Electrical Site Tests Procedures

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
CHECKING - SITE TESTS - ENERGIZING
TEST PROCEDURE
METHOD
That hand book is only reserved for testers.

It isn't allowed to diffuse or distribute it either to the customers or to foreign
people of the Society.
SITE TESTS - PROCEEDING METHOD
SUMMARY
1. GENERALITIES P. 5
2. HV EQUIPMENT P. 6
CIRCUIT BREAKER / DISCONNECTING SWITCH P. 6
3. MEASUREMENT TRANSFORMERS P. 7
CURRENT TRANSFORMER P. 7
CHECKING OF WINDING DIRECTION AND CONTINUITY P.8
TEST OF THE RATIO TRANSFORMER P. 9
SECONDARY WIRING INSULATION MEASUREMENT P. 10
MEASURE OF THE SECONDARY WIRING RESISTANCE P. 10
DIELECTRIC TEST P. 10
MAGNETISATION CURVE P. 11
CONSUMPTION TESTING P. 13
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER P. 14
CHECKING OF WINDING DIRECTION AND CONTINUITY P. 15
CHECKING OF THE RATIO P. 16
COUPLING CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CCVT) - POLARITY TEST P. 17
CHECKING OF PHASES ROTATING SEQUENCE P.19
MEASURE OF WINDINGS INSULATION P.20
SECONDARY WINDING RESISTANCE P. 20
DIELECTRIC P. 20
CONSUMPTION TESTING P. 20
4. POWER TRANSFORMER P. 21
MEASUREMENT OF WINDINGS INSULATION RESISTANCE P. 22

WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT P. 24
RATIO TESTS P. 26
CHECKING OF THE VECTOR-GROUP P. 29
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT P. 32
OIL TESTING P. 37
DIELECTRIC TESTS P. 42
CHECK OF SOUND LEVEL P. 44
MESURE OF CAPACITIES AND TANGENT DELTA P. 45
TEST PROCEDURE ON A WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR (TYPE AKM) P. 47
5. DIRECT CURRENT AUXILIARIES P. 52
BATTERIES P. 52
BATTERY CHARGER P. 53
2
SUMMARY
6. CONTROL CIRCUITS P. 54
INSULATION P. 54
DIELECTRIC P. 54
7. PROTECTION RELAYS P. 55
DISTANCE PROTECTION P. 55
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION P. 56
CURRENT GENERAL PROTECTION P. 56
VOLTAGE RELAY P. 56
DIRECTIONAL RELAYS P. 57
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION P. 59
BUSBAR PROTECTION PRIMARY INJECTION TEST P. 60
LONGITUDINAL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION P. 62
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION P. 64
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION P. 65
OPERATING TEST BY PRIMARY INJECTION P. 67
8. MEASURING AND METERING EQUIPMENTS P. 68
9. EARTH RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT P. 69
MEASURE OF GROUND INSULATION P. 69

TESTING OF GROUND CONNECTIONS P. 70
MAX. VALUES OF EARTH CONNECTIONS RESISTANCES P. 70
10. DIELECTRIC TEST P. 71
11. INSULATION TESTING P. 75
PRINCIPLE OF INSULATION MEASURE FOR A LV CIRCUIT P. 75

INSULATION VALUES P. 76
12. MAX. RESISTANCE AUTHORISED BETWEEN FRAME AND MAIN EQUIPOTENTIAL EARTH P. 77
13. MEASURE OF STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE P. 78
METHOD P. 79
STEP VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT (FOOT TO FOOT CONTACT) P. 80
TOUCH VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT (FOOT TO HAND CONTACT) P. 81
CALCULATION OF POTENTIAL GRADIENT P. 82
CURRENT ALLOWED DURING 1 SECOND P. 83
3
SUMMARY
14. SEARCH OF FAULTS P. 85
FAULT ON CABLE P. 85
SHORT-CIRCUIT BETWEEN 2 CABLES P. 87
15. MV 5,5 KV TO 30 KV CIRCUITS CONTINUITY OF MV CIRCUITS P. 88
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE PHASE TO PHASE TEST P. 88
16. MEASURE OF CONTACT RESISTANCES ON BUSBARS P. 89
TESTING DIAGRAM P. 89
17. CABLES CHECKING P. 90
GENERALITIES P. 90
MV CABLES (NOMINAL VOLTAGE 6-30 KV) P. 95
LV CABLES (50 V  U  500 V) P. 97
CONTROL COMMAND CABLES P. 98
INSTRUMENTATION CABLES P. 100
18. ON LOAD TESTS P. 103
EHV, HV, MV, LV FEEDERS P. 103

TRANSFORMER OUTGOING FEEDERS P. 103
MOTOR FEEDERS P. 104
DIESEL ENGINE INCOMING P. 104
19. IEC NORMS P. 105
20. ANNEXS :
ANNEX 1 : DIELECTRIC TEST FOR CABLES

ANNEX 2 : DIELECTRIC TEST FOR CABLES AND SWITCHBOARD
ANNEX 3 : EHV DIELECTRIC TEST
ANNEX 4 : FEEDBACK PRINCIPLE
ANNEX 5 : RECOMMANDED SETTINGS
"annex 1.xls" "annex 2.xls" "annex 3.xls" "annex 4.doc" "annex 5.doc"
DOUBLE CILCK TO OPEN ANY ANNEX
4
TESTS DEFINITION
METHOD
1. GENERALITIES
Before proceeding to the energization of an electrical installation, it is necessary to :
a) Check that :
- The HV, MV, LV equipment installed is with adequate characteristics,
- All the safety devices are installed :
. tapes, posters,
. gloves, stools,
. poles,
. earthing equipment,
. communication devices,
. consignment sheets,
. fire protection equipment,
- All control and electrical locking circuits are well done (analysis of documents).
b) Carry out all the preliminary checkings described on the test sheets, for each equipment.
c) Ensure that the conformity of cables and wiring has been checked for conformity during erection or
at the end of erection.
5
2. HV EQUIPMENT
2.1 CIRCUIT BREAKER / DISCONNECTING SWITCH
Point out the characteristics and ensure that they are in accordance with the feeding voltage :
- For circuit breakers check
references,
general locking,
no leaks of oil circuit,
mechanical lockings,
condition of the porcelains,
earthing,
insulation regarding with earth,
HV connections, torque test,
SF6 pressure,
auxiliaries :
. driving motor,
. anti-condensing resistance,
. panel lighting.
- Test
operation of closing coil,

anti-pumping,
simultaneity of opening and closing of poles,
tripping time
closing time
contact resistance measurement
cabling of interlocks
Voltage drop between poles crossed by the nominal current.
- For disconnecting switch
- adjust the controls and carry out the mechanical and electrical tests,
- test the good operating of locking devices,
- check blades penetration,
- contact resistance measurement.
6
3. MEASUREMENT TRANSFORMERS
3.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
3.1.1 Definition of tests
a) Check
references,
earthing of terminal S2 of the LV wiring,
wiring direction (polarity),
wiring continuity,
transformer ratio,
LV wiring insulation.
b) Measure
secondary wiring resistance.
c) Carry out
magnetisation curve, ) If specified on design

dielectric between LV wiring and earth. )
d) Verify
Consumption of LV circuit ) If specified on design
7
3.1.2 Checking of winding direction and continuity
According to hereunder diagram, for each transformer.
PUSH BUTTON
BATTERY
+ -
P1 P2
S1 S2
CTB
1) Check at the terminals S1 & S2 of the CT

2) Check after current testing block
Use a voltmeter with central zero scale connected on the current transformer S1 & S2 terminals
and a battery of 9 V capacity.
By action on push button, the voltmeter will indicate :
- a positive deviation at the closing

- a negative deviation at the opening
8
3.1.3 Test of the ratio transformer
Method - according to the hereunder diagram.
P2 P1
P2 P1
TEMPORARY
P2 P1 SHORT CIRCUIT
S2 S1
A1 A3 A2
PRIMARY
RELAY
INJECTION
SUPPLY
Verify by primary injection of In (if possible) :
- the indication of A1,
- the indication of A2.
The ratio is given by the calculated value of A1 / A2.
Then, compare the calculated ratio with the ratio written on the manufacturer's plate of the CT.
A3 will allow to check the presence of a leakage current.
9
3.1.4 Secondary wiring insulation measurement
After disconnection of CT earthing, carry out :
a) an insulation measure between each wiring and the others earthed.
b) an insluation measure between separate windings.
Equipment to be used : 500 V megohm meter.
3.1.5 Measure of the secondary wiring resistance
The wiring resistance of the CT can be measured by using an equipment like the wheatstone
bridge (low resistance measurement).
Compare with the value measured in factory.
NOTA : S2 earthing checking : after the test, connect the earth cable and check the
interconnection of S2 outputs of the CT.
3.1.6 Dielectric test
According to the standards, this test is not required because the dielectric test at 1000 V during
1 mn is only applied for voltages < 60 V. 500 V magneto test is sufficient.
10
3.1.7 Magnetisation curve
a) Schematic diagram
CTB
RELAY
ISOLATED
P1 FROM
CIRCUIT
S1
S2
P2
V SUPPLY
Potentiel transformer (if necessary)

HV circuit breaker open
Equipment to be used :
1) Analogie ammeter, class 0,5 or 1
2) Analogie Voltmeter class 0,5 of 1
3) Voltage transformer
4) Variable power supply 0-240 V & 10 A minimum
Initial state : main circuit breaker open, the test will be carried out by a current injection at the
secondary of the current transformer.
Remark :It's better to carry out this test with the CT test box from the control room in order to
make sure that the cabling from the CT to the relay is correct.
11
b) Purpose
1. Check that there is no core out of use,

2. Compare the knee voltage with the typical test.
PROCEDURE
The knee point voltage is characterised by the value which increase by 50 % the magnetisation
current when the voltage applied at the secondary of the CT is increased by 10 % (all other
windings being open).
The excitation curve will be drawn until the point corresponding to an increase by 100 % of the
current when the voltage increase by 10 %.
PRECAUTIONS
At the end of the tests, it is absolutely necessary to reduce gradually the voltage before the
interruption of the feeding voltage, because an abrupt variation of the flux could produce a
sufficent voltage to damage the insulation of the secondary winding.
Type of curve
500
10 %
400
300
200
100
50 %
mA
50 100 150 200
Example for 500/1 CT

