Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Study
the
chi-‐square
probability
table
above.
State
the
relationship
among
the
magnitude
of
difference
between
the
observed
and
expected
values,
the
X2-‐value,
and
the
p-‐value:
7. Always
report
the
p-‐value
with
respect
to
the
critical
value.
• The
critical
value
represents
our
“cut
off”
for
whether
or
not
we
consider
the
difference
between
two
data
sets
to
be
significant.
• The
critical
value
of
“p”
in
science
is
p
=
0.05.
• Report
either
p
<
0.05
or
p
>
0.05.
How
would
you
report
the
p-‐value
for
the
coin
toss
experiment?
What
does
the
p-‐value
mean?
• It
is
unlikely
that
the
observed
data
will
exactly
fit
with
the
expected
data,
even
if
the
null
hypothesis
is
correct
and/or
the
observed
data
do
fit
the
theoretical
model.
There
is
inherent
variability
due
to
random
chance
and
this
leads
to
slight
deviations
in
the
data.
The
question
is,
how
much
can
the
observed
results
deviate
from
the
expected
results
and
still
be
considered
to
be
consistent
with
the
expected
results?
• “p”
is
the
probability
or
likelihood
that
the
difference
between
the
observed
results
and
the
expected
results
is
due
to
random
chance.
o If
p<0.05,
then
there
is
only
a
5%
or
less
chance
that
the
deviation
of
the
observed
from
the
expected
results
is
due
to
random
chance.
§ This
means
the
observed
data
are
very
different
from
the
data
predicted
by
your
null
hypothesis.
11
§ Your
final
conclusion:
The
difference
between
the
observed
and
expected
data
is
significant.
Reject
the
null
hypothesis.
Consider
an
alternative
hypothesis.
o If
p>0.05,
then
there
is
a
greater
than
5%
chance
that
the
deviation
of
the
observed
from
the
expected
results
is
due
to
random
chance.
§ This
means
the
observed
data
are
not
different
from
the
data
predicted
by
your
null
hypothesis.
§ Your
final
conclusion:
The
difference
between
the
observed
and
expected
data
is
not
significant.
You
cannot
reject
(or
fail
to
reject)
the
null
hypothesis.
8. Based
on
the
X2-‐value,
degrees
of
freedom,
and
p-‐value,
state
a
conclusion
for
your
experiment.
o The
preciseness
in
the
wording
of
your
final
conclusion
is
very
important.
§ NEVER
say:
“the
data
are
significant”
or
“the
data
are
insignificant”.
You
conducted
a
well-‐designed
experiment.
Your
data
are
meaningful
and
significant.
Chi-‐square
analysis
does
not
test
this.
§ DO
say:
“the
DIFFERENCE
between
the
observed
and
expected
data
IS
SIGNIFICANT”
or
“the
DIFFERENCE
between
the
observed
and
expected
data
IS
NOT
SIGNIFICANT”.
Chi-‐square
analysis
does
test
this.
§ NEVER
say
that
the
null
hypothesis
is
“supported”
or
“accepted”
or
“proven”.
§ DO
say
that
you
either
“REJECT”
or
“FAIL
TO
REJECT”
the
null
hypothesis.
o In
your
final
conclusion
you
must
address:
§ Are
the
observed
values
significantly
different
from
the
expected
values?
§ Give
evidence
by
stating
the
X2-‐value,
degrees
of
freedom,
and
p-‐value.
§ State
whether
or
not
you
“refute”
or
“fail
to
refute”
the
null
hypothesis.
§ If
you
“fail
to
refute”
the
null
hypothesis,
make
a
statement
about
your
alternative
(research)
hypothesis.
Should
you
consider
the
alternative
hypothesis
you
stated?
Or
should
a
different
alternative
hypothesis
be
considered?
§ Use
language
that
reminds
the
reader
what
it
was
you
were
studying
in
the
first
place
(ex.
salt
concentration
and
effect
on
plant
growth
if
that
is
what
you
were
testing)
State
a
conclusion
for
the
coin
toss
being
sure
to
address
the
points
above:
*On
the
AP
Exam,
you
will
be
provided
with
the
version
of
the
Chi-‐square
probability
table
pictured
on
the
right.
You
will
be
expected
to
know
that
the
critical
value
for
“p”
is
0.05
and
that
values
of
p<0.05
are
significant
while
values
of
p>0.05
are
insignificant.
Be
very
familiar
with
this
version
of
the
table.
12