I

152 Transactions on Power Delivery. Vol. 7 No.1, January 1992

IMPROVED SJMULATIONMODEIS FOR CURRENT AND VOLTAGETRANSFORMERS

J.R. Lucas
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Moratuwa
Katubedda, Moratuwa. Sri Lanka
INRELAY!XUDES
P.G. McLaren, Senior Member, W.W.L.Keerthipala, Member, R.P. Jayasinghe
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2

Keywords: b e n t transformer. potential transformer, CVT. saturation, hysteresis loop, computer simulation

ABSTRACT losses as well as eddy current losses.

The hysteresis loop is known to be virtually independent of
Improved models for current transformers, potential frequency [8] from power frequency to about 400 Hz,so that the
transformers and capacitive voltage transformers for a relay loop is not corrected for frequency in the present study.
software library are presented in the paper. The magnetising
characteristic in each of these transformers is based on the non-
linear power curve formulation of Lucas [4]. The flux-current
loops of the transformer core are self generated rather than
predetermined or based on look up tables. The results presented
show that the models developed for the transformers behave as
expected, and agree with reported field investigations.

I"
In determining the proper operation of relays in

-
electromagnetic transient studies, the proper representation of Figure 1-Basis of Model
the current transformer (Cl'). the potential transformer (FT)
including Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT), and their The basis of the model is a current injection corresponding
behaviour in conditions where there can be saturation is very to a parallel combination of a non-linear inductance and a non-
important. Thus the present study has developed simple but linear resistance (Figure 1).
accurate models for the CI',PT and the CVT to be used in the
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre's EMTDC package [l] and in
the real time digital relay test simulator [9]. The latter requires
that any software model can be implemented in real time. The non-linear inductor fluxcurrent relation is based on the
Therefore no iterations are permissible, and the algorithm non-integer-power series representation [4] of the
should be kept simple. magnetisation characteristic.
Many of the models [2-61 developed for representing flux- The magnetisation curve of transformer steel has a low
current variations in transformer cores have been based purely incremental permeability at low magnetising fields, increasing
on the magnetising characteristic. Other models [7-81 have to a peak value and then decreasing as saturation is reached.
considered magnetic excursions from the parent loop, but these Lucas [4] has shown that the field intensity H can thus be
lacked the simplicity and the accuracy desired. New models expressed by a power curve of flux density B of the form shown
therefore had to be developed. by
The behaviour of the Cl' under saturation conditions and the H=ZKiBq
presence of remanence from a previous magnetisation cause Alternatively this may be expressed in terms of flux-linkage w
distortions in the waveforms fed into relays. The models
and magnetising current i, at time t = n At as in equation (1).
developed include this behaviour.
In the CVT model, subharmonic oscillations during short i,,=nCiyr,= (1)
circuit faults in the primary system and ferroresonance with ki> 0, and ai> 0 for all i.
behaviour after fault clearance, including its suppression, have The coefficients ki are deliberately chosen to be positive to
been successfully simulated. The results of the model agree with
reported investigations [10.11.12]. The FT is not detailed out ensure that both H as well as the incremental permeability
in the paper as it also forms a part of the more complex CVT.
dH
vary smoothly without oscillation. The indices a i need not be
integers. In fact, a1 is quite often a decimal fraction close to
EL FOR -TIC C u
half, to accurately represent the ankle region of the B-H
The present study has developed a hysteresis loop which is characteristic. If the ankle region is not of great importance, a1
self generated and not previously defined. Further, the flux- can be conveniently chosen as unity for ease of computation.
current loop has been made consistent with both hysteresis Typically 3 terms of the power curve give a very good
representation over a very wide range of values.
[Note: The actual computations are done using values of B
91 SM 317-8 PWRD A paper recommended and approved rather than w
to avoid numerical problems when handling
by the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee of the powers of very large or very small numbers].
IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at The 'Reluctance' S, of the magnetic core of the transformer is
the IEEE/PES 1991 Summer Meeting, San Diego, defined for convenience in this study in terms of the flux-
California, July 28 - August 1, 1991. Manuscript linkage v, rather than the flux, as in equation (2)
submitted January 29, 1991; made available for
printing April 16, 1991. i,n = S n (2)
so that S, may now be expressed as in equation (3).
& = ZIQ vi"' (3)
0885-8977/91/$3.Ml@1992 IEEE ,

