as metabolism of the turcica of the sphenoid bone
body
o Endocrine (endo = within) glands -
secrete their products (hormones)
into the interstitial fluid surrounding
the secretory cells rather than into
ducts
o Hormone - a molecule that is
released in one part of the body
but regulates the activity of cells in
other parts of the body  Anterior Pituitary
o Adenohypophysis
Functions of Hormones  Posterior Pituitary
1. Help regulate: o Neurohypophysis
a. Chemical composition and volume
of internal environment (extracellular
fluid).
b. Metabolism and energy balance
c. Contraction of smooth and cardiac
muscle fibers
d. Glandular secretions e. Some
immune system activities
2. Control growth and development.
3. Regulate operation of reproductive
systems.
4. Help establish circadian rhythms.

 Endocrine Glands
 Hormone Secreting Tissues

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 Pituitary Gland
 Thyroid Gland
 Parathyroid Gland
 Adrenal Gland
 Pineal Gland

OTHER HORMONE-SECRETING TISSUES

 Hypothalamus  Liver
 Thymus  Small Intestine
 Pancreas  Skin
 Ovaries  Heart
 Testes  Adipose Tissue
 Kidneys  Placenta
 Stomach
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES THYROID GLAND

 Growth Hormone (GH) / Somatotropin /  butterfly-shaped, located just inferior to
human Growth Hormone (hGH) the larynx (voice box)
 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) /  Right Lobe
Thyrotropin  Left Lobe
 Gonadotropins:  About 50% of thyroid glands have a small
o Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) third lobe, called the pyramidal lobe
o Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
 Prolactin (PRL)
 Corticotropin / Adrenocorticotrophic
Hormone (ACTH)
 Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

POSTERIOR PITUITARY
 Oxytocin
 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/ Vasopressin

THYROID HORMONES
 Thyroxine or Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
 Triiodothyronine (T3)
 Calcitonin

Formation, Storage, and Release of Thyroid

Hormones

 Iodide trapping
 Thyroid follicular cells trap iodide
ions (I−) by actively transporting
them from the blood into the
cytosol.
 As a result, the thyroid gland
normally contains most of the
iodide in the body
 Synthesis of thyroglobulin
 While the follicular cells are
trapping I −, they are also
synthesizing thyroglobulin (TGB)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

o a large glycoprotein that is o Moreover, after T4 enters a

produced in the rough body cell, most of it is
endoplasmic reticulum, converted to T3 by removal
modified in the Golgi of one iodine.
complex, and packaged  Transport in the blood.
into secretory vesicles  More than 99% of both the T3 and
which then undergo the T4 combine with transport
exocytosis, which releases proteins in the blood, mainly
TGB into the lumen of the thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
follicle
 Oxidation of iodide.
 Some of the amino acids in TGB
are tyrosines that will become
iodinated.
 However, negatively charged
iodide ions cannot bind to tyrosine
until they undergo oxidation
(removal of electrons) to iodine:
I−→ I0 .
 As the iodide ions are being
oxidized, they pass through the
membrane into the lumen of the
follicle.
 Iodination of tyrosine. PARATHYROID GLAND
 As iodine atoms (I0 ) form, they  4 Parathyroid Glands
react with tyrosines that are part o small, round masses of tissue partially
of thyroglobulin molecules. embedded in the posterior surface of the
 Binding of one iodine atom yields lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
monoiodotyrosine (T1), and a
second iodination produces
diiodotyrosine (T2).
 The TGB with attached iodine
atoms, a sticky material that
accumulates and is stored in the
lumen of the thyroid follicle, is
termed colloid.
 Coupling of T1 and T2.
 During the last step in the synthesis
of thyroid hormone, two T2
molecules join to form T4, or one T1
and one T2 join to form T3.
 Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid.
 Droplets of colloid reenter
follicular cells by pinocytosis and
merge with lysosomes.
 Digestive enzymes in the
lysosomes break down TGB,
cleaving off molecules of T3 and
T4 PARATHYROID HORMONE
 Secretion of thyroid hormones.  PTH
 T3 and T4 are lipid soluble  Also called parathormone
hormones and so they diffuse  Produce by Chief cells or principal cells
through the plasma membrane of the parathyroid gland
into interstitial fluid and then into  major regulator of the levels of calcium
the blood. (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and
 T4 normally is secreted in greater phosphate (HPO4 2−) ions in the blood
quantity than T3, but T3 is several
times more potent.
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 Oxyphil cell – another type of cell in the

parathyroid gland but function is
unknown

ADRENAL GLAND PINEAL GLAND

 Suprarenal glands  Small, pinecone shape gland attached
 Located superior to each kidney in the to the roof of the third ventricle of the
retroperitoneal space brain
 have a flattened pyramidal shape  positioned between the two superior
colliculi, has a mass of 0.1–0.2 g, and is
 Adrenal Cortex covered by a capsule formed by the pia
 Adrernal Medulla mater
 consists of masses of neuroglia and
secretory cells called pinealocytes

 Secretes melatonin,which contributes to

the setting of the body’s biological clock
and promotes sleep

ADRENAL CORTEX HYPOTHALAMUS

 Zones:  Regulates hormone release of anterior
o Zona Glomerulosa – secretes pituitary gland
mineralocorticoids  Secretes releasing and inhibiting
o Zona Fasciculata – secretes hormones
glucocorticoids
o Zona Reticularis – secretes  Releasing Hormones:
androgens o Growth hormone-releasing
hormone (GHRH), also known
as somatocrinin, stimulates
secretion of growth hormone
o Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(TRH) stimulates secretion of
thyroid stimulating hormone
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

o Corticotropin - releasing
hormone (CRH) stimulates
secretion of
adrenocorticotropic hormone
o Prolactin-releasing hormone
(PRH) stimulates secretion of
prolactin
o Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) stimulates
secretion of FSH and LH
 Inhibiting hormones:
o Growth hormone-inhibiting
hormone (GHIH), also known as
somatostatin, suppresses secretion
of growth hormone
o Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH),
which is dopamine, suppresses
secretion of prolactin OVARIES AND TESTES
 Ovaries
PANCREAS  paired oval bodies located in the
 Both an endocrine and exocrine organ female pelvic cavity
 Endocrine function – Pancreatic Islets /  Hormones produced:
Islet of Langerhans  Estrogen
 Progesterone
 Inhibin
 Relaxin (during pregnancy)

PANCREATIC ISLET CELLS  Testes

 Alpha or A cells constitute about 17% of  oval glands that lie in the scrotum
pancreatic islet cells and secrete  Hormones produced:
glucagon  Testosterone
 Beta or B cells constitute about 70% of  Inhibin
pancreatic islet cells and secrete insulin
 Delta or D cells constitute about 7% of
pancreatic islet cells and secrete
somatostatin
 F cells constitute the remainder of
pancreatic islet cells and secrete
pancreatic polypeptide
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY BSMLS
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM