AMERICAN HISTORY

Connecting with the Past | FOURTEENTH EDITION

ALAN BRINKLEY
Columbia University

TM
 TM

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Brinkley, Alan.
American history: a survey / Alan Brinkley.—14th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-07-340695-4—ISBN 978-0-07-737950-6—ISBN 978-0-07-737949-0
1. United States—History—Textbooks. I. Title.
E178.1.B826 2011
973 — dc22
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Alan Brinkley is the Allan Nevins Professor of History at Columbia University. He

served as University Provost at Columbia from 2003–2009. He is the author of Voices of Protest:
Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression, which won the 1983 National Book Award;
The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People; The End of Reform: New Deal
Liberalism in Recession and War; Liberalism and Its Discontents; Franklin D. Roosevelt; and The
Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century. He is the chair of the board of the National
Humanities Center, the chair of the board of the Century Foundation, and a trustee of Oxford
University Press. He is a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1998–1999, he was the
Harmsworth Professor of History at Oxford University, and in 2011–2012, the Pitt Professor at
the University of Cambridge. He won the Joseph R. Levenson Memorial Teaching Award at
Harvard, and the Great Teacher Award at Columbia. He was educated at Princeton and Harvard.

• iii
 ALAN

AMERICAN
Connecting with the Past

Connecting with
American History shows students that history is not just a collection of names
and dates, but an ongoing story, which teaches us about the present as well as
the past.

▲
NEW “Consider the Source” features guide students
through careful analysis of historical documents and
CONSIDER THE SOURCE
prompt them to make connections with contemporary
events. How much does the current Tea Party movement
TEA PARTIES THE BOSTON Tea Party of 1773 was a revolt against “taxation without representation.” The poem
“Ye glorious sons of freedom” celebrates the action of the Boston Tea Party, expresses the colo- have in common with the original Boston Tea Party? How
nists’ resentments and complaints against the distant London government, and calls upon Boston
patriots to continue to resist British actions. was President Obama’s rhetoric about the current finan-
The twenty-first century Tea Party movement became prominent in 2009. Although not an offi-
cial political party, members tend to endorse Republican candidates. The modern Tea Party move- cial crisis informed by that used by President Roosevelt
ment has borrowed its name from the Boston event that took place more than two hundred years
ago, and has picked up some (although not all) of the ideas of the 1773 Boston Tea Party: hostility during the Great Depression? Consider the Source and
to distant authority (London then, Washington now) and resentment of taxes (imposed by Britain
then, and by Washington now). Although taxation in our time does not really take place “without find out!
representation,” today’s Tea Partiers certainly feel that contemporary taxation is as illegitimate as
the Bostonians felt it was in 1773.

Connect with
the EXPERIENCE
A
American History models the interpretive process off
DEBATING THE PAST
“d
“doing history,” showing students how historians use
ev
evidence to create our understanding of the past, and
in
inviting them to participate in the process.
▲

“Debating the Past” essays, featured throughout the

The Causes of the Civil War
na
narrative,
a illustrate the contested quality of much of the
IN his second inaugural address in March 1865, Abraham Lincoln looked back at statement, but
the beginning of the Civil War four years earlier. “All knew,” he said, that slavery about whether sl
principal, cause o
Am
American past. Through these, students gain a sense of
“was somehow the cause of the war.” Few historians doubt the basic truth of Lincoln’s
This debate b
In 1858, Senator th
the
h evolving nature of historical scholarship and an
took note of two
sectional tension
nation. On one
un
understanding of present-day interpretations.
who believed the
dental, unnecess
fanatical agitators
BRINKLEY

HISTORY
14TH EDITION

America’s Past
■ NEW! “Understand, Analyze, and Evaluate” prompts at the end of each feature
essay encourage students to think critically about historical information.
■ NEW! “Recall and Reflect” prompts at the end of the chapter guide students
through mastery of the key events and main ideas of each chapter.

Connect to
SUCCESS in
History
Connect Historyy paves a path to student succ
success.
Do you understand the tools of history? Learn how to
investigate primary sources, understand maps and geog-
raphy, and build critical analysis skills.
■ Students study more effectively with Connect History, a
groundbreaking digital program. Students confirm what
they know and learn what they don’t through engaging activities and review
questions.
■ Connect History works in tandem with “Understand, Analyze, and Evaluate” and
“Recall and Reflect” questions in each chapter and builds a personalized study plan
for each student for every chapter.
■ Connect History builds critical thinking skills by placing students in a “critical
mission” and asking them to examine, evaluate, and analyze the data in order to
support a point of view.
■ Connect History includes tools to aid students in understanding maps and geog-
raphy, exploring primary source documents, and writing a research paper (includ-
ing how to document sources and avoid plagiarism).
BRIEF CONTENTS
PREFACE xxxiii

1 THE COLLISION OF CULTURES 1

2 TRANSPLANTATIONS AND BORDERLANDS 35
3 SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN PROVINCIAL AMERICA 66
4 THE EMPIRE IN TRANSITION 100
5 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 130
6 THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW REPUBLIC 160
7 THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA 182
8 VARIETIES OF AMERICAN NATIONALISM 217
9 JACKSONIAN AMERICA 234
10 AMERICA’S ECONOMIC REVOLUTION 260
11 COTTON, SLAVERY, AND THE OLD SOUTH 297
12 ANTEBELLUM CULTURE AND REFORM 320
13 THE IMPENDING CRISIS 346
14 THE CIVIL WAR 373
15 RECONSTRUCTION AND THE NEW SOUTH 410
16 THE CONQUEST OF THE FAR WEST 442
17 INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY 471
18 THE AGE OF THE CITY 500
19 FROM CRISIS TO EMPIRE 529
20 THE PROGRESSIVES 567
21 AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR 601
22 THE “NEW ERA” 632
23 THE GREAT DEPRESSION 658
24 THE NEW DEAL 682
25 THE GLOBAL CRISIS, 1921–1941 708
26 AMERICA IN A WORLD AT WAR 727
27 THE COLD WAR 756
28 THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY 778
29 CIVIL RIGHTS, VIETNAM, AND THE ORDEAL OF LIBERALISM 806
30 THE CRISIS OF AUTHORITY 833
31 FROM THE “AGE OF LIMITS” TO THE AGE OF REAGAN 864
32 THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION 886

APPENDIXES A-1

CREDITS C-1

INDEX I-1

vi •
 CONTENTS

1 THE COLLISION
OF CULTURES 1
SETTING THE STAGE 2
AMERICA BEFORE COLUMBUS 3
The Peoples of the Precontact Americas 3
The Growth of Civilizations: The South 3
The Civilizations of the North 6
TribalC ultures 8
EUROPE LOOKS WESTWARD 9
Commerce and Nationalism 10
ChristopherC olumbus 12
TheC onquistadores 13
SpanishAmer ica 15
NorthernO utposts 16
The Empire at High Tide 18
Biological and Cultural Exchanges 19
Africa and America 21
THE ARRIVAL OF THE ENGLISH 23
The Commercial Incentive 23
The Religious Incentive 25
The English in Ireland 28
The French and the Dutch in America 30
The First English Settlements 31
Roanoke 31
Debating the Past
Why Do Historians So Often Differ? 8
Debating the Past
The American Population before Columbus 10
America in the World
The Atlantic Context of Early American History 22
America in the World
Mercantilism and Colonial Commerce 26

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 33

2 TRANSPLANTATIONS AND
BORDERLANDS 35
SETTING THE STAGE 36
THE EARLY CHESAPEAKE 37
The Founding of Jamestown 37
Reorganization 37
Tobacco 38
Expansion 39
Exchanges of Agricultural Technology 40
Maryland and the Calverts 40
TurbulentV irginia 41
Bacon’sR ebellion 42
THE GROWTH OF NEW ENGLAND 42
PlymouthP lantation 43
The Puritan Experiment 44
The Expansion of New England 46
Settlers and Natives 47
The Pequot War, King Philip’s War, and the
Technology of Battle 49
THE RESTORATION COLONIES 50
The English Civil War 50
TheC arolinas 50

• vii
viii • CONTENTS

New Netherland, New York, and New Jersey 52

The Quaker Colonies 53
BORDERLANDS AND MIDDLE GROUNDS 54
The Caribbean Islands 55
Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean 57
The Southwestern Borderlands 57
The Southeastern Borderlands 58
The Founding of Georgia 59
MiddleGr ounds 59
THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE 62
The Drive for Reorganization 62
The Dominion of New England 63
The “Glorious Revolution” 63
Debating the Past
Native Americans and the “Middle Ground” 60

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 64

3 SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN SETTING THE STAGE 67

THE COLONIAL POPULATION 68
PROVINCIAL AMERICA 66 IndenturedS ervitude 68
Birth and Death 69
Medicine in the Colonies 70
Women and Families in the Chesapeake 71
Women and Families in New England 72
The Beginnings of Slavery in British America 73
Changing Sources of European Immigration 75
THE COLONIAL ECONOMIES 77
The Southern Economy 78
Northern Economic and Technological Life 79
The Extent and Limits of Technology 81
The Rise of Colonial Commerce 82
The Rise of Consumerism 83
PATTERNS OF SOCIETY 84
TheP lantation 84
PlantationS lavery 85
The Puritan Community 87
The Witchcraft Phenomenon 88
Cities 89
Inequality 90
AWAKENINGS AND ENLIGHTENMENTS 91
The Pattern of Religions 91
The Great Awakening 92
TheE nlightenment 93
Education 93
The Spread of Science 96
Concepts of Law and Politics 96
Debating the Past
The Origins of Slavery 74
Debating the Past
The Witchcraft Trials 90
Patterns of Popular Culture
Colonial Almanacs 94

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 98
 CONTENTS • ix

4 THE EMPIRE
IN TRANSITION 100
SETTING THE STAGE 101
LOOSENING TIES 102
A Tradition of Neglect 102
The Colonies Divided 102
THE STRUGGLE FOR THE CONTINENT 103
New France and the Iroquois Nation 103
Anglo-FrenchC onflicts 104
The Great War for the Empire 107
THE NEW IMPERIALISM 109
Burdens of Empire 109
The British and the Tribes 112
The Colonial Response 112
STIRRINGS OF REVOLT 115
The Stamp Act Crisis 115
InternalR ebellions 116
The Townshend Program 116
The Boston Massacre 117
The Philosophy of Revolt 119
The Tea Excitement 120
COOPERATION AND WAR 124
New Sources of Authority 124
Lexington and Concord 127
America in the World
The First Global War 106
Consider the Source
Tea Parties 122
Patterns of Popular Culture
Taverns in Revolutionary Massachusetts 124

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 128

5 THE AMERICAN
REVOLUTION 130
SETTING THE STAGE 131
THE STATES UNITED 132
Defining American War Aims 132
The Decision for Independence 133
Responses to Independence 133
Mobilizing for War 134
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE 136
The First Phase: New England 137
The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region 138
The Iroquois and the British 141
Securing Aid from Abroad 142
The Final Phase: The South 142
Winning the Peace 145
WAR AND SOCIETY 145
Loyalists and Minorities 145
The War and Slavery 147
Native Americans and the Revolution 148
Women’s Rights and Women’s Roles 149
The War Economy 150
x • CONTENTS

THE CREATION OF STATE GOVERNMENTS 151

The Assumptions of Republicanism 151
The First State Constitutions 152
Revising State Governments 152
Toleration and Slavery 152
THE SEARCH FOR A NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT 153
TheC onfederation 153
DiplomaticF ailures 153
The Confederation and the Northwest 154
Indians and the Western Lands 156
Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays 156
Debating the Past
The American Revolution 134
America in the World
The Age of Revolutions 146

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 158

6 THE CONSTITUTION AND

THE NEW REPUBLIC 160
SETTING THE STAGE 161
FRAMING A NEW GOVERNMENT 162
Advocates of Centralization 162
A Divided Convention 164
Compromise 164
The Constitution of 1787 165
The Limits of the Constitution 167
Federalists and Antifederalists 168
Completing the Structure 169
FEDERALISTS AND REPUBLICANS 170
Hamilton and the Federalists 170
Enacting the Federalist Program 171
The Republican Opposition 172
ESTABLISHING NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY 173
Securing the Frontier 173
Native Americans and the New Nation 174
MaintainingNeu trality 174
Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty 175
THE DOWNFALL OF THE FEDERALISTS 175
The Election of 1796 176
The Quasi War with France 177
Repression and Protest 177
The “Revolution” of 1800 178
Debating the Past
The Meaning of the Constitution 166

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 180

 CONTENTS • xi

7 THE JEFFERSONIAN
ERA 182
SETTING THE STAGE 183
THE RISE OF CULTURAL
NATIONALISM 184
Patterns of Education 184
Medicine and Science 185
Cultural Aspirations in the New Nation 185
ReligiousS kepticism 187
The Second Great Awakening 187
STIRRINGS OF INDUSTRIALISM 191
Technology in America 191
TransportationI nnovations 192
The Rising Cities 195
JEFFERSON THE PRESIDENT 195
The Federal City and the “People’s
President” 196
Dollars and Ships 197
Conflict with the Courts 198
DOUBLING THE NATIONAL
DOMAIN 200
Jefferson and Napoleon 200
The Louisiana Purchase 203
Lewis and Clark Explore the West 203
The Burr Conspiracy 204
EXPANSION AND WAR 205
Conflict on the Seas 205
Impressment 206
“PeaceableC oercion” 206
The “Indian Problem” and the British 207
Tecumseh and the Prophet 209
Florida and War Fever 210
THE WAR OF 1812 211
Battles with the Tribes 211
Battles with the British 211
The Revolt of New England 213
The Peace Settlement 213
Consider the Source
Religious Revivals 188
America in the World
The Global Industrial Revolution 194
Patterns of Popular Culture
Horse Racing in Early America 198

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 214

xii • CONTENTS

8 VARIETIES OF AMERICAN
NATIONALISM 217
SETTING THE STAGE 218
BUILDING A NATIONAL MARKET 219
Banking, Currency, and Protection 219
Transportation 220
EXPANDING WESTWARD 221
The Great Migrations 222
The Plantation System in the Southwest 222
Trade and Trapping in the Far West 223
Eastern Images of the West 224
THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS” 224
The End of the First Party System 224
John Quincy Adams and Florida 225
The Panic of 1819 226
SECTIONALISM AND NATIONALISM 226
The Missouri Compromise 226
Marshall and the Court 227
The Court and the Tribes 228
The Latin American Revolution and the
Monroe Doctrine 228
THE REVIVAL OF OPPOSITION 229
The “Corrupt Bargain” 230
The Second President Adams 230
JacksonT riumphant 231

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 232

9 JACKSONIAN AMERICA 234 SETTING THE STAGE 235

THE RISE OF MASS POLITICS 236
ExpandingD emocracy 236
Tocquevillea nd Democracy in America 238
The Legitimization of Party 238
“President of the Common Man” 240
“OUR FEDERAL UNION” 240
Calhoun and Nullification 241
The Rise of Van Buren 241
The Webster-Hayne Debate 241
The Nullification Crisis 243
THE REMOVAL OF THE INDIANS 243
White Attitudes Toward the Tribes 244
The Black Hawk War 244
The “Five Civilized Tribes” 244
Trails of Tears 245
The Meaning of Removal 246
JACKSON AND THE BANK WAR 247
Biddle’sI nstitution 248
The “Monster” Destroyed 249
The Taney Court 249
THE CHANGING FACE OF
AMERICAN POLITICS 250
Democrats and Whigs 250
Van Buren and the Panic of 1837 252
 CONTENTS • xiii

The Log Cabin Campaign 253

The Frustration of the Whigs 254
WhigD iplomacy 255
Debating the Past
The “Age of Jackson” 238
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Penny Press 256

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 257

10 AMERICA’S ECONOMIC
REVOLUTION 260
SETTING THE STAGE 261
THE CHANGING AMERICAN POPULATION 262
The American Population, 1820–1840 262
Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840–1860 263
The Rise of Nativism 265
TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND
TECHNOLOGY 269
The Canal Age 269
The Early Railroads 271
The Triumph of the Rails 272
Innovations in Communications and Journalism 274
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 274
The Expansion of Business, 1820–1840 274
The Emergence of the Factory 275
Advances in Technology 276
MEN AND WOMEN AT WORK 277
Recruiting a Native Workforce 277
The Immigrant Workforce 282
The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition 283
Fighting for Control 283
“FreeL abor” 284
PATTERNS OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 284
The Rich and the Poor 284
SocialM obility 286
Middle-ClassL ife 287
The Changing Family 287
Women and the “Cult of Domesticity” 289
LeisureAct ivities 292
THE AGRICULTURAL NORTH 293
NortheasternAg riculture 293
The Old Northwest 293
RuralL ife 294
Consider the Source
Nativism and Anti-Immigration Sentiment 266
Consider the Source
Rules for Employees 278
Patterns of Popular Culture
Shakespeare in America 290

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 295

xiv • CONTENTS

11 COTTON, SLAVERY,
AND THE OLD SOUTH 297
SETTING THE STAGE 298
THE COTTON ECONOMY 299
The Rise of King Cotton 299
Southern Trade and Industry 300
Sources of Southern Difference 302
WHITE SOCIETY IN THE SOUTH 303
The Planter Class 303
“Honor” 303
The “Southern Lady” 304
The Plain Folk 306
SLAVERY: THE “PECULIAR INSTITUTION” 307
Varieties of Slavery 308
Life under Slavery 309
Slavery in the Cities 310
Free African Americans 311
The Slave Trade 312
SlaveR esistance 313
THE CULTURE OF SLAVERY 314
Language and Music 314
African American Religion 315
The Slave Family 315
Debating the Past
The Character of Slavery 310
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Slaves’ Music 316

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 317

12 ANTEBELLUM CULTURE
AND REFORM 320
SETTING THE STAGE 321
THE ROMANTIC IMPULSE 322
Nationalism and Romanticism in American Painting 322
Literature and the Quest for Liberation 322
Literature in the Antebellum South 323
TheT ranscendentalists 324
The Defense of Nature 325
Visions of Utopia 325
Redefining Gender Roles 325
TheM ormons 327
REMAKING SOCIETY 328
Revivalism, Morality, and Order 328
The Temperance Crusade 329
Health Fads and Phrenology 329
MedicalS cience 330
ReformingEd ucation 331
Rehabilitation 332
The Indian Reservation 333
The Emergence of Feminism 336
THE CRUSADE AGAINST SLAVERY 337
Early Opposition to Slavery 337
Garrison and Abolitionism 337
BlackAb olitionists 338
Anti-Abolitionism 339
AbolitionismD ivided 340
 CONTENTS • xv

Consider the Source

The Rise of Feminism 334
America in the World
The Abolition of Slavery 340
Patterns of Popular Culture
Sentimental Novels 342

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 343

13 THE IMPENDING CRISIS 346 SETTING THE STAGE 347

LOOKING WESTWARD 348
ManifestD estiny 348
Americans in Texas 349
Tensions between the United States and Mexico 350
Oregon 351
WestwardM igration 351
Life on the Trail 352
EXPANSION AND WAR 354
The Democrats and Expansion 354
The Southwest and California 355
The Mexican War 357
THE SECTIONAL DEBATE 359
Slavery and the Territories 359
The California Gold Rush 359
Rising Sectional Tensions 361
The Compromise of 1850 361
THE CRISES OF THE 1850s 363
The Uneasy Truce 363
“YoungAmer ica” 363
Slavery, Railroads, and the West 363
The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy 364
“BleedingK ansas” 364
The Free-Soil Ideology 365
The Pro-Slavery Argument 366
Buchanan and Depression 368
The Dred ScottD ecision 368
Deadlock over Kansas 368
The Emergence of Lincoln 369
John Brown’s Raid 370
The Election of Lincoln 370
Patterns of Popular Culture
Lyceums 366

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 371

xvi • CONTENTS

14 THE CIVIL WAR 373 SETTING THE STAGE 374

THE SECESSION CRISIS 375
The Withdrawal of the South 375
The Failure of Compromise 375
FortS umter 375
The Opposing Sides 377
THE MOBILIZATION OF THE NORTH 378
EconomicM easures 378
Raising the Union Armies 379
WartimeP olitics 381
The Politics of Emancipation 384
African Americans and the Union Cause 385
The War and Economic Development 386
Women, Nursing, and the War 386
THE MOBILIZATION OF THE SOUTH 388
The Confederate Government 388
Money and Manpower 388
States’ Rights versus Centralization 389
Economic and Social Effects of the War 389
STRATEGY AND DIPLOMACY 391
TheC ommanders 391
The Role of Sea Power 393
Europe and the Disunited States 394
The American West and the War 394
THE COURSE OF BATTLE 395
The Technology of Battle 395
The Opening Clashes, 1861 397
The Western Theater 398
The Virginia Front, 1862 398
The Progress of War 401
1863: Year of Decision 402
The Last Stage, 1864–1865 403
Debating the Past
The Causes of the Civil War 380
Consider the Source
Suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus 382
Patterns of Popular Culture
Baseball and the Civil War 392
America in the World
The Consolidation of Nations 396

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 407

 CONTENTS • xvii

15 RECONSTRUCTION AND
THE NEW SOUTH 410
SETTING THE STAGE 411
THE PROBLEMS OF PEACEMAKING 412
The Aftermath of War and Emancipation 412
Competing Notions of Freedom 413
Issues of Reconstruction 414
Plans for Reconstruction 414
The Death of Lincoln 415
Johnson and “Restoration” 415
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION 416
The Black Codes 416
The Fourteenth Amendment 416
The Congressional Plan 417
The Impeachment of the President 418
THE SOUTH IN RECONSTRUCTION 418
The Reconstruction Governments 419
Education 420
Landownership and Tenancy 421
The Crop-Lien System 422
The African American Family in Freedom 423
THE GRANT ADMINISTRATION 424
The Soldier President 424
The Grant Scandals 424
The Greenback Question 425
RepublicanD iplomacy 425
THE ABANDONMENT OF RECONSTRUCTION 426
The Southern States “Redeemed” 426
The Ku Klux Klan Acts 426
Waning Northern Commitment 426
The Compromise of 1877 427
The Legacies of Reconstruction 430
THE NEW SOUTH 430
The“ Redeemers” 430
Industrialization and the “New South” 431
Tenants and Sharecroppers 434
African Americans and the New South 434
The Birth of Jim Crow 436
Debating the Past
Reconstruction 428
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Minstrel Show 432
Debating the Past
The Origins of Segregation 438

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 440

xviii • CONTENTS

16 THE CONQUEST OF THE

FAR WEST 442
SETTING THE STAGE 443
THE SOCIETIES OF THE FAR WEST 444
The Western Tribes 444
Hispanic New Mexico 445
Hispanic California and Texas 446
The Chinese Migration 447
Anti-ChineseS entiments 448
Migration from the East 449
THE CHANGING WESTERN ECONOMY 451
Labor in the West 451
The Arrival of the Miners 451
The Cattle Kingdom 453
THE ROMANCE OF THE WEST 455
The Western Landscape 455
The Cowboy Culture 456
The Idea of the Frontier 457
Frederick Jackson Turner 458
The Loss of Utopia 459
THE DISPERSAL OF THE TRIBES 460
White Tribal Policies 460
The Indian Wars 461
The Dawes Act 465
THE RISE AND DECLINE OF THE
WESTERN FARMER 466
Farming on the Plains 466
CommercialAg riculture 467
The Farmers’ Grievances 468
The Agrarian Malaise 468
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Wild West Show 456
Debating the Past
The “Frontier” and the West 458

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 468

17 INDUSTRIAL
SUPREMACY 471
SETTING THE STAGE 472
SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL
GROWTH 473
IndustrialT echnologies 473
The Airplane and the Automobile 473
Research and Development 475
The Science of Production 476
RailroadEx pansion 477
TheC orporation 478
Consolidating Corporate America 479
The Trust and the Holding Company 479
CAPITALISM AND ITS CRITICS 480
The “Self-Made Man” 480
Survival of the Fittest 481
The Gospel of Wealth 485
AlternativeV isions 485
The Problems of Monopoly 487
 CONTENTS • xix

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN THE

NEW ECONOMY 489
The Immigrant Workforce 489
Wages and Working Conditions 490
Women and Children at Work 491
The Struggle to Unionize 492
The Great Railroad Strike 493
The Knights of Labor 493
TheAF L 494
The Homestead Strike 495
The Pullman Strike 495
Sources of Labor Weakness 496
Consider the Source
Philanthropy 482
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Novels of Horatio Alger 486
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Novels of Louisa May Alcott 488

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 497

18 THE AGE OF THE CITY 500 SETTING THE STAGE 501

THE URBANIZATION OF AMERICA 502
The Lure of the City 502
Migrations 503
The Ethnic City 505
Assimilation 506
Exclusion 507
THE URBAN LANDSCAPE 508
The Creation of Public Space 508
Housing the Well-to-Do 509
Housing Workers and the Poor 510
UrbanT ransportation 511
The“ Skyscraper” 512
STRAINS OF URBAN LIFE 512
Fire and Disease 512
EnvironmentalD egradation 512
UrbanP overty 513
Crime and Violence 513
The Machine and the Boss 514
THE RISE OF MASS CONSUMPTION 515
Patterns of Income and Consumption 515
Chain Stores and Mail-Order Houses 515
DepartmentS tores 516
Women as Consumers 516
LEISURE IN THE CONSUMER SOCIETY 517
RedefiningL eisure 517
SpectatorS ports 517
Music and Theater 520
TheM ovies 520
Working-ClassL eisure 520
The Fourth of July 522
MassC ommunications 522
xx • CONTENTS

HIGH CULTURE IN THE AGE OF THE CITY 523

The Literature of Urban America 523
Art in the Age of the City 523
The Impact of Darwinism 524
Toward Universal Schooling 525
Education for Women 526
America in the World
Global Migrations 504
Patterns of Popular Culture
Coney Island 518

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 526

19 FROM CRISIS
TO EMPIRE 529
SETTING THE STAGE 530
THE POLITICS OF EQUILIBRIUM 531
The National Government 531
Presidents and Patronage 531
Cleveland, Harrison, and the Tariff 532
New Public Issues 534
THE AGRARIAN REVOLT 535
TheGr angers 535
The Farmers’ Alliances 537
The Populist Constituency 538
PopulistI deas 539
THE CRISIS OF THE 1890s 539
The Panic of 1893 539
The Silver Question 541
“A CROSS OF GOLD” 543
The Emergence of Bryan 543
The Conservative Victory 545
McKinley and Recovery 546
STIRRINGS OF IMPERIALISM 547
The New Manifest Destiny 547
HemisphericH egemony 549
Hawaii and Samoa 550
WAR WITH SPAIN 554
Controversy over Cuba 554
“A Splendid Little War” 555
Seizing the Philippines 558
The Battle for Cuba 558
Puerto Rico and the United States 559
The Debate over the Philippines 560
THE REPUBLIC AS EMPIRE 561
Governing the Colonies 561
The Philippine War 562
The Open Door 564
A Modern Military System 565
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Chautauquas 540
Debating the Past
Populism 544
 CONTENTS • xxi

America in the World

Imperialism 550
Patterns of Popular Culture
Yellow Journalism 552
Consider the Source
Memorializing National History 556

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 565

20 THE PROGRESSIVES 567 SETTING THE STAGE 568

THE PROGRESSIVE IMPULSE 569
Varieties of Progressivism 569
TheM uckrakers 569
The Social Gospel 569
The Settlement House Movement 570
The Allure of Expertise 571
TheP rofessions 571
Women and the Professions 572
WOMEN AND REFORM 573
The “New Woman” 573
TheC lubwomen 574
WomanS uffrage 574
THE ASSAULT ON THE PARTIES 577
EarlyAt tacks 577
MunicipalR eform 577
New Forms of Governance 577
StatehouseP rogressivism 578
Parties and Interest Groups 579
SOURCES OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM 580
Labor, the Machine, and Reform 580
WesternP rogressives 581
African Americans and Reform 581
CRUSADE FOR SOCIAL ORDER AND REFORM 583
The Temperance Crusade 583
ImmigrationR estriction 585
CHALLENGING THE CAPITALIST ORDER 585
The Dream of Socialism 586
Decentralization and Regulation 587
THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE MODERN
PRESIDENCY 588
The Accidental President 588
Government, Capital, and Labor 588
The “Square Deal” 589
Roosevelt and Conservation 592
Roosevelt and Preservation 592
The Hetch Hetchy Controversy 592
The Panic of 1907 593
THE TROUBLED SUCCESSION 594
Taft and the Progressives 594
The Return of Roosevelt 595
SpreadingI nsurgency 595
Roosevelt versus Taft 595
xxii • CONTENTS

WOODROW WILSON AND THE

NEW FREEDOM 596
WoodrowW ilson 596
The Scholar as President 597
Retreat and Advance 598
Debating the Past
Progressivism 572
America in the World
Social Democracy 578
Consider the Source
Dedicated to Conserving America 590

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 598

21 AMERICA AND THE GREAT

WAR 601
SETTING THE STAGE 602
THE “BIG STICK”: AMERICA AND THE WORLD,
1901–1917 603
Roosevelt and “Civilization” 603
Protecting the “Open Door” in Asia 604
The Iron-Fisted Neighbor 604
The Panama Canal 605
Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy” 605
Diplomacy and Morality 605
THE ROAD TO WAR 607
The Collapse of the European Peace 607
Wilson’sNeu trality 608
Preparedness versus Pacifism 608
A War for Democracy 609
“WAR WITHOUT STINT” 610
Entering the War 610
The American Expeditionary Force 610
The Military Struggle 612
The New Technology of Warfare 612
THE WAR AND AMERICAN SOCIETY 614
Organizing the Economy for War 614
Labor and the War 615
Economic and Social Results of the War 615
THE FUTILE SEARCH FOR SOCIAL UNITY 616
The Peace Movement 617
Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent 617
THE SEARCH FOR A NEW WORLD
ORDER 620
The Fourteen Points 620
EarlyO bstacles 621
The Paris Peace Conference 621
The Ratification Battle 622
Wilson’sO rdeal 623
A SOCIETY IN TURMOIL 623
Industry and Labor 623
The Demands of African Americans 624
The Red Scare 626
 CONTENTS • xxiii

Refuting the Red Scare 628

The Retreat from Idealism 629
Patterns of Popular Culture
Billy Sunday and Modern Revivalism 618

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 629

22 THE “NEW ERA” 632 SETTING THE STAGE 633

THE NEW ECONOMY 634
Technology and Economic Growth 634
EconomicO rganization 635
Labor in the New Era 635
Women and Minorities in the Workforce 638
The “American Plan” 639
Agricultural Technology and the Plight of
the Farmer 639
THE NEW CULTURE 640
Consumerism 640
Advertising 641
The Movies and Broadcasting 642
ModernistR eligion 642
ProfessionalW omen 643
Changing Ideas of Motherhood 643
The “Flapper”: Image and Reality 643
Pressing for Women’s Rights 644
Education and Youth 645
TheD isenchanted 648
The Harlem Renaissance 649
A CONFLICT OF CULTURES 649
Prohibition 649
Nativism and the Klan 650
ReligiousF undamentalism 650
The Democrats’ Ordeal 653
REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT 654
Harding and Coolidge 654
Government and Business 656
Consider the Source
Communications Technology 636
America in the World
The Cinema 644
Patterns of Popular Culture
Dance Halls 646

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 656

xxiv • CONTENTS

23 THE GREAT
DEPRESSION 658
SETTING THE STAGE 659
THE COMING OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION 660
The Great Crash 660
Causes of the Depression 660
Progress of the Depression 661
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE IN HARD TIMES 662
Unemployment and Relief 662
African Americans and the Depression 665
Mexican Americans in Depression America 666
Asian Americans in Hard Times 667
Women and the Workplace in the Great Depression 668
DepressionF amilies 669
THE DEPRESSION AND AMERICAN CULTURE 669
DepressionV alues 669
Artists and Intellectuals in the Great Depression 669
Radio 670
Movies in the New Era 671
Popular Literature and Journalism 672
The Popular Front and the Left 674
THE UNHAPPY PRESIDENCY OF HERBERT
HOOVER 675
The Hoover Program 675
PopularP rotest 677
The Election of 1932 678
The“ Interregnum” 678
Debating the Past
Causes of the Great Depression 662
America in the World
The Global Depression 664
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Films of Frank Capra 672