Core-Lw
The core loss is represented by the non-linear resistor in
Figure 1 and has components representing the eddy current loss
and the hysteresis loss. It is modelled as dependent on flux
density and voltage. This is to enable both hysteresis loss
(proportional to approximately B1.6). and eddy current loss
(proportional to B2) to be included in the model. Thus the core
current at any instant of time may be written as
L,n=fc(vJ
This function fc (v,) can typically be represented in the form
given in equation (4).
= v p + v. (4)
-
R I
where k, is a proportionaiity constant for the
hysteresis current, /3 the Steinmetz index and R is the eddy
current resistance. & will in general be frequency dependent but
it has at present been set at a value suitable for 60Hz.
The transformer exciting current in is the summation of the
magnetising current and the core-loss current. This current,
which is injected into the model at each instant, is given by
equation (5). . . .
1 =lmn+lGn (5)
The eddy current component of this current could be removed
from the injection, and introduced through a constant value
resistor R across the exciting branch in the equivalent circuit.
Remanence
The presenceof remanence in the core from a previous
magnetisation and the point-on-wave of switching cause the
operating point to shift from the origin, so that asymmetrical
flux-current loops are generated. These loops remain partially
asymmetrical until the core is once again driven fully into
saturation in the other direction. Remanence has thus been
modelled as follows.
The flux is initially kept displaced Corresponding to any
remanence. However, if the flux excursions subsequently
approach saturation in the opposite direction, the flux-current
loops also become more atld more symmetrical. This is
simulated by injection of an additional current based on the
flux-swing to counteract the original remanence.
Consider an initial remanence B, , with a corresponding
current of I, on the normal magnetisation curve. This current
would not however be present fully until saturation is reached in
excursions of flux in both directions. Thus in the simulation
the amount of current injected is modified by ia,. given by
equation (6).
k,n=L*f@ . w b n) (6)
where f (BSwh) is a function which approaches unity as Bswing
approaches saturation. The effect of the term is to remove the
asymmetry as a function of BIWhU. The chosen function ensures
the complete removal of the asymmetry when Blaringis large
enough to move into saturation on both excursions.
The corrected exciting current to be injected is thus given by
equation (7).
_-
in - 14n + i.n + ia. n (7)
CTs transform the line currents to designated low currents
suitable for relaying applications. For the normal operating
currents in the line, the CT operates well below the saturation
I
153
flux and the exciting current drawn by the CT is small. However
under heavy fault conditions saturation may be reached, and on
fault clearance may leave behind a high remanence on the core
dependent on the point-on-wave of fault clearance and burden.
On auto-reclosure thereafter, the CT could present a completely
distorted waveform to the relay.
Thus it is important to be able to successfully simulate the
behaviour of the CT under remanence conditions. and this has
been incorporated in the model.
I I
Burden
N turns IP
Figure 2 - Schematic diagram of CT
Figure 2 shows the simple equivalent circuit for a CT with
single-turn primary and N-turn secondary. All quantities are
referred to the secondary. The primary current for the CT model
i , . is determined from the electro-magnetic transient program
(EMTDc).
.
$,n=-
1p.n
N
Since the CT model developed is also for use with the real
time digital simulator [9] to test actual relays, the burden and the
CT are modelled as two distinct units. In this simulator. the
burden would be the input impedance of the relay under test, and
the present current injected into this burden develops a voltage
which is taken into the simulation via an A/D converter. This
voltage is used in the next time step. Here the burden is
modelled such that the current into the burden from the CT model
yields the voltage Vb, across the burden as follows.
Vb,n = fb (ib.nv I h l )
where 7cp_l represents the contribution of the history.
This in turn is injected back into the CT model at the next
time instant to determine the exciting voltage vCsnat the 'core'.
Vc,n = Vb,n + rs
+
(ib. >I2+ ib. n ) + rs
dt
This is written in finite difference form as in equation (8).
The flux-linkage is determhed for 'the CT'core as follows.
\yn = ~ n - l vn
+ At
The exciting current is now determined based on this core
voltage, as given in equation (7). The burden current, which is
the secondary current of the CT, is then determined from the
scaled primary current
. and . the. exciting current.
lb.n=lp,n-b
The real time simulator does not allow time for an iterative
solution and the initial estimate of how i , . is split between
exciting current ,i and burden current ib, is therefore important.
In off-line simulation iterations are possible and a more accurate
solution can be achieved. Comparisons will be shown between
the iterative and non iterative solutions in Figure 13.
154

-
CVTs transform the l i e voltages to designated low voltages
through a sequence of a capacitive potential divider and a
potential transformer. The voltage finally available to the
protective relay should ideally be an exact replica of the line
voltage. However when the burden is an electromechanical
relay, a relatively heavy current is drawn from the protective
device and a large error could result. Thus for better accuracy,
the loadiig effect on the capacitive divider is tuned, during cz
normal operation at power frequency, by a compensating reactor ze
on the primary side of the voltage transformer. However small
errors would still be present due to the magnetising current and
the secondary impedance of the transformer. Figure 3 shows a
schematic diagram of the arrangement [2].
suppression
Line
Figure 4 - CVT incorporatingferroresonant suppression

cl
1
Treactorr
potential
transformer
Potential All the components in the CVT network other than the
divider magnetisation characteristic of the transformer and its core-loss
are simulated using a Dommel type analysis [15] on the
C? Manitoba HVDC Research Centre's EMTDC package [11.
The transformer exciting current excluding the eddy current
component (i.e. magnetising current and hysteresis loss
current) is injected into the model at each instant, and are not
represented as elements of the conductance matrix in the
EMTDC studies.
Under normal operating conditions. the change in exciting
Figure 3 - Schematic diagram of CVT current injected from the time step to time step is small so that
it may be injected directly as a current source at the next instant
If the exact burden is known, the reactor could even be without any significant error. However, once saturation is
slightly detuned to give a higher accuracy for a particular burden reached the magnetising component of the injected current
PI. would be large causing the voltage at the core, from which the
An important area in the design of modem Capacitive current is calculated, to change significantly. This change
Voltage Transformers is its response to transient conditions. would in turn cause the current injected to be different. Under
Sudden voltage changes, either in the primary system or the this condition a direct computation of the current to be injected
secondary system could cause ferroresonance in the CVT, is no longer valid. Thus in the present model, a Thevenin
especially when starting from a previously magnetised state, equivalent of the Dommel equivalent resistances of the rest of
and dependent on the point-on-wave at which switching occurs. the €Tcircuit are included in determining the injected current.
A system which is composed of capacitors and iron-cored
inductances is subject to possible ferroresonant oscillations [5]
because of the possibility of the capacitor resonating with a
particular value of the non-linear inductance. These
ferroresonant oscillations may either be sustained power
frequency oscillations or subharmonic oscillations occurring at
a submultiple of the supply frequency [3].
During a fault, the fidelity of response of the CVT is
important for the relay to operate properly. Thus
ferroresonance suppression devices are normally included in the
CVT. This ferroresonant suppression may be "active" or
"passive" depending on whether the suppression device stores
energy and affects the inherent response of the CVT or not For
example, a permanently connected loading resistor across the
voltage transformer output could be used as a "passive" device.
However, to be sufficiently effective, its loadiig would severely Figure 5 - Thevenin equivalent using Dommel's impedances
reduce the accuracy of the measuring system. On the other hand
a suppression device which contains inductors and capacitors Figure 5 shows the Thevenin's equivalent circuit used in
would be "active" as these components are energy storing determining the magnetising current and hysteresis current to be
devices and can have a significant effect on the response time
unless carefully designed. However these may be tuned such that injected into the EMTDC simulation at the next time instant.
under normal power frequency conditions the accuracy is not The voltage at the FTcore Cn is estimated from the EMTDC
affected. Figure 4 shows the inclusion of such an "active" simulation with the magnetising current injection based on an
ferroresonant suppression system 1131. estimate of the flux (Figure 5a).
The actual core voltage Vn on the other hand would occur
when the rest of the circuit remains unchanged (i.e. has the same
Thevenin equivalent) but the magnetising current has the
 155
present value (Figure 5b). BESULTS
It can be shown (Appendix Al) that this voltage vn can be
expressed in terms of the estimates of voltage Gn), reluctance of Figure 7 shows the d.c. hysteresis loops for the 0.011"
A
Silectron 53 sheet steel used in the CT core. as obtained from
core (S,,), Thevenin impedance Zth and the earlier values of flux-
linkage (%-$ and current (i, ,,-I) as in equation (9). Manufacturer's data. Appendix A1 gives the. principal
the CI'.
vn = [%- &(vi-+)- LP1) Zb / 1 + L*Sn
I( -)
At
2
(9)
1.6

1.4
The values of reluctance, flux-linkage. and current are then
updated as follows for use in the evaluation at the next instant. 1.2
The actual flux-linkage wn at the present instant is now given as E
in equation (10). .g
UY
1.0
At
- g
'
b= b-l+V. (10) 0.8
2 2
The injected exciting current is calculated based on this flux-
linkage. Finally the flux-linkage at the next mid-interval is 0.6
determined as in equation (11).
At 0.4
%+l = Yn + Vn - (11)
2
0.2

0.0
J I 4 I
i current(^)
: : , , , 1
-0.0200.0000.020 0.040 0.060 0.0800.100

Figure 8 - Hysteresis Loops for Silectron 53 from model

The simulation of the outermost loop using the present

formulation under steady state conditions, without eddy current
losses, is shown in Figure 8. Close agreement is observed with
the manufacturer's curve.
current The behaviour of the flux-current loops under transient
injection conditions was then obtained from the model (Figure 9) starting
from an initially remanent condition. The eddy current losses
too have been added in this case.
Figure 6 - Equivalentcircuit in the simulation

The equivalent circuit beyond the compensating reactor is

simulated in the transient study as given in Figure 6. with all
quantities referred to the primary side.
The burden selected for the CVT in the study is the ANSI
standard burden [ 111, which consists of a pure resistance of R, in
parallel with an impedance (R., X.) having a lagging power
factor Of 0'5' .01l'Siktron53[AlSIM-4)

00 I
.005 000 005 010 015

Figure 9 -Transient flux-current loops from model

Figure 7 - Manufacturer's Hysteresis Loops for Silectron 53 Figure 10 - Experimental transient flux-current loops
156
12
These compare very well with experimental flux-current
loops (Figure 10) obtained by March [13] under similar lo

conditions. Od
Having established the accuracy of the self-generated flux
Od
current loops of the model, the model performance was
compared to published practical tests. The practical recordings 02
are shown in Figure 11 and the corresponding results for the
O0
present model are shown m Figure 12. The burden used in the
simulation was 1.258 in series with OSmH and although the +a
transformation ratio is diffexent for the pactical recordings and
the present model the secondary level effects are very similar. "
The results shown in Figure 12 are for the non-iterative 44

solution. Figure 13 shows a cOmpariSOn between the iterative do no 3oo 'I0 tlmc (I)
'lo no o)o
.IO*
and non-iterative solution. The iterative solution is accurate to Figure 13 - Comparison between iterative and non-iterative
within 0.05A. The only difference is in the saturated region. solution for model CI'
ComDarison of run times on a SUN s~arc~tation for 4- of
wavlform are 53.77s for the non-itera&e case and 233.14s for
the iterative case.
In order to show transient flux-current loops a case with
lower magnetising currents is necessary. The width of the
hysteresis loop is around 2OmA (see Fig. 8) and with
magnetising currents of IOOOA as in the case shown in Fig. 12
the scaling will close the loop to a line on a diagram. A very
large burden was chosen to get saturation at lower current levels
and a reclose operation is chosen to examine the remanence
performance. Fig. 14(a) shows the primary current applied to
the CT model and with a burden of 37.58 the magnetising
current is shown in Fig. 14(b). The magnetising current is
small and the burden current is very close to Fig. 14(a). Fig.
14(c) shows the B versus time curve and Fig. 15 shows the
corresponding transient B/cunent loops (excluding eddy (a) Primary cment (scaled)
currents). Notice that the flux excursions after reclose are offset
from zero and the offset decays on a very long time constant.
The results shown are for the non-iterative solution and appear
to be more than adequate for relay testing.

(b) Magnetising current

Figure 11 -Oscillogram of Full Scale Test of 150/5 CT
and Relay at 40,000 Amperes [161
cwnnt (A)
25

20

15

-0

05

00

Q S

lo/
15
do za eo tao no too 370 uo si0
umc (S)
SJ e60 no
,104
::
mo ma mo ~ m o .ma 4.3 .ta7 io0 17 ea mo (18.7 qua
lunc (I)
1100 im7 ma 1600 2m7 rmJ SI0
.I+

Figure 12 -Primary current (scaled) and burden current

for model. (c) Flux density
Figure 14 - Primary current, magnetising
current and flux density for a 3732 burden
 157

m.OO

100.00
E
0.00

.100.00

011 2
O2-90.0 -73 4.7 4.0 0.1 35 8.0 8.1 iia

Cumnt(A)
14.0 0.1 i e ~
-m.m
-3oo.m
Figure 15 - B/current loops
400.00
OK8 0.10 0.15 0.20 O S 0.30 0.35 0.40
150 tims (I)

100 Figure 17(a) -Voltage waveforms of CVT

showing ferroresonance
-
L
50

e o
4 I
-50

-100

-150
Q.OP 4.01 0.00 0.Ol 0.02 0.03 OM 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
h C (8)
aoo.mC
0.05
.
0.10
.
1 -
0.15
. . . . .
om o s om ass 0.10
J
0.4
Figure 16(a)- Voltage waveforms at zero initiation, p.fA.7
(4
Figure 17(b)- Voltage waveforms of CVT
with ferroresonancesuppression

In order to examine the ferroresonance behaviour the

suppression filter was removed from the model and a 20VA
l.Opf burden was used to give negligible damping. Primary
voltage collapse occurred at 0.1s in Figure 17(a) and is restored
at 0.125s. Both the voltage collapse and restoration are at flux
peaks and the ferroresonant behaviour is shown in Figure 17(a).
The same case with the filter included in the model is shown in
Figure 17(b) and it can be seen that the resonance is quickly
damped out as would be the case in practice [12].
4.0 4m om 0.01 om 0.01 0.01 o m om 0.07 o.aa Figure 18 and 19 show the frequency response of the CVT
h 0 (8)
with and without suppression for the normal burden and a low
burden. The frequency response is not linear as saturation is
Figure 16(b) - Voltage waveforms at zero initiation, p.f.4.7 also involved, but illustrate why sub-harmonic oscillations and
high magnetising current ferroresonance are more likely to occur with low burdens than
with moderate or high burdens.
The non-iterative CVT model was tested with input
waveforms in which the voltage collapsed to zero at or near a
zero crossing. This is known to produce "subsidence"
transients in practical CVT's I l l ] . Appendix A3 gives the
principle data for the CVT. This data is based on the CVT's used
by Manitoba Hydro at the Dorsey end (north) of the 500kV line
to Minnesota. The burden used in the following cases is a
200VA ANSI standard burden. Figure 16(a) shows the burden
voltage when the overall burden pf is 0.7 lagging and the input
voltage collapses to zero at t=O.O. Figure 16(b) shows the same
result for a PT with a higher magnetising current. The low
frequency component present in Fig. 16 is as expected in
practice [ 101.
-
frequency (Hz) log scale

Figure 18 - Frequency Response of CVT (200 VA burden)

 1988. pp. 202-209.
[8] Hassani. M.M., Lachiver. G., and Jasmin. G.. "Numerical
Simulation of the magnetic core of a transformer in
transient operations", Canadian Conference on Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Sept. 1989, pp. 289-291.
[9] Wierckx. R.P.. Maguire, T.L., Woodford, D.A. and
Rosendahl, G.K.. "Canadian developments in power
:ystem simulation". IEEE Canadian Review, No. 6, Dec.
1989, p. 15.
[lo] Sweetana, A., "Transient response characteristics of
capacitive potential devices", IEEE Trans. on Pas, Vol.
U *a U I D I1 1.4 I# I # 20 U
frequency (Hz) log scale
14

-
U U IO aa *4 a1

Figure 19 - Frequency Response of CVT (20 VA burden)
CONCLUSIONS
Improved models have been developed for the CT,F T and the
CVT. The models do not rely on & f i g a large number of
parent flux-current loops in look-up tables, but self-genexates
them based on a single magnetisation curve. The models are
valid when starting from both remanent and non-magnetised
initial conditions and also permit the non-linearities to be
implemented in the transient study without the use of
iterations. The latter is an essential feature for the real time
relay test simulator on which the models are to be finally
implemented.
The results obtained from the studies carried out show that
the model developed for the flux-current loop generation is
completely acceptable. Further they show that models for the
CT and CVT give acceptable results, including those under
remanent conditions and ferroresonant conditions. These
models are thus necessary components for relay studies carried
out with electro-magnetic transient programs whether off-line
or in real time.
[ 111
PAS-90. Sqt./Oct. 1971. pp. 1989-2001.
"Transient response of coupling capacitor voltage 1
transformers IEEE Committee Report", IEEE Trans. on
PAS, Vol. PAS-100, No. 12, Dec. 1981, pp. 4811-4814.
[12] Sweetana, A., and Flugum. R.W.. "A new metering
accuracy capacitive potential device", IEEE Trans. on
PAS. Vol. PAS-85, No. 5. May 1966, p. 499-510.
[13] March, G.. "A new device for current differential
protection systems", M.Sc. dissertation, Corpus Christi
College, University of Cambridge, UK, January 1977.
[ 141 Swift, G.W.. "An analytical approach for ferroresonance".
IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-88, No. 1. Jan. 1969, pp.
42-46.
[15] Dommel. H.W.. "Digital computer solution of
electromagnetic transients in single and multiphase
networks". IEEE Trans. on PAS, PAS-88, No. 4, April
1969, pp. 388-399.
[ 161 W.C. Kotheimer. R. Garrett, S.E. Zocholl. "Computer
Simulation of Current Transformers and Relays for
Performance Analysis". Presented at the Pennsylvania
Electric Association Winter Meeting, January 27, 1989.
Pittsburgh.
[ 171 Manufacturer's data, "Oriented Silicon Steels - Silectron
and Silector", Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - ual Data for the CT

The authors are grateful to the University of Manitoba for Current transformer ratio = 1600 : 5
providing the computer facilities, the Manitoba HVDC Research Accuracy = 10 L 800
Centre for providing a grant to' undertake the work, and the Core Material = Silectron 53
University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka for providing Dr. Lucas his Core cross section = 4.42 x 1 0 - ~ ~ 2
Sabbatical leave to enable him to undertake this work. Mean core length = 0.5 m
They also wish to thank Mr. Gordon March for the use of his Winding resistance = 0.5Q
experimental results and Mr. Ed Vasvary of Federal Pioneer Ltd., Leakage inductance = 0.5 mH
Manitoba for providing them with practical data.
APuendix A2 - termination of Core Voltape in
REFERENCES D
-rC Estimate
Dl EMTDC User's Manual, Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, Consider Figure 5 . If the CVT circuit, other than the
November 1988. magnetising branch, has a Thevenin impedance (Dommel
I21 Copeland, N.A., and Slemon, G.R., "An Analysis of equivalent) of Z& and a Thevenin voltage source of v & , at~ a
hysteresis motor", IEEE Trans., 1963, PAS82, pp. 3442.
given instant (Figure 5(a)), then the core voltage estimate Gn,
[31 OKelly, D., "Hysteresis and eddy-current losses in steel based on the magnetising current im,n-l at the previous instant,
plates with non-linear magnetisation characteristics",
ROC.IEE, 1972. 119, NO. 11. pp. 1675-1676. would be given by equation (A2.1).
141 Lucas, J.R.. "Representation of magnetisation curves
over a wide region using a non-integer power series",
IJEEE, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1988, Manchester U.P.. UK. pp.
335-340. The actual core voltage vu on the other hand would occur
151 Widger, C.F.T., "Representation of magnetisation curves when the rest of the circuit remains unchanged (i.e. has the same
over extenstive range by rational fraction Thevenin equivalent) but the magnetising current has the
approximations". hoc. IEE, 116, No. 1, Jan. 1969, pp. present value i, as in Figure 5b, and would be given by
156-160. equation (A2.2).
[61 Macfadyen. W.K., e t al. "Representation of vu=v~n-&*insn (A2.2)
magnetisation curves by exponential series", Proc. IEE,
120. NO. 8. Aug. 1973. pp. 902-909. Since the Thevenin equivalent source voltage is not actually
171 Ray, S., "Digital simulation of B/H excursions for power known, this is eliminated from equations (A2.1) and (A2.2) to
system studies", Proc. IEE. Vol. 135. Pt C, No. 3, May give the actual core voltage in terms of the valuc from the
 159

simulation as given in equation (A2.3). He is a Chartered Engineer (C.Eng.) and a Fellow of both the
Institute of Electrical Engineers, London and the Institute of
v. = .G + zth bqn-1- zlh i. (A2.3) Engineers, Sri Lanka.

From the flux-linkage Vn-1 of the previous instant, the flux peter C McLaren was born in Perth, Scotland in 1936. He
at the previous mid-interval b-1 is known as given in equation received his bachelor's degree from the University of St.
Andrews in 1958 with first class honours in Electrical
(A2.4). Engineering. He then worked for A.E.I. for 3 years in their
power systems development department in Manchester, England
At
W1-t = yn-1 + VD-1 - (A2.4) before returning to St. Andrews to take up a University
2 Lectureship in power systems and machines. During his 6 years
h
at St. Andrews he completed his doctorate in power system
The flux-linkage w,,at the present instant is estimated as in protection as a part time research student. He then spent 1 year
equation (A2.5). at Heriott Watt University in Edinburgh before joining the staff
n
At of the Engineering Laboratory in Cambridge in 1968. His main
b = b-L+V. '- (A2.5) research interests are power system protection, condition
2 2
n monitoring of large electrical motors, surges in electrical
The 'reluctance' S. (based on flux linkage rather than on flux) machines and systems, and superconductors.
may be estimated from the power curve representation [l] of the In July 1988 he moved to the University of Manitoba to
magnetisation characteristic (equation (A2.6)). become the NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Power Systems
n
s. = f ($$ (A2.6) and is now a registered engineer in the province of Manitoba.
A
He is also a Senior Member of the IEEE and a Chartered Engineer
The estimated magnetising current i,
n
,, at the present instant in Europe (Euroeng.).
may be expressed using the reluctance S. in terms of the actual
flux as in equation (A2.7). Wickramaarachchive W.L. Keerthipala (M'90 of IEEE)
A L
At was born in Matugama, Sri Lanka, in 1961. He received the
in,. = Sn(vn-f+Vn -) (A2.7) B.Sc. (Eng.) degree with first class honours in electrical and
2
Thus equation (A2.3) may be rewritten as electronic engineering from the University of Peradeniya, Sri
Lanka, in 1984, and the Ph.D. degree specialized in Power
Systems from the University of Cambridge, U.K., in 1989.
He has worked at the University of Peradeniya as an
Assistant Lecturer for two years, and he is presently continuing
his research work at the University of Manitoba as a Post-
Doctoral Fellow. His research interests include Surges in
giving the expression (A2.8) Machine windings and Power System modelling and simulation.

Vn = [G,- Rohitha P. .lavasinghe was born in Kelaniya, Sri Lanka in

-
1963. He received his Bachelor's degree from the University of
Moratuwa in 1987 with First Class Honours in Electrical
A modified form of the above algorithm is used when initial
Engineering. He then joined Ceylon Electricity Board as an
remanence is present [8].
Electrical Engineer. Presently he is studying for the Ph.D. at
Amendix A 3 - Princide Data for CVT 8~ SUD-
the University of Manitoba. His current research interests
include investigating the protection problems due to
Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Power Systems.
CVT ratio =4500: 1
Divider Capacitance CI = 0.116 nF
Divider Capacitance C2 = 2.88 nF
Compensating inductance = 0.20 H
Voltage transformer primary = 11.2 kV
Voltage transformer secondary = 115. V
Suppression filter capacitance = 8. pF
Suppression filter inductance = 230. VA (60Hz. 115V)
Suppression filter resistance = 40. R

was born in Colombo. Sri Lanka in 1947.

He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Ceylon
in 1969 with second class honours in Electrical Engineering.
He then joined the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka (then
Ceylon College of Technology) as an Assistant Lecturer. In
1971 he was granted study leave to proceed to the United
Kingdom on a UNESCO Fellowship, where he completed his
Master's degree in 1972 and his Doctorate in 1974 in Power
Systems at the University of Manchester Institute of Science
and Technology.
His main research interest is Power System Transient
Analysis. He has co-authored about 30 booklets in the
elcctrical engineering field for the Open University of Sri Lanka
and has been the author or co-author of about 15 papers.