Knee - point at 420 V.
Calculation of Vk
The minimum knee point voltage Vk and maximum current Ie are calculated as follows :
Vk = 2 If (Rs + Rp)
Ie = Is - Ir
n
Where :
If = equivalent secondary pilot current of maximum fault current
Is = effective fault setting expressed in secondary Amps
Ir = relay setting current
Rs = CT secondary winding resistance
Rp = maxi loop lead resistance between CT's and relay
n = number of CT groups forming the protected zone for bus zone differential protection
n = 2 for machine or transformer differential protection
n = 3 for restricted earth fault protection on delta windings
n = 4 for restricted earth fault protection on star windings
12
3.1.8 Consumption testing
During the primary injection of the nominal current on the CT, check the voltage on the terminals
S1 and S2. Then make the calculation (U x I) and check that this CT consumption is not higher
than the value given on the name plate by the manufacturer (in VA).
13
3.2 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
3.2.1 Definition of tests
a) Check
reference,
earthing of S2 LV winding terminal,
earthing of P2 HV winding terminal,
winding direction (polarity),
winding continuity,
transformer ratio,
insulation between HV & LV windings and between LV windings and earth,
phases rotating sequence.
b) Measure
secondary winding resistance
c) Carry out
dielectric between LV winding and earth
d) Test
consumption.
14
3.2.2 Checking of winding direction and continuity
a) Schematic diagram
R Y B
HV Protection LV
P1 S1
+
- S2
P2
- +
V
+ -
Battery
Use a voltmeter with central zero scale connected on VT S1 & S2 teminals, and a battery of 9 V
capacity. By action on the Push Button, at the closing the voltmeter will indicate a positive pulse,
at the opening, a negative pulse.
Purpose : Check the continuity of primary and secondary windings of the VT and their winding
direction. This test also allows the correction of secondary windings until the
incoming LV fuses.
15
3.2.3 Checking of the ratio
1st method :primary injection by using of a HV generator giving a voltage of 0,5 Un to 1,2 Un. It
is possible to check the ratio by injection of a low voltage around 500 V.
V1 V2
R = V1
V2
2d method : by using a measuring bridge (with potentiometer). See the hereunder scheme of
principle.
temporary jumper
P1 S1
U2
R1
P2 S2
U1
R2
The measure consist in making both voltages at zero by action on the resistor divider then the
galvanometer will indicate "zero".
Results analysis
The standards allow an error margin of  0,5 % of the calculated measure. The error in % will be
calculated with of the following formula :
E (%) = Measured ratio - calculated ratio
100 X Calculated ratio
Compare the results with the ratio found on factory tests.
Purpose : to detect the following anomalies,

- short-circuited winding,
- open winding,
- bad connections during the assembling.
16
3.2.4 Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CCVT) - Polarity test :
1st testing method
- calculate CCVT ratio U1 / U2 = Xr
- prepare resistor divider (R1 + R2)/R1 = Xr
- connect in parrallel the CCVT and the resistor divider - take care of polarity.
- connect the mVoltmeter and apply an AC voltage.
- the mVoltmeter reading should be near zero, if the CCVT polarities are correct.
Testing diagram :
P1
R2
C1
S mV
S1
R1 C2
S2 P2
17
2d method
As a principle see the hereunder diagram. The calculation depends on the ratio of the VT.
PHASE SEQUENCE CHECK CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Voltage transformer
Capacitive voltage transformer
Ratio 11000/100/V 3 = 190,5256
A
C1
L C2
Tr
U F Zd
P1
S1 m V 2a1
U = 220 Volts R1
U2 2a2
S2 R2 2n
P2 1a1
100 1a2
1n
N
NHF
U2 = 220 = 1,1547 Volts G
(S1 S2) 190,5256
U2 (CVT) = 220
K (CVT)
K = Capacitive VT ratio
The voltage transformer is connected in parallel to the capacitive voltage transformer.
The voltage U1 is applied between A and N, NHF both earthed.
U2 (S1 S2) = 220/190,52 = 1,155 volts

U2 (CVT) = 220/K
K = ratio of capacitive VT
Correct polarities U of the milivoltmeter is near of zero.
In this case :
U'2 = U2 (CVT)
R1 = 100 U2/U2 (CVT) - 100
DIVIDER RATIO K VOLTAGE U2 (CVT) = mV R1 ohms
220 000/V3 2200 U2 (1a2 - 1n) = 100 1055
100/V3 or (2a2 - 2n)
18
3.2.5 Checking of phases rotating sequence
After energizing, check :
Phases rotating sequence by means of a field-controller through the 3 phases (see hereunder
schematic diagram).
By applying rated three-phased voltage on the primary terminal of the VT with open delta
diagram, verify that the resultant voltage is less than 5 V.
WITHOUT TERTIARY WIRING
V1
C V2
B
V2
V1
1. Check before VTB

2. Check after VTB VTB
2
A B C
19
3.2.6 Measure of windings insulation
After disconnection of the earth, carry out :
1) insulation measurement between HV and LV windings,
2) insulation measurement between each LV winding and earth
The measured values will be around several megohms. Equipment to be used : 500 V megohm
meter.
3.2.7 Secondary winding resistance
The winding resistance of the VT can be measured by means of an equipment like wheatstone
bridge. Compare with the others VT to detect any anomaly.
NOTA : Check of S2 earthing after tests, connect the earth cable and check the
interconnections of the S2 terminals of the VT.
3.2.8 Dielectric
- between each LV winding and earth,
- between one LV winding and the others LV windings connected, together and to the earth,
- test : apply 2 000 V during 1 mn.
3.2.9 Consumption testing
Method :
After energizing check the consumption at the measuring point "A" by means of an ammeter in
serial successively with each phase :
1) check the correction of phases (balancing),
2) consumption (VA) of each phase by multiplication U x I,
3) compare the result with the value indicated on manufacturer's plate of the VT.
20
4. POWER TRANSFORMER
4.1 DEFINITION OF TESTS
Check :
Reference,
coupling (horary index),
connections tightening,
looking of terminals,
looking of porcelains,
insulation between winding and tank,
insulation between auxiliaries and earth, 500 V magneto,
connection and earthing of lightning arrester,
tank earthing,
earthing of HV or MV neutral,
cooling device : . rotation direction of motors,
. mechanical looking of fans,
. coupling of radiators.
Verify :
- safety devices operation,
- Buccholz 1st step : alarm by air injection,
- Buccholz 2nd step : tripping discharge,
- Thermostat alarm + tripping,
- tap changer operation,
- limit switch for high position,
- + operation step by step,
- ratio for each position of the tap changer,
- tap changer cubicle heating operation,
- thermal sensors of cooling system and starting of fans, oil circulation.
Measure of insulation
windings resistance with correction of the room temperature for each position of the tap changer.
Carry out
Dielectric value of the oil (spintermeter).
21
4.2 MEASUREMENT OF WINDINGS INSULATION RESISTANCE
Principle
The measurements are carried out with the help of a MEGGER delivering voltages of 2500 and 5000
V. Windings are short-circuited. The duration of the measurement is around 1 mn. During the
measurement, the windings, which are not supplied, must be earthed.
Measures
With a megohm meter, apply 5000 V between :
- HV an MV windings,
- HV winding and earth + tank connected,
- MV winding and earth + tank connected.
With a megohm meter, apply 2500 V between :
- MV an LV windings,
- MV winding and resistance,
- resistance and earth.
With a meghom meter, apply 1000 or 500 V between :
- LV winding and earth + tank connected,
- LV auxiliary tap changer and earth,
- Tank and blocking rail (in case of tank protection).
22
Schematic diagram
TANK
HV MV
a
A
b 1
B
c
C
MEGGER
TANK
HV MV
a
A
b 2
B
c
C
MEGGER
TANK
HV MV
a
A
b 3
B
c
C
MEGGER
1. Between HV windings and earth,
2. Between HV an MV windings,
3. Between MV winding and earth,
Same method if there is a tertiary winding.
23
4.3 WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
- this measurement is necessary to determine the transformer conductor losses RI 2
- the measurements should be done when the transformer is cold. It should be de-energized for at
least 3 hours.
- the temperature measurements should be done at differents points on the transformer and the
average Tm should be calculated. The temperature difference between the top and the bottom of the
transformer should not exceed 5°C.
Testing schematic diagram
Transformer
Battery under test
V
Switch
The voltmeter leads should be connected as closely as possible to the terminals of the winding to be
measured. It's better to disconnect the voltmeter when switching on and off.
- the current used should not exceed 15 % of the winding nominal current.
- the voltage and current values should be recorded to calculate the resistance after the readings are
stabilized.
24
Conversion of resistance measurements
To calculate the winding resistance for others temperatures the conversion shall be done by the
following formula.
Rs = Rm x Ts + Tk
Tm + Tk
Rs = resistance at desired temperature
Rm = measured resistance
Ts = desired reference temperature
Tm = temperature at which the measurement is done
Tk = 234.5 (copper)
Tk = 225 (aluminum)
Remark :
Measurement by resistor bridge method could be used if the rated current of the transformer winding
to be measured is less than 1 Ampere.
25
4.4 RATIO TESTS
1st method : Voltmeter method
Two voltmeters shall be used. One to read the voltage injected on the high voltage terminals. The
other to measure the voltage on the low voltage terminals.
The two voltmeters shall be read simultaneously.
The test should be repeated four times (4 different values). The average ratio should be taken as the
true value (within  1%).
For three phases transformers refer to table (here with) concerning voltmeters connections.
2nd method :
Ratio bridge method
- material to be used
- 1 high impedance digital voltmeter
- 2 high accuracy decade resistors.
26
Testing diagram
Test procedure
- apply voltage to primary terminals
- adjust R1 and R2 in order to read zero m Volt
Ratio = U1 = R1 + R2
U2 R1
compare the calculated ratio with this one given by the manufacturer on the name plate. For three
phases transformers refer to table (here with) for connections.
Using this method will allow to check transformer polarity and vector - group.
27
3 phases transformers ratio and vector-group test
Transformer Primary voltage Secondary voltage

Ratio
Vector - group Apply on terminals measured on terminals
A.B a.b
do A.C a.c U1 / U2
B.C b.c
A.B n.a
y5 A.C c.n U1 / U2 x 3
B.C n.b
A.B b.a
d6 A.C c.a U1 / U2
B.C c.b
A.B a.n
 y 11 A.C n.c U1 / U2 x 3
B.C b.n
A.N a.n
Yyo B.N b.n U1 / U2
C.N c.n
B.N a.b
Yd5 A.N c.a U1 x 3 / U2
C.N b.c
A.N n.a
Yy6 B.N n.b U1 / U2
C.N n.c
A.N a.c
Y d 11 B.N b.a U1 x 3 / U2
C.N c.b
28
4.5 CHECKING OF THE VECTOR-GROUP
4.5.1 1st method : (by mean of a DC feeder)
Apply at the terminals A & B of the HV winding a DC voltage around 12 V (terminal A connected
to the positive pole, terminal B to the negative).
By connecting a voltmeter, with zero central scale, successivily between LV terminals a-b, b-c, c-
a, read the direction of voltmeter deviation at the connection of DC feeder on the wiring. Then
compare the coupling schedule index with the values obtained in comparison with the table
extracted from EDF standard. The indicated polarities are those who appear at the a, b, c, LV
terminals when a correct DC voltage is applied between the HV terminals A & B (terminal A
connected to the positive pole, terminal B to the negative).
Polarities between 2 terminals BATTERY

a.b a.c b.c Vector
group
a b a c b c SW ITCH
+ - + - - + 0
+ - 0 0 - + 1
+ - + 2
- - +
+ A B C
0 0 - + - 3
a b c
+ - + - + 4
-
- + - + 0 0 5
- + - + + - 6 - +
ab Polarities
between 2
- + 0 0 + - 7 - + terminals
ac
at the closing
of the
- + + - + - 8 + -
bc switch
0 0 + - - 9
+
+ - + - + - 10 + -
+ - + - 0 0 11
For instance, by locating, on table, the indications read on the galvanometer, successively
connected on terminals a-b, b-c, c-a, we find that this transformer has a coupling whose
schedule index is of 6.
29
4.5.2 2nd method (by three phases voltage injection)
Test procedure
- disconnect the transformer (no earth on neutral point)
- connect the high voltage phase "H1" and the low voltage phase "X1" together.
- apply a three phases voltage to high voltage terminals H1, H2 and H3
- note voltage measurements between the various pairs of terminals (see table here under)
plot the vectors on the paper and check transformer vector-group.
30
4.5.3 Usual couplings of transformers
a) Three-phase transformers
See hereunder table extracted from the standart UTE 52.100, annex D.
from the standart ANSI/IEEE C 57.12.90 - 1980
ANGULAR DIAGRAM FOR CHECK CHECK MEASUREMENT

DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT
H2 X2 H2
GROUP 1
ANGULAR
X2
DISPLACEMENT
0 DEGREE H1 H3 CONNECT H1 TO X1
H1 H3 X1 X3 MEASURE H2 - X2, H3 - X2,
DELTA - DELTA CONNECTION X1 X3 H1 - H2, H2 - X3, H3 - X3
H2 X2 H2 VOLTAGE RELATIONS
(1) H2 - X3 = H3 - X2
(2) H2 - X2 < H1 - H2
X2 (3) H2 - X2 < H2 - X3
(4) H2 - X2 = H3 - X3
H1 H1 H3
H3 X1 X3
X1 X3
Y - Y CONNECTION
H2 X2 H2
X2
H1 H3
X3
H1 H3 X1 X1 X3
DELTA - ZZ CONNECTION
H2 H2
X2
X2 H3
H3 H1
H1 X1 X3
ZZ - DELTA CONNECTION X1 X3
H2 X2 H2
GROUP2
ANGULAR
DISPLACEMENT X1 X2
30 DEGREES
H1 H3
X3 CONNECT H1 TO X1
H1 H3
MEASURE H3 - X2, H3 - X3,
X1
DELTA - Y CONNECTION H1 - H3, H2 - X2, H2 - X3
X3
VOLTAGE RELATIONS
H2 X2 (1) H3 - X2 = H3 - X3
H2 (2) H3 - X2 < H1 - H3
(3) H2 - X2 < H2 - X3
(4) H2 - X2 < H1 - H3
X1 H1 H3
H1 H3 X2
X3 X1
X3
Y - DELTA CONNECTION
THREE - PHASE TRANSFORMERS WITH TAPS
H2 X2
H5 X5
He X1
X4 X8
H1 X1
H4
X9
H1 H3 X6 X3
H9H6
31
4.6 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
4.6.1 Goal
This measure allows to establish a reference value of impedance in ohms per phase. This
reference allows to check the variation of impedance with the time, especially in case of faults.
4.6.2 Testing method
The measure is done when the transformer is completely installed :
1) Single phase transformer 2 windings HV, LV.
The equipment is supplied throuhg the HV side, the LV side being short circuited.
We measure the current of the winding supplied, and the voltage at the terminals of the
windings.
 (Ohms) = U / I
2) Three phase transformer, 2 windings HV, LV :
The equipment is supplied in single phase between 2 terminals of the HV side, the LV side
being short circuited.
We measure the current, and voltage at the terminals of the windings supplied.
 (Ohms) = U / I
We measure AB, BC, AC, by circular permutation and we calculate the impedance per
phase.
A = 1/2 (AB + AC - BC)

B = 1/2 (AB + BC - AC )
C = 1/2 (AC + BC - AB)
3) Transformers with more than 2 windings :
The measurement is done for all the pairs of windings (HV / MV, MV / Ground, ...) using the
same method like (1) for single phase transformers or (2) for the three phases transformers.
32
4.6.3 Diagram to realize
1) Autotransformer :
Remark : Take in to account the transformer ratio in order to define the correct section for the
short-circuit.
According to the windings disposition, it's necessary to insulate the winding which is not use
during the measure.
33
2) Single phase transformer
BV
temporary
VARIAC short - circuit
0.220 V
3) Three phase transformer
1st installation HV LV
A
a
VARIAC B b
0.220 V S/C
C
c
2nd installation
VARIAC S/C
0.220 V
34
H1 H2 H3
V AC Supply
X1 X2 X3
N A
We measure U volt and I amp on tap
Nb 1, 9 and 17
Z=3 U
H2 H3
I
H1
AC Supply
X1 X2 X3
V
N A
H1 H2 H3
X1 X2 X3
V AC Supply
N A
4.6.4 Tools to be used
- variac 0-220 V single phase
- digital voltmeter class 0,1
- digital ammeter class 0,1
- current transformer, ratio 5/1 (if necessary)
35
4.6.5 Testing procedure
1. Short circuit the L.V. winding
2. Connect on each HV terminal, 2 wires, 1 for the supply, 1 for the measure
3. Realize the test diagram, in accordance with chapter 4.6.3.
4. Adjust the variac to minimum
5. Connect the variac on the network
6. Increase the supply voltage until you can measure properly the current
7. Read voltage and current simultaneously, repeat the measure two times
8. Decrease the voltage to zero
9. Disconnect the variac
10. If it is a single phase transformer, dismantle the test. If it's a three phase transformer,
repeat the same test for the two others pairs of terminals.
36
4.7 OIL TESTING
4.7.1 Dielectric strength
Use a spintermeter (UTE 27.101 standard)
It is the most important test because it gives the insulation capacity of the oil and allows to
ensure that the transformer can operate without danger.
That test is carried out by measuring the breakdown voltage between 2 metallic electrodes
dipped into the oil to be tested (spintermeter). The two main types of spintermeters used have
different distances and electrodes :
Curve A - UTE standard spintermeter

 sphere = 12,5 mm - distance : 2,5 mm
Curve B - VDE standard spintermeter

spherical caps : r = 25 mm
Using conditions of these spintermeters are provided by manufacturers, but following

precautions are applicable for all equipments :
a) clean the chamber and the electrodes with ether, then wipe carefully these pieces with a
wash-leather or a non fluffy rag. Finally wash the pieces with a lot of oil coming from the
sample bottle.
b) Put the oil to be tested into the chamber, operate very carefully to avoid air-bubble, then
wait 15 mm before each test.
c) Take into account only the voltage corresponding to the striking, excluding the small
discharge occuring during the voltage rising.
d) Operate in accordance with the operating mode of UTE C 27.101 standard.
37
4.7.2 Test
The test consists in application of increasing alternative voltage of 40 to 60 Hz on the terminals

of the electrods. The increasing is equal to 2 KV per sec from 0 to breakdown value. The
breakdown voltage is the value of the voltage reached at the moment when occurs the first
spark between the electrods (fugitive or clear).
The test will be carried out 6 times. Take the average value of the 5 last tests.
Results
1) for a treated oil : breakdown voltage > 70 KV
2) for a no-treated oil (1st check) : breakdown voltage > 40 KV

A value of dielectric strength < 40 KV indicates that oil is wet. Proceed to a treatment.
Water content in oil (in mg/kg)
For an oil of convenient oxidation the water content factor will be < 20
Content of 0.002 % or 20 ppm.
4.7.3 Curves
1 - EDF method
2 - UTE method
3 - VDE method
38
39
40
41
4.8 DIELECTRIC TESTS
4.8.1 Purpose
By applying voltage this test allow to check the insulation of all the points of windings which are
at the same potential :
1) with regard to all the other windings connected to earth,
2) with regard to all the metallic pieces (inside the transformer) connected to the tank and the
tank connected to earth.
The test is good if there is no fall of test voltage.

As overvoltages can often appear, we also have to check the windings tightness with higher
voltage according to the standarts.
Causes of overvoltage :
- Discharge of an alternator,
- Opening of a CB on a long line without load,
- Voltage by resonance,
- Atmospheric voltage (direct lightning or not)
42
4.8.2 Method
Apply during the specific time (see standards board chap. ) a single-phase voltage between a
short-circuited winding and the earth. The other windings have to be connected to the tank and
the earth.
The test voltage at industrial frequency (50 or 60 Hz) must be progressively increased to reach
the specified test voltage and maintained 1 mn.
Schematic diagram
Transformer on test
MV MV
HV Dielectric test set
43
4.9 CHECK OF SOUND LEVEL
4.9.1 Purpose
Checking of sound level according to specified requirements. The transformer has to be

installed in normal operating conditions.
4.9.2 Method
With a sound-meter, measure sound level at different points around the transformer.
1) The transformer being alive without charge at rated frequency and voltage without
auxiliaries,
2) The transformer being alive without charge at rated frequency and voltage with air-cooling
fans in normal operation.
4.9.3 Measurements
1) For transformer the tank of which is < 2.5 m high, measures are carried out at half height on
an horizontal plan,
2) For transformer the tank of which is > 2.5 m high, measures are carried out at 1/3 and 2/3 of
height on an horizontal plan.
4.9.4 Measurements points
1) At 30 cm from radiation area, the points will be distant of 1 m at maximum and equally
spaced.Minimum of 10 points.
2) Check also the sound level at 5 then 10 m from the 4 angles A, B, C, D of the transformer.
44
4.10 MESURE OF CAPACITIES AND TANGENT DELTA
4.10.1 Purpose
This test consists on measuring at the ambient temperature, the capacities, the dielectric
losses of the insulation and the insulation quality of the windings, to detect the possible
internal faults of the transformer. The important dielectric losses show that the transformer
has an degradated insulation by the following factors :
- over voltage
- over heating
- presence of moisture
- mechanical forces.
4.10.2 Method
The measure is done with a portable capacitor bridge under a low single phase voltage, of
capacities and tangentes by direct readings ; (capacities in F, tangent in % and then
determination by calculation of elementary capacities).
Principle : measurement of a winding (single or three phases) in regard with all others
windings connected to the frame and earthed.
Case of a 2 windings transformer :
measure 1 = HV/LV grounded  c1 + c2 = a

measure 2 = LV/HV grounded  c3 + c2 = b
measure 3 = HV + LV/ ground  c1 + c3 = c
c1 = (a + c - b) / 2
c2 = (a + b - c) / 2
c3 = (b + c - a) / 2 MEASURE HV / LV + Earth
45
Case of a 3 windings transformer :
Measure 1 : HV/MV + LV + ground c1 + c2 + c5 = a

Measure 2 : MV/HV + LV + ground c2 + c3 + c6 = b
Measure 3 : LV/HV + MV + ground c4 + c5 + c6 = c
Measure 4 : HV + MV/LV + ground c1 + c3 + c5 + c6 = d
Measure 5 : HV + LV/MV + ground c1 + c2 + c4 + c6 = e
Measure 6 : MV + LV/HV + ground c2 + c3 + c4 + c5 = f
Measure 7 : HV + MV + LV/ground c1 + c3 + c4 = g
The following deductions can be done :
d+f+e=a+b+c+g
c1 = (a + g - f) / 2 c2 = (a + b - d) / 2
c3 = (b + g - e) / 2 c4 = (e + f - a - b) / 2
c5 = (a + c - e) / 2 c6 = (b + c - f) / 2
46
4.11 TEST PROCEDURE ON A WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR (Type AKM)
4.11.1 Generalities
The temperature indicator for winding serie 35 is erected with a resistance used to simulate
the hot spot temperature.
4.11.2 Technical characteristics
The maximum secondary current allowed from the main CT is 1,5 A (max. overload is 90 %
= 2,85 A during 2 hours).
The current corresponding to the wished temperature increase is adjustable between 45 to

85 % of the secondary current of the main CT at nominal load.
4.11.3 Example
With a secondary current of 1,5 A at nominal load, the proportionnal current to the
wished temperature increase is adjustable between 0,7 and 1,3 A.
This gives an increase temperature from 10°C to 35°C for an indicator having a scale
between 0 and 150°C (see curve folio TD - 52, 35)
16 5
20
I1
I2
5. Heating resistance
16. Main CT
20. Adaptator resistance
I1. Current from the main CT
I2. Current proportionnal to the wished temperature rise.
47
4.11.4 Instructions for the setting of the adaptator resistance
1) Determine the current I2 to the heating element 5 from the curve TD - 52, 35
proportionnal to the temperature increase at nominal load obtained by heating tests.
2) Calculate the current I2 in the heating element being part of the current I1 from the CT
at nominal load (I2/I1).
3) Set the resistance between 5-5 with the adaptator resistance 20 at the value found on
the following curve.
The adaptator resistance is installed behind the scale in the corner at the top on the left.
Unscrew the blocking screw before turning the axis.
5 20
I1 5
I2
I2/I1
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,9 0,95 1 1,5 2
R5-5 ( )
48
AKM WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR
GENERAL
AKM WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICAOTR serie 35 is a conventional AKM OILTEMPERATURE INDICATOR

serie 34, supplemented with an electrical heating element.
The winding temperature indicator measures the temperature of the hottest part of the transformer winding. It is
difficult to measure the temperature of the winding directly, therefore an instrument has been developed by means
of which a "thermal image" of the temperature can be reproduced indirectly.
CONSTRUCTION AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
The winding temperature indicator (fig. 1) is provided with at sensing bulb (1) placed in an oil filled pocket in the
transformer tank cover. The bulb is connected to the instrument housing by means of a flexible capillary tubing (2).
The capillary is connected to the measuring bellows of the instrument. The measuring system is filled with a liquid
which changes voltume with varying temperature. A compensating bellows acts upon the measuring bellows
through a linkage, compensating for variations in ambient temperature.
Inside the instrument is fitted a heating resistance (5), which is fed by a current proportional to the transformer
loading current. The heating resistance is connected by the leads to the terminal block. Both the temperature of the
heating resistance and the temperature in the oil filled pocket affect the measuring bellows, whose motion is
transmitted by a linkage to the pointer and the shaft with the switches. Either two or four switches are supplied and
each may be set independently of the others.
The instrument is supplied with a maximum indicating pointer, which moves with the pointer when the temperature
rises. The maximum pointer thus indicates the maximum temperature reached. It can be reset by means of a
screwdriver from the outside. The bottom of the housing is fitted with two or three cable glands for the incoming
cables. The housing is ventilated.
The heating resistance is fed by the current transformer on the loaded winding of the transformer. The temperature
increase of the heating resistance is there by proportional to the temperature increase of the winding over the top oil
temperature. The bulb of the instrument at the other hand is located in the hottest oil of the transformer and thus
senses the top oil temperature. Therefore, the measuring bellows reacts to both the temperature increase of the
heating resistance, corresponding to the temperature increase of the winding above the top oil temperature, and the
top oil temperature. In this way the instrument indicates the temperature in the hottest part of the winding, i.e. "hot
spot temperature".
The thermal time constant for the instrument is of the same magnitude as that of the winding. There by the indicator
gives a true "thermal image" of the winding temperature in relation to time.
ADJUSTING
The AKM MATCHING UNIT, available for primary current 2 A or 5 A from the main current transformer at rated
load, operates as a shunt and is an adjustable resistance.
For primary current 1,5 A a built-in adjustable resistance is available.
When the main current transformer generates a current of max. 2 A at rated load, the current to the winding
temperature indicator is adjusted only with the adjustable resistance. An approximative heating current may be
obtained from the TD-52 curve as a basis for the final adjustment to give the correct temperature increase above
the top oil temperature.
When the main current transformer generates a current of max. 5 A at rated load, the AKM MATCHING UNIT is
also equipped with a matching current transformer with a number of secondary taps. The movable leads should be
connected to the terminal post that gives a current next over the current obtained from TD-52, whereafter the final
adjustment is made with the adjustable resistance.
49
16 17
5
1
2
Fig.1
1. Oil filled pocket
2. Connecting tubing
5. Heating resistance
16. Main current transformer
17. Matching unit AKM 44677, 44678
50
--
51
5. DIRECT CURRENT AUXILIARIES
5.1 BATTERIES
- characteristics reading,
- electrolyte filling until intermediate level
5.1.1 Check
temperature during charge (< 45° C),

looking (battery cleanness),
connections and tightening,
electrolyte level (average),
cells inter-connections (polarity check),
general installation,
insulation between + and earth,
insulation between - and earth,
no leakage on pots.
5.1.2 Charging at constant current
Charge during 20 hours at I = 1/10 of capacity within 10 hours

Then charge during 30 hours at I = 1/20 of capacity within 10 hours
The battery must receive 3,5 of its capacity within 10 hours
5.1.3 Control
- Density (for lead - acid battery),

discharged after filling 1,13 18 - 22 ° C
1,24 28 - 32 ° C
- battery room ventilation,
- charging current,
- voltage at end of charging time a) per cell (2,45 to 2,6 V)

b) whole battery,
- under voltage relay,
-safeties - charger fault,

- insulation fault,
- directionnal current,
- Floating operation
- I & U meters : compare indicated value with measured value by means of a

calibrated equipment,
- battery cleanness, leave it dry and clean after charging.
52
5.1.4 Finishing
if necessary, fill the cells with distilled water untill max level.
5.1.5 Precautions
don't let the battery heat over 45° C

don't let cells short of liquid,
never put tools on battery,
don't create sparks near cells,
fill the cells in a ventilated room,
don't approach the cells with a flame or an incandescent part (soldering iron...)
5.2 BATTERY CHARGER
5.2.1 Check
rated power,
earth insulation,
rating of upstream and downstream side protections,
incoming voltage,
outgoing voltage,
equalizing current
53
6. CONTROL CIRCUITS
6.1 INSULATION
After end-to-end test, carry out an insulation test between each polarity collector and the earth (use a
500 V megger).
6.2 DIELECTRIC
This test consist, after insulation test, to apply an alternative voltage of 2000 V during 1 mm between
all the collectors connected together and the earth. The result is good if there is no breakdown. This
test must be carried out before automatic devices test or functional relays test.
6.3 CHECK
- conformity with diagrams,

- rating of collectors protections,
- cables references,
- terminals references,
- relays and equipment references,
- terminals tightening,
- earthing of relay-frames (in loop).
6.4 CONTROL
- collectors voltage,
- standing up of relays at + 10 % and - 20 % of the nominal power supply,
- auxiliary voltage of protection relays,
- signalling and alarms,
- all functions TL and TPL,
- servo systems between polarities distribution
- when the relay is in service it's essential to measure the phase angle U/I to make sure the
relay is correctly connected.
54
7. PROTECTION RELAYS
7.1 GENERALITIES
First, check :
- CT characteristics,
- equipment reference,
- setting ranges, comparison with calculation sheets or selectivity manual,
- there is no open circuit on CT.
7.2 CHECKING
- auxiliary voltage,
- relay operating at + 10 % and - 20 % of auxiliary voltage,
- consumption,
- I, U and t operating threshold function of setting (by means of current injection).
7.3 TESTING
- insulation in regard with the earth.
7.4 DIELECTRIC
- carry out a dielectric test between function (polarity, relay output) and earth at 2000 V
during 1 mm.
Test to be carried out before functionnal test of relay.
7.5 DISTANCE PROTECTION
- check cabling from CT to relay,

- check the relay by secondary injection according to manufacturer instructions.
55
7.6 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
- transformer differential protection

- longitudinnal differential protection
- restricted earth fault
- busbar differential protection
7.7 CURRENT GENERAL PROTECTION
Max I, Ho, CB failure, reset device.
1) Test with primary injection, at In if possible. Carry out the test phase after phase.
2) Injection on secondary circuit by means of testing box
7.8 VOLTAGE RELAY
Injection of an adjustable voltage from the test box,
- check operating threshold : at 10 % - 20 % - 50 % - 80 % and 100 % of the nominal

voltage (Un).
- check tripping time with a timer.
VOLTAGE RELAYS should be supplied from a variac or a low resistance potentiometer. Check on the
voltmeter if the voltage is influenced by the pickup action. If the voltage doesn't correspond to the
increase of the variac, the voltage source is not sufficiently strong.
56
7.9 DIRECTIONAL RELAYS
DIRECTIONAL RELAYS have an operating value that must be tested with a certain phase angle
between current and voltage. The phase angle should be approximately as large as the characteristic
angle of the relay. However, a deviation of  20° can be tolerated since the measuring error only will be
6 % (cos 20° = 0.94). If an angle error is compensated, it is possible to tolerate even larger deviations.
That means that all types of single phase power directional relays can be tested with a phase power
directional relays can be tested with a simple test set without phase shifters.
The phase angle 0° is obtained by connecting the current circuit via a series resistor to the voltage that
supplies the voltage circuit. See diagram A. The phase angle 90° is obtained by connecting the current
circuit via a capacitor to the voltage that supplies the voltage circuit. See diagram B. Certain other
phase angles can be obtained by connecting the current and the voltage circuits in different ways in a
symmetrical three-phase system. See diagram C.
Diagram A : Connection to a single-phase circuit to obtain 0° phase shift.
Diagram A
I U
U I
The current is approximately in phase with the voltage (phase angle 0° between current and voltage) if
the resistance R is 10 times larger than the impedance of the current coil.
Diagram B : Connection to single-phase circuit to obtain 90° phase shift.
Diagram B I
Xc
U I
The current leads the voltage with approximately 90° if the reactance
Xc = 106. 1 ohms
2fC
is 10 times larger than the impedance of the current coil (C = the capacitance in F)
57
Diagram C : Connection to a three-phase system to obtain diffrent phase angles between current and
voltage.
Diagram C
R
R
S
T
N
N
T S
IST UST
UST IST
IRN IRT
INT
IST UST
ISN
ISR
INR
Phase angle With the voltage circuit connected to UST, the current
circuit is connected to
90° capacitive R-N

60° capacitive R-T
30° capacitive N-T
0° S-T
30° inductive S-N
60° inductive S-R
90° inductive N-R
Note 1
It is presupposed that the three-phase system is symmetrical even with the load connected. This can
be checked by for example measuring the three voltages between lines.
58
7.10 RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
7.10.1 Stability test diagram
20 V
AC SUPPLY A TEMPORARY
SHORT CIRCUIT
PRIMARY A
A
INJECTION
TEST SET B B
C C
64 Earth fault relay

A Ammeter
A 64
- Test successively the stability between each phase and neutral.
7.10.2 Operating test diagram
20 V
AC SUPPLY A TEMPORARY
SHORT CIRCUIT
PRIMARY
A
INJECTION
TEST SET B
C
64 Earth fault relay

A Ammeter
A 64
While carrying out the operation test it's advisable to measure the voltage across the relay
coil and also across stabilizing resistor in order to determine the voltage developed by the
main current transformer which will make the relay operating.
59
7.11 BUSBAR PROTECTION PRIMARY INJECTION TEST
7.11.1 Stability test
As all the current transformers are connected in parallel it's essential to have the same ratios
on each circuit.
The best way to check the stability for busbar protection is to check the ratio and the polarity
for one bay and to compare it with all the others bays. Primary injection should be carried out
through two current transformers. Secondary circulating and differential currents should be
recorded for each phase and each bay. With correct ratios and polarities the differential
current should be only a few miliamperes.
Stability test diagram
REFERENCE CIRCUIT TEST CIRCUIT

A
B
C
TEST LINKS
A
TEMPORARY
A1 SHORT CIRCUIT
A1
A
B
ZONE
C
BUS WIRES
D
250 V
AC SUPPLY
A
95 X
95 87 87 87
60
7.11.2 Busbar protection operating test
- Primary injection should be carried out on each CT to make sure that all the
current transformers are able to pick-up the differential unit.
- In case of multi zone bus protection the test should be performed for different
disconnecting switches configurations to make sure that the zone selection is working
properly.
Operating test diagram
A B C
250V PRIMARY INJECTION

AC SUPPLY TEST SET TEST LINKS
A
B ZONE
C BUS WIRES
95X
V 95 87 87 87
61
7.12 PRINCIPLE TO TEST LONGITUDINAL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
7.12.1 Preliminary test
- check the CT ratio polarity and magnetization curves, both CT on each phase
should have the same characteristics.
- check the relay by secondary injection
- check the cabling from CT terminals to relay current test box
- make sure that there is only one earthed point at CT secondary circuit
7.12.2 Stability test by primary injection
- by pass the stator phase A winding
- inject a nominal current through the two windings of phase A current transformers
- check the secondary currents at the CT test box. The differential current should
be nearly zero mA
- differential relay should not trip
- repeat the test for phase B and C
Stability test diagram
62
7.12.3 Operation test by primary injection
- inject successivly current through each current transformer
- the differential relay should trip
- record primary and secondary currents tripping values
Operation test diagram
We should find the following results
I1  Id
I2 very low (transformer magnetization current)
63
7.13 GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Another method to check operation and stability for generator differential protection is to use the
machine itself .
A short circuit should be installed on the busbar and the generator excitation should be increased until
full load current for stability test or until differential relay trip for operation test.
7.13.1 Test diagram for operation test
87 Generator differential relay
V Voltmeter
Primary current tripping value should be recorded and compared to secondary injection test
value.
7.13.2 Test diagram for stability test

30 voltage
supply
A B C
S1 P1
150/SA
I1 I1CC
Id
87
87
87
I2CC
I2
800/SA
P1
S1
Temporary short circuit
During this test, differential current should be measured on each phase. It should be found negligeable.
64
7.14 TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
- the best way to prove the stability of the protection is to proceed by short circuit test on the
transformer.
7.14.1 Testing diagram for stability test
Example
Voltage applied should be  Ucc
3 voltage
supply
A B C
S1 P1
150/5A
I1 I1CC
Id
87
87
87
I2CC
I2
800/5A
P1
S1
Temporary short circuit
7.5 MVA Ucc = 10 %

33 KV / 11 KV  Yn 11
I1N = 131 Amp
I2N = 393 Amp
65
7.14.2 Testing method and calculation
- proceed to CT loop test before short circuit test
- make sure there is no more than one earthing point on the CT at the secondary
circuit
- prepare short-circuit busbar at the secondary side of the transformer make sure
the busbar section is big enough to carry the short-circuit current (see diagram n°1)
- prepare a three phases power supply at the primary side of the transformer.
7.14.3 Currents calculation for 400 Volts supply
Ucc = 33000 V x 0.1 = 3300 V
For supply 400 V I1cc = 131 x 400 = 15.87 Amp

3300
I2cc = 393 x 400 = 47.63 Amp

3300
Secondary currents I1 = 15.87 x 5 = 0.53 Amp

150
I2 = 47.63 x 5 x 3 * = 0.51 Amp (* = delta connection)

800
7.14.4 Test and measurement
- supply the transformer under 400 V 3 phases
- measure the currents I1, I2 and Id at the current test box
Id = I1 - I2  0.02 Amp
- measure the phase angle between primary and secondary current for each
phase. The phase angle should be 180°
- when it's possible apply a voltage near short-circuit voltage (in this case
3300 Volts) in order to reach the nominal current. Check that the differential relay doesn't
trip.
66
7.15 OPERATING TEST BY PRIMARY INJECTION
- repeat the 3 phases voltage injection test with the short-circuit placed before the CT at
the secondary side of the transformer
measure I1, I2, Id
I2 should be near zero mA

We should have I1 = Id
If the primary voltage value is high enough check the relay operating value.
Testing diagram for operating test
3 phases Voltage applied should be < Ucc

voltage supply
A B C
P1
I1
Id
Temporarily
I2 short circuit
P1
67
8. MEASURING AND METERING EQUIPMENTS
8.1 CHECK
- gauge correpondance with measuring transformer ratio,
- scale with equipment characteristics.
8.2 TEST
Before energizing
- operation of wattmeters and meters by current and voltage injections from the test boxes
(secondary circuit of CT and VT),
- compare the indicated value with that given by a high accuracy equipment class 0,5 after
several measures (in principle 3) :
- bottom of the scale (15%)
- middle of the scale (50%)
- top of the scale (85%)
68
9. EARTH RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
9.1 MEASURE OF GROUND INSULATION
Test voltage : AC supply
RS T
WEIGHT
75 kg
U2
T
P Ground
Rv
U1
Electrical distinct earth connection
P : 250 mm square metallic plate, thickness : 20 mm

T : 270 mm square humid piece of linen
V : high internal resistance voltmeter (> 3000 ohms) = Rv
If the neutral of the installation is isolated from earth, then connect temporarily to the earth one of the
non used phase for measurements.
In a same room, carry out 4 measurements (maximum 1 m from a conductor).

Minimum values : 50.000 ohms if U < 500 V
100.000 ohms if U > 500 V (300 V regard to earth)
Results
Check U1 and U2 Rs = Rv U1 / U2 - 1
69
9.2 TESTING OF GROUND CONNECTIONS
- check the ground-grid network continuity,
- check the earth loop connection on bar,
- check the different earth connections :
* Steel structure,
* Equipments,
* Steel supports,
* Cable boxes,
* Relaying frame,
* Boards,
* LV motors,
* Screen,
* LV apparatus frame,
- check the continuity of the earth along cable trays.
9.3 MAX. VALUES OF EARTH CONNECTIONS RESISTANCES
Substation of 2nd class : 500 V < U < 50000 V (C 13100 french standard)
- installation of a substation said "Connected Earth" : R < 1 ohm
- installation of a substation said "Separated Earth" :
. aerial or mixed network : R < 10 ohms
. underground network : R < 3 ohms
70
10. DIELECTRIC TEST
10.1 GENERALITIES
All HV, MV, LV equipments have to be submitted to a dielectric test at the end of the erection,
1. disconnected from cables links.
2. dielectric tests on cables :

This test has to be carried out when cable terminations are finished. Test will be carried out under
an alternative voltage of 3 Uo or under a DC voltage of 4 Uo during 15 mn (HN 33S22 standard
from 6 to 30 kV).
NOTA : a oversheat test can be carried out under 7 kV DC voltage or 2 kV AC voltage

during 1 mn.
Remind : specified voltage Uo/U

Uo : voltage between core and a reference potential, screen or earth.
Test voltage is good if there is no breaking, no flashover.
10.2 SAFETY
During the test, it is necessary to ensure safety of persons, so :
- delimit the area where test has to be carried out,
- tests have to be carried out by qualified people,
- discharge the cables after test.
10.3 TEST EQUIPMENT
Use an AC/DC dielectric test set.
71
10.4 METHOD
1) dielectric strength of all circuits regarding the earth (diagram n°1). All CB or interruptors
closed, test voltage will be applied between one phase, or all phases connected together and the
earth.
2) dielectric strength of opening distance (diagram n°2).

All circuits being short-circuited downstream of opened CB or interruptors. Test voltage is applied
between the three phases connected together and the earth.
3) dielectric strength between phases (diagram n°3).

All CB and interruptors are closed, two phases are short circuited and earthed, the test voltage is
applied between the 3rd phase and earth. The test will be carried out again by permutation of
phases.
Dielectric test set

Sch. 1 Sch. 2 Sch.3
R
Y
B
In principle :
for LV : use diagrams 1 & 3
for MV : use diagrams 1,2,3
72
10.5 TABLES OF TEST VOLTAGES TO BE APPLIED
(See tables on Annex 1 - 2 and 3)
a) LV values (from UTE C 15 100 Chap. 621 standard)
Insulation nominal voltage Dielectric test voltage

U in Volts in effective Volts (RMS)
U < 60 1000
60 < U < 300 2000
300 < U < 660 2500
660 < U < 800 3000
800 < U < 1000 3500
1000 < U < 1200 3500 *
* only for DC current
At the beginning, test voltage must not be higher than 50 % of the nominal. Then increase it
progressively until the specified value in the above table.
This value will be maintained during 1 mn.
b) HV values (from UTE C10100 Chap. 5 standard or IEC 298)
Insulation nominal voltage Industrial frequency test voltage

of equipment in kV during 1 mn effectif value in kV
1st list * 2nd list
3,6 10 12
7,2 20 23
12 28 32
17,5 38 45
24 50 60
36 70 80
52 95 110
72,5 140 160
* according to equipment, for example :
1st list : circuit breakers,

2nd list : disconnecting switches
On site we apply 80 % of the specified value in above table.
73
c) THT values
Voltage 100 to 245 kV
See table III - Norm IEC 294
Nominal Voltage Nominal Voltage at industriel

Voltage of lightning
U frequency
Kv (peak value)
kV (RMS value) kV (RMS value)
380 150
100 450 185
450 185
123 550 230
550 230
145 650 275
650 275
170 750 325
850 360
245 950 395
1050 460
Nominal Voltage equal or higher than 300 kV.
See table IV - Norm IEC 294
Nominal Voltage
Voltage
U
Breaker in closed position kV Breaker in opened position kV
kV (RMS value)
(RMS value) (RMS value)
300 380 435
362 450 520
420 520 610
525 620 760
765 830 1100
74
11. INSULATION TESTING
11.1 PRINCIPLE
This test consists in measuring the insulation between electrical parts and the earth. The first insulation
test has to be done for the links between active conductors (all receptors and the sources being
disonnected).
11.2 EQUIPMENT TO BE CHECKED
- LV equipment (50 V < U < 500 V) with 500 V magneto,

- MV equipment 5,5 kV with 5000 V magneto,
- cables links,
- receptors and sensors,
- LV circuits.
11.3 PRINCIPLE OF INSULATION MEASURE FOR A LV CIRCUIT
EARTH
PRINCIPLE A PRINCIPLE B
Measurement between :
1 Phase & earth Measurement between :
each phase & earth
one phase & earth for the receptor
75
Two possibilities :
1. insulation measurement of separate sections,
2. ensure that all intermediate apparatuses are closed, then carry out a global measurement.
11.4 INSULATION VALUES
Low voltage U < 500 volts.

According to UTE standards, following values, are allowed : 1000 ohms/volts of the nominal voltage of
the installation (C 15100 Chap. 621).
NOTA : Insulation resistance must not be under 250 000 ohms for each section which can
be isolated by a fuse or a cutting device. Insulation measurement will be carried out with a
500 V magneto.
Setting of permanent insulation controller (C15100 Art. 533.4.4)
In normal operation the operating threshold of a permanent insulation controller must be setted at
about 20 % lower than insulation resistance of the total installation. This insulation resistance is higher
than 1,25 of the maximum value of setting rang of PIC, this one must be setted at that max value.
Sometimes the signalling alarm of the P.I.C can operate, it is not due to a real insulation fault, but due
to a decrease of insulation concerning the whole installation. This can appear for example if a part or
all the installation has been switched off for a long time, then the insulation has been affected by
humidity. In such a case after energizing the complete installation, the insulation will increase above
the threshold of the P.I.C.
76
12. MAX RESISTANCE AUTHORISED BETWEEN FRAME AND MAIN EQUIPOTENTIAL EARTH
CIRCUIT
(extract from C 15100 standard)
TABLE 62 GB
FUSE MAIN CIRCUIT BREAKERS SMALL CIRCUIT

In (A) TYPE U TYPE L
PROTECTION (°) BREAKERS
PROTECTION (°°) NOMINAL CURRENT
gl aM In (A) (size)
10 1,06 0,59 0,50 14 (15) 0,45 1,00
16 0,57 0,37 0,31 15 (17) 0,42 0,95
20 0,47 0,29 0,25 20 (22) 0,31 0,72
25 0,36 0,24 0,20 25 (28) 0,25 0,57
32 0,29 0,18 0,16 32 (35) 0,20 0,45
40 0,23 0,15 0,125 38 (42) 0,17 0,38
50 0,18 0,12 0,10 47 (52) 0,13 0,30
63 0,14 0,09 0,08 60 (65) 0,11 0,24
80 0,11 0,075 0,062 75 (82) 0,08 0,19
100 0,08 0,06 0,05 95 (104) 0,07 0,15

125 0,065 0,47 0,04 117 (130) 0,05 0,12
160 0,051 0,037 0,031
200 0,039 0,030 0,025
250 0,030 0,024 0,020
315 0,023 0,019 0,016
400 0,018 0,015 0,012
500 0,014 0,012 0,010
630 0,009 0,009 0,008
800 0,007 0,007 0,006
1000 0,005 0,006 0,005
(°) When protected by fuse, those values must be divided by :
2. when the conventional voltage is limited at 25 Volts
4. when the conventional voltage is limited at 12 Volts, according to standarts (481.1.2) chapter
48.
(°°) Those values has been determined for a ratio between the magnetic threshold and the adjusted
current equal to 10.
77
13. MEASURE OF STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE
13.1 PRINCIPLE
Measurement of voltage (or current) between 2 points or things being 1 meter apart when the earth
brings a current.
Then by a simple proportion bring that measure at the value of the real homopolar current fault.
Measuring
Use a voltmeter with great accuracy and with internal resistance equivalent to the body resistance
(about 5000 - 10000 ohms).
To ensure ground contact, use square metallic plates of 20 cm.
Measures will be carried out near underground conductors and in substation access areas (fence,
transformer room gate...).
Take into account the characteristics of ground (dry, wet, in depth or superficially).
78
13.2 METHOD
Injection of a current of 50 A under about 100 to 250 V into the ground-grid network of the substation
between main earth of the network and an auxiliary rod.
Diagram
Connecting bar of earth circuit
E
100 m
400 V
I
Grounding grid of substation
Test equipment used
16 mm2 cable,
Ammeter 0-100 A,
Voltmeter 0-250 V,
Insulation transformer 400 V/250 V - 200 V - 150 V - 100 V about 15 kVA.
E : auxiliary earthing electrode.
To improve the impedance of the injection loop, the auxiliary earthing electrode E can be made of:
1. several electrodes in parallel,
2. the earth of another substation
- earth resistance value : about 1 ohm,

- value of injection loop impedance : about 4 to 5 ohms.
79
13.3 STEP VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT (Foot to foot contact)
Schematic diagrams
1) Current measurement 2) Voltage measurement
Carry out several measures with Use a voltmeter with a great accuracy and high
different resistance of 2000 ohms, internal resistance (5000 to 10000 ohms).
5000 ohms, 10000 ohms The connecting cables of the voltmeter will
Record the corresponding currents. be armoured.
Security
The manpower who carry out the test will be equiped with rubber boots.
Measurement points
- near fence,
- far from fence,
- entry of substation,
- near the close network of the substation,
- out of the close network of the substation,
- transformer area,
- technical gallery (cable trays),
- near steel structures of substation.
80
13.4 TOUCH VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT (Foot to hand contact)
Schematic diagram
Current measurement Voltage measurement
Carry out several measurements with Use an accurate voltmeter with high
different resistances 2000 ohms, 5000 ohms, internal resistance (5000 to 10000 ohms).
10000 ohms The connecting cables of the voltmer will be
Record the corresponding currents. armoured.
Safety
The manpower who carry out the test will be equiped with rubber boots.
Measurement points
- between wire netting and earth,

- between fence and earth,
- between steel structure and earth,
- between flight of stairs and earth,
- between tap and earth (administrative building),
- between machine frame and earth (workshop).
81
13.5 CALCULATION OF POTENTIAL GRADIENT
Gp = 0,16 PI
D2
D Distance from center in meter

P Resistivity in ohm / meter
I Earth flowing current
Gp Gradient in Volt
Earth resistivity (UTE 15.120)
Characteristics of earth Resistivity (ohms / m)
Marshy earth up to 30
Limon or silt 20 to 100
Humus 10 to 150
Moist peat 5 to 100
Malleable clay 50
Dense clay an marl 100 to 200
Clayed sand 50 to 500
Siliceous sand 200 to 3000
Bare stony ground 1500 to 3000
Stony ground with grass 300 to 500
Soft chalk 100 to 300
Dense chalk 1000 to 5000
Spiled chalk 500 to 1000
Schist 50 to 300
Micaschist 800
Granite and sericin according weathering 1500 to 10000
Granite and sericin very weathered 100 to 600
Rich soils, dense and moist backfillings 50
Poor soils, gravel, rouhg backfillings 500
Bare stony soils, dry sand, impermeable rocks 3000
82
s13.6 CURRENT ALLOWED DURING 1 SECOND (Amperes)
Section Steel Aluminium Copper

(mm2) (67 A / mm2) (105 A / mm2) (160 A / mm2)
16 2 500
25 2 700 4 000
35 3 700 5 500
50 3 300 5 300 8 000
70 4 700 7 400 11 500
100 6 700 10 500 16 000
200 13 500 21 000 32 000
CONCLUSION - RESULTS ANALYSIS
Danger is essentially based on the value of the current crossing through the body, on its crossing
duration and on the parts of the body crossed by the current.
The following values have to be kept in mind :
- threshold of sensitiveness : 1 mA,
- threshold of crispation : 10 to 15 mA,
- Cardiac fibrillation : possible at 100 mA,
(for a duration of 1 second).
83
The safety will be ensured if the value measured doesn't exceed the values given in the table here
under.
Those values are dependant of :
- the time of fault clearance,
- the type of building or room.
TABLE 41.A (EXTRACT FROM STANDARD NF C15 100

WHERE T : MAXIMUM FAULT CLEARANCE TIME IN SECONDS
WHERE UL : SECURITY LIMIT VOLTAGE IN VOLTS)
VALUE OF UL (Volts)
TIME (s)
Wet buildings Normal conditions
no limit < 24 <50
5 25 50
1 50 75
0,5 70 90
0,2 110 110
0,1 150 150
0,05 220 220
0,03 280 280
0,02 350 350
0,01 500 500
Safety
During the above described tests, no personnel should be present on the site.
84
14. SEARCH OF FAULTS
14.1 FAULT ON CABLE
14.1.1 Use of an echometer
14.1.2 Voltage drop method
Connect the two cable ends with a very short conductor of large section.
The measured values by V1 and V2 are proportionnal to voltage drop on DCB/Earth or

(2L - x) and Earth/A or x, therfore :
V1 = 2L - x  V1 = 2L - 1  V1 + 1 = 2L
V2 x V2 x V2 x
And V1 + V2 = 2L  x = 2LV2
V2 x V1 + V2
Characteristics
Cable section : mm2

Resistivity : ohm/km
Length : km
Total resistance : ohm
Using of battery : V (according to R cable)
Using of rheostat : 5A
85
14.1.3 Loop method
Connect the 2 ends of the 2 cables with a cable of large section :
P : Calibrated potentiometer
a : Potentiometer resistance between D and cursor
b : Potentiometer resistance between A and cursor
A = 0 if : a = 2L - x  x = 2L . b
b x a+b
86
14.2 SHORT-CIRCUIT BETWEEN 2 CABLES
Method : connection in Wheaststone bridge
A B' B
A D C' C
b
c
R : resistance in ohm / m of the conductor
1) Measure with bridge between A & D
Measure x = c a = R. 2d  d = x
b 2R
2) Measure with bridge B & C
It gives a new value d' which locates the default on one section of cable between d and d' enough
reduce.
87
15. MV 5,5 KV TO 30 KV CIRCUITS. CONTINUITY OF MV CIRCUITS
15.1 METHOD
The test consists to inject successively a current equal to at least 50 % of the nominal current In on
each bar (see following scheme).
The measured voltage between the incoming (MV bar) and the out going (cable) must be below 5
Volts.
15.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE PHASE TO PHASE TEST
BUS BAR
R
Y
B
BREAKER
V PRIMARY
TEST INJECTOR SET
PHASE BY PHASE
50 % of In
V<5V
88
16. MEASURE OF CONTACT RESISTANCES ON BUSBARS
16.1 METHOD
Test : Inject successively a DC current of 100 A for each phase at level of connections.
16.2 TESTING DIAGRAM
Material : 100 A DC generator

ammeter and accurate 100 A shunt
millivolmeter
or use an apparatus with direct reading (micro ohmeter), injection 100 A - 200 A DC current.
89
17. CABLES CHECKING
17.1 GENERALITIES
17.1.1 Lineic resistance of cable
R = p L/S
R = resistance in 
p = resistivity in  mm2/m
L = length in meters
For the copper : p = 0,017241  mm2/m
For the aluminium : p = 0,028264  mm2/m
17.1.2 Variation of the resistance with the temperature
The resistance of a conductor in DC at the temperature
 (°C) is fonction of the resistance at 20°C by :
R = R 20 (1 + 20 ( - 20))

20 = variation coefficient of the resistance at 20°C
for the copper = 20 = 3,93.10-3
for the aluminium = 20 = 4,03.10-3
90
The following table gives the value of the coefficient

(1 + 20 ( - 20) ) fonction of 

(1 + 20 ( - 20) )
Temperature of conductor
(C°)
Copper Aluminium
0 0,921 0,919
5 0,941 0,940
10 0,951 0,960
15 0,980 0,980
20 1,000 1,000
25 1,020 1,020
30 1,039 1,040
35 1,059 1,060
40 1,079 1,081
45 1,098 1,101
50 1,118 1,121
55 1,138 1,141
60 1,157 1,161
65 1,177 1,181
70 1,197 1,202
75 1,216 1,222
80 1,236 1,242
85 1,255 1,262
90 1,275 1,282
95 1,295 1,302
100 1,314 1,322
17.1.3 Classes of cables (tables entracted from SILEC book, 1984)
- Cores of conductors and rigid cables for firm installation
- Class 1 = solid conductors
- Class 2 = stranded conductors
- Cores of conductors and flexible cables ; classes 5 and 6.

According to the flexibility level, the standart gives for each nominal section, the minimal
quantity of consecutive wires (rigid cores) or the maximal diameter of these wires (flexible
cores).
The nominal sections defined don't constitute strict geometrical values.

It is the value of the lineic resistance of the core cable in DC current at 20°C, which is a rule
fonction of the nominal section and the flexibility level required.
The followings tables, show the nominal sections for each class of flexibility, the
compositions and the corresponding lineic resistances.
91
CLASS 1
SOLID CORE IN COPPER AND ALUMINIUM
FOR SINGLE AND MULTICONDUCTORS CABLES
Maximum lineic resistance at 20°C

Nominal Cores in copper circular section Circular cores or sectoral
section Untinned wires Tinned wires section in aluminium
mm2 /km /km /km
0,5 36,0 36,7 __

0,75 24,5 24,8 __
1 18,1 18,2 __
1,5 12,1 12,2 18,1
2,5 7,41 7,56 12,1
4 4,61 4,70 7,41
6 3,08 3,11 4,61
10 1,83 1,84 3,08
16 1,15 1,16 1,91
25 0,727 __ 1,20
35 0,524 __ 0,868
50 0,387 __ 0,641
70 0,268 __ 0,443
95 0,193 __ 0,320
120 0,153 __ 0,253
150 0,124 __ 0,206
185 __ __ 0,164
240 __ __ 0,125
300 __ __ 0,100
92
CLASS 2
STRANDED CORES IN COPPER AND ALUMINIUM
Nominal Minimal number of wires Maximum resistance at 20°C

Section Circular Circular Sectoral Copper core Aluminium
mm2 core core core Untinned Tinned core
unannealed unannealed wires wires
mm2 Cu Al Cu Al Cu Al /km /km /km
0,5 7 __ __ __ __ __ 36,0 36,7 __
0,75 7 __ __ __ __ __ 24,5 24,8 __
1 7 __ __ __ __ __ 18,1 18,2 __
1,5 7 __ 6 __ __ __ 12,1 12,2 __
2,5 7 __ 6 __ __ __ 7,41 7,56 __
4 7 7 6 __ __ __ 4,61 4,70 7,41
6 7 7 6 __ __ __ 3,08 3,11 4,61
10 7 7 6 __ __ __ 1,83 1,84 3,08
16 7 7 6 6 __ __ 1,15 1,16 1,91
25 7 7 6 6 6 6 0,727 0,734 1,20
35 7 7 6 6 6 6 0,524 0,529 0,868
50 19 19 6 6 6 6 0,387 0,391 0,641
70 19 19 12 12 12 12 0,268 0,270 0,443
95 19 19 15 15 15 15 0,193 0,195 0,320
120 37 37 18 15 18 15 0,153 0,154 0,253
150 37 37 18 15 18 15 0,124 0,126 0,206
185 37 37 30 30 30 30 0,0991 0,100 0,164
240 61 61 34 30 34 30 0,0754 0,0762 0,125
300 61 61 34 30 34 30 0,0601 0,0607 0,100
400 61 61 53 53 53 53 0,0470 0,0475 0,0778
500 61 61 53 53 53 53 0,0366 0,0369 0,0605
630 91 91 53 53 53 53 0,0283 0,0286 0,0469
800 91 91 53 53 __ __ 0,0221 0,0224 0,0367
1000 91 91 53 53 __ __ 0,0176 0,0177 0,0291
1200 (1) (1) __ 0,0151 0,0247
(1 400) (2) (1) (1) __ 0,0129 0,0212
1 600 (1) (1) __ 0,0113 0,0186
(1 800) (2) (1) (1) __ 0,0101 0,0165
2 000 (1) (1) __ 0,0090 0,0149
(1) minimal number of wires unspecified
(2) sections into brackets are not preferentials
93
CLASS 5
FLEXIBLE CORES IN COPPER
Nominal Maximal Max lineic resistance at 20°C

section diameter of wires Untinned wires Tinned wires
mm2 mm /km /km
0,5 0,21 39,0 40,1
0,75 0,21 26,0 26,7
1 0,21 19,5 20,0
1,5 0,26 13,3 13,7
2,5 0,26 7,98 8,21
4 0,31 4,95 5,09
6 0,31 3,30 3,39
10 0,41 1,91 1,95
16 0,41 1,21 1,24
25 0,41 0,780 0,795
35 0,41 0,554 0,565
50 0,41 0,386 0,393
70 0,51 0,272 0,277
95 0,51 0,206 0,210
120 0,51 0,161 0,164
150 0,51 0,129 0,132
185 0,51 0,106 0,108
240 0,51 0,0801 0,0817
300 0,51 0,0641 0,0654
400 0,51 0,0486 0,0495
500 0,61 0,0384 0,0391
630 0,61 0,0287 0,0292
CLASS 6
FLEXIBLE CORES IN COPPER
Nominal Maximal Max lineic resistance at 20°C

section diameter of wires Untinned wires Tinned wires
mm2 mm /km /km
0,5 0,16 39,0 40,1
0,75 0,16 26,0 26,7
1 0,16 19,5 20,0
1,5 0,16 13,3 13,7
2,5 0,16 7,98 8,21
4 0,16 4,95 5,09
6 0,21 3,30 3,39
10 0,21 1,91 1,95
16 0,21 1,21 1,24
25 0,21 0,780 0,795
35 0,21 0,554 0,565
50 0,31 0,386 0,393
70 0,31 0,272 0,277
95 0,31 0,206 0,210
120 0,31 0,161 0,164
150 0,31 0,129 0,132
185 0,41 0,106 0,108
240 0,41 0,0801 0,0817
300 0,41 0,0641 0,0654
94
17.2 MV CABLES (NOMINAL VOLTAGE 6-30 KV)
17.2.1 General visual inspection
Cable laying : joined

unjoined
over loaded
tightened
Conformity of terminals
earthing
17.2.2 Checking
- terminals at each end
- marking
- continuity
17.2.3 Insulation
Before the final connection of the cable on both ends, it is necessary to check the insulation
with a 5 kV Megger tester.
1) between each conductor and screen connected to the earth
2) between one conductor and the others connected together and to the earth.
17.2.4 Testing scheme
5 000 V
95
This test must be done only when the complete installation of the cable and accessories has
been finished (including the ends of cables). The test will be done under an alternative
voltage of 3Uo or a DC voltage of 4Uo during 15 mn.
Method : disconnect the cable on both ends, apply a voltage between the
conductor and the screen connected to the earth, the other conductors also
connected to the earth. Repeat the same test for each conductor by circular
permutation.
OVERSHEATH TEST
Test done by applying a DC voltage of 7 Kv or on AC voltage of 2 Kv during 1 mn between

the conductor and the external part of the sheath.
17.2.6 Testing diagram :
Exterior isolating CORE

sheath
0,2 m
Dielectric test set
96
17.3 LV CABLES (50 V  U  500 V)
17.3.1 General visual inspection
- Cable laying : joined

unjoined
overloaded
tinghtened
- Conformity of terminals
17.3.2 Checking

- marking
- continuity
17.3.3 Insulation
Before the final connection of the cable on both ends, it is necessary to check the insulation
with a 500 V Megger tester.
1) between each conductor and earth

2) between one conductor and the others connected together and to the earth.
17.3.4 Testing diagram
CONTINUITY
INSULATION MEASUREMENT
1 OR
2
3
2 3
1 4
5
500 V
3
1 2
OR
OHMETER
97
This test must be done only when the complete installation of the cable and accessories has
been finished (including the ends of cables). The test will be done under an alternative
voltage of 2 Uo + 1 kV at industrial frequency during 1 minute.
Method : Disconnect the cable on both ends, apply a voltage between the others
connected to the earth. Repeat the same test for each conductor by circular
permutation.
17.3.6 Over sheath test
Tests done by applying a DC voltage of 7 Kv or an AC voltage of 2 Kv during 1 mn between

the conductor and the external part of the sheath.
Testing diagram :
Exterior isolating CORE

sheath
0,2 m
Dielectric test set
17.4 CONTROL COMMAND CABLES
17.4.1 Checking
- marking (cables and wires)
- the way of laying : a distance must be respected between power cable trays
and main control cable trays (around 1 foot, or 200 mm following the
technical specification).
98
17.4.2 Continuity
- ensure that no wires has been cut
- ensure that the good cable is at the right place
Method : By short circuiting each wire to earth successively (or wire 1 and 2, 1 and
3...) at one end and checking at the other end that the signal is there (pulse,
bell). See diagram on the following page.
17.4.3 Insulation
Before final connection on both ends, it is necessary to check with a 500 V Megger the
insulation between :
- wire 1 and the others connected together and to the earth,
- and so on until the last wire,
Do it like that by permutation according to the number of wires.
17.4.4 Testing diagram :
CONTINUITY
1 OR
2
3
2 3
1 4
5
500 V
3
1 2
OR
OHMETER
99
17.5 INSTRUMENTATION CABLES
17.5.1 Generalities
Cables carrying mA or mV.
In order to avoid interferences, these type of cables are usually screened.
- by pair,
- by multipair (general screen).
If is necessary to check that the complet circuit has been connected to the earth in
accordance with the specification of the drawing office.
Example of a classic installation diagram :
EARTH
DISTRIBUTION
PANEL
DESK
SENSOR
Don't connect
the screem
on sensor side
Continuty
screen Connection on
earth grid
with insulated
cable
100
17.5.2 Checking
- marking of cable and wires
- the way of laying : a distance must be respected between power cable trays and
instrumentation cable trays (around 2 feet or 400 mm following the
technical specification).
17.5.3 Continuity
- ensure that no wires have been cut,
- ensure that the good cables are at the right place.
Method : by short circuiting each wire to earth successively (or wire 1 and 2, 1 and
3 ...) at one end and checking at the other end that the signal is there (pulse,
bell). See on the following diagram.
17.5.4 Insulation
Before final connection on both ends, it is necessary to check with a 100 V megger the
insulation between :
- wire 2 and the others connected together and to the earth.
- and so on until the last wire
Do it like that by permutation according to the number of wires.
17.5.5 Testing diagram
CONTINUITY
1 OR
2
3
2 3
1 4
5
500 V
3
1 2
OR
OHMETER
101
17.5.6 Cable resistance
Checking of the global loop resistance. This resistance must be lower than the value given by
the constructor of the regulating device.
102
18. ON LOAD TEST
After the start up of equipments, it is necessary to check the correct operation of the apparatus.
For each circuit the following points must be checked according to the effective load :
- Currents,
- Voltage,
- consumption,
- Working conditions for diesels and motors for example.
During the tests, the operating values must be recorded as well as the test conditions like (temperature,
humidity ...).
18.1 EHV, HV, MV, LV FEEDERS
Check and record the following values :
- Voltages phase to neutral, and phase to phase,

- Currents for each phase and the neutral,
- Power factor of the installation,
- Transited power.
Check the compatibility.
18.2 TRANSFORMER OUTGOING FEEDERS
Check and record the following points :
- Primary voltages phase to neutral, and phase to phase.

- Secondary voltages phase to neutral, and phase to phase.
- Primary currents for each phase and neutral.
- Secondary currents for each phase and neutral.
- Voltage and currents without load, during the switching of transformer.
- The power factor of the installation.
- Transited power.
- Oil and winding temperatures.
Check the compatibility
103
18.3 MOTOR FEEDERS
- Voltages phase to neutral, phase to phase (with and without load).

- Currents for each phase and neutral (with and without load).
- Currents and voltages during the starting up of the motor (with and without load).
- Starting times (with and without load).
- Power used (with and without load).
- Winding temperature.
- Rotation speed.
- Different pressures (according to the hydraulic command).
18.4 DIESEL ENGINE INCOMING
- Voltages phase to neutral, and phase to phase

- Currents for each phase and neutral
- Currents and voltage during switching of circuit breaker
- Frequency
- Transited powers
- Power factor
- Rotation speed
- Temperatures of generator
- Fuel consumption
104
19. IEC NORMS
IEC 52 Recommendations for voltage measurement by means of sphere-gaps (one sphere

earthed)
IEC 55 Paper insulated metal shealted cables for rated voltages up to 18/30 kV
IEC 56 High voltage alternating current circuit breaker (frequencies  60 Hz)
IEC 70 Power capacitors
IEC 71 Insulation co-ordination
IEC 76 Power transformers
IEC 99 Surge arresters
IEC 141 Tests on oil-filled and gaz pressure cable and accessories (voltages  400 kV)
IEC 156 Determination of electric strength for insulating oils
IEC 157 Low voltage switchgear and controlgear (= IEC 947.2)
IEC 185 Current transformers
IEC 186 Voltage transformers
IEC 245 Rubber insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V
IEC 254 Lead-acid traction batteries
IEC 255 Electrical relays. Contact performance of electrical relays.
IEC 298 AC metal enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated voltages between 1 kv and
up to and including 52 kV.
IEC 353 Line traps
IEC 364 Electrical installation of buildings
IEC 408 Low voltage switches
IEC 439 Low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies.
IEC 502 Extruded solid dielectric insulated power cables for rated voltages between 1 kV up to
30 kV
IEC 517 Gas insulated metal-enclosed switchgear for rated voltages of 72,5 kV and above.
105

Electrical Site Tests Procedures

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Electrical Site Tests Procedures

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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

CHECKING - SITE TESTS - ENERGIZING

That hand book is only reserved for testers.

MEASUREMENT OF WINDINGS INSULATION RESISTANCE P. 22

5. DIRECT CURRENT AUXILIARIES P. 52

8. MEASURING AND METERING EQUIPMENTS P. 68

9. EARTH RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT P. 69

MEASURE OF GROUND INSULATION P. 69

10. DIELECTRIC TEST P. 71

11. INSULATION TESTING P. 75

PRINCIPLE OF INSULATION MEASURE FOR A LV CIRCUIT P. 75

13. MEASURE OF STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE P. 78

14. SEARCH OF FAULTS P. 85

15. MV 5,5 KV TO 30 KV CIRCUITS CONTINUITY OF MV CIRCUITS P. 88

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE PHASE TO PHASE TEST P. 88

16. MEASURE OF CONTACT RESISTANCES ON BUSBARS P. 89

17. CABLES CHECKING P. 90

18. ON LOAD TESTS P. 103

EHV, HV, MV, LV FEEDERS P. 103

19. IEC NORMS P. 105

ANNEX 1 : DIELECTRIC TEST FOR CABLES

DOUBLE CILCK TO OPEN ANY ANNEX

Before proceeding to the energization of an electrical installation, it is necessary to :

- The HV, MV, LV equipment installed is with adequate characteristics,

- All the safety devices are installed :

2.1 CIRCUIT BREAKER / DISCONNECTING SWITCH

- For circuit breakers check

operation of closing coil,

- For disconnecting switch

- test the good operating of locking devices,

- check blades penetration,

- contact resistance measurement.

3.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

3.1.1 Definition of tests

secondary wiring resistance.

magnetisation curve, ) If specified on design

Consumption of LV circuit ) If specified on design

3.1.2 Checking of winding direction and continuity

According to hereunder diagram, for each transformer.

1) Check at the terminals S1 & S2 of the CT

By action on push button, the voltmeter will indicate :

- a positive deviation at the closing

3.1.3 Test of the ratio transformer

Method - according to the hereunder diagram.

Verify by primary injection of In (if possible) :

- the indication of A1,

- the indication of A2.

The ratio is given by the calculated value of A1 / A2.

A3 will allow to check the presence of a leakage current.

3.1.4 Secondary wiring insulation measurement

After disconnection of CT earthing, carry out :

a) an insulation measure between each wiring and the others earthed.

b) an insluation measure between separate windings.

Equipment to be used : 500 V megohm meter.

3.1.5 Measure of the secondary wiring resistance

Compare with the value measured in factory.

3.1.6 Dielectric test

3.1.7 Magnetisation curve

Potentiel transformer (if necessary)

1) Analogie ammeter, class 0,5 or 1

2) Analogie Voltmeter class 0,5 of 1

4) Variable power supply 0-240 V & 10 A minimum