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 679

24 THE NEW DEAL 682 SETTING THE STAGE 683

LAUNCHING THE NEW DEAL 684
RestoringC onfidence 684
AgriculturalAd justment 684
IndustrialR ecovery 685
RegionalP lanning 689
Currency, Banks, and the Stock Market 689
The Growth of Federal Relief 690
THE NEW DEAL IN TRANSITION 690
Critics of the New Deal 690
The “Second New Deal” 691
LaborM ilitancy 692
OrganizingB attles 693
SocialS ecurity 694
New Directions in Relief 694
The 1936 “Referendum” 695
 CONTENTS • xxv

THE NEW DEAL IN DISARRAY 697

The Court Fight 697
Retrenchment and Recession 698
LIMITS AND LEGACIES OF THE NEW DEAL 700
The Idea of the “Broker State” 700
African Americans and the New Deal 700
The New Deal and the “Indian Problem” 701
Women and the New Deal 703
The New Deal in the West and the South 704
The New Deal and the National Economy 705
The New Deal and American Politics 706
Consider the Source
Banking Crises 686
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Golden Age of Comic Books 698
Debating the Past
The New Deal 702

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 706

25 THE GLOBAL CRISIS,

1921–1941 708
SETTING THE STAGE 709
THE DIPLOMACY OF THE NEW ERA 710
Replacing the League 710
Debts and Diplomacy 710
Hoover and the World Crisis 711
ISOLATIONISM AND INTERNATIONALISM 712
DepressionD iplomacy 713
America and the Soviet Union 714
The Good Neighbor Policy 714
The Rise of Isolationism 714
The Failure of Munich 717
FROM NEUTRALITY TO INTERVENTION 718
NeutralityT ested 718
The Third-Term Campaign 721
NeutralityAb andoned 721
The Road to Pearl Harbor 723
America in the World
The Sino-Japanese War, 1931–1941 716
Patterns of Popular Culture
Orson Welles and the “War of the Worlds” 718
Debating the Past
The Question of Pearl Harbor 722

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 725

xxvi • CONTENTS

26 AMERICA IN A WORLD
AT WAR 727
SETTING THE STAGE 728
WAR ON TWO FRONTS 729
Containing the Japanese 729
Holding Off the Germans 729
America and the Holocaust 731
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE IN WARTIME 732
Prosperity 732
The War and the West 733
Labor and the War 736
Stabilizing the Boom 736
MobilizingP roduction 736
Wartime Science and Technology 737
African Americans and the War 739
Native Americans and the War 739
Mexican American War Workers 739
Women and Children at War 740
Wartime Life and Culture 741
The Internment of Japanese Americans 743
Chinese Americans and the War 745
The Retreat from Reform 745
THE DEFEAT OF THE AXIS 746
The Liberation of France 746
The Pacific Offensive 748
The Manhattan Project 750
AtomicW arfare 751
Consider the Source
The Face of the Enemy 734
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Age of Swing 742
Debating the Past
The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb 752

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 754

27 THE COLD WAR 756 SETTING THE STAGE 757

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 758
Sources of Soviet-American Tension 758
WartimeD iplomacy 758
Yalta 758
THE COLLAPSE OF THE PEACE 759
The Failure of Potsdam 760
The China Problem 760
The Containment Doctrine 761
The Marshall Plan 762
Mobilization at Home 762
The Road to NATO 763
Reevaluating Cold War Policy 763
AMERICAN SOCIETY AND POLITICS AFTER
THE WAR 765
The Problems of Reconversion 765
The Fair Deal Rejected 766
 CONTENTS • xxvii

The Election of 1948 766

The Fair Deal Revived 768
The Nuclear Age 768
THE KOREAN WAR 769
The Divided Peninsula 769
From Invasion to Stalemate 769
LimitedM obilization 771
THE CRUSADE AGAINST SUBVERSION 772
HUAC and Alger Hiss 772
The Federal Loyalty Program and the
Rosenberg Case 772
McCarthyism 773
The Republican Revival 773
Debating the Past
Origins of the Cold War 760
Debating the Past
“McCarthyism” 774

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 774

28 THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY 778 SETTING THE STAGE 779

“THE ECONOMIC MIRACLE” 780
Sources of Economic Growth 780
The Rise of the Modern West 780
The New Economics 781
Capital and Labor 781
THE EXPLOSION OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY 782
MedicalB reakthroughs 782
Pesticides 783
Postwar Electronic Research 783
Postwar Computer Technology 784
Bombs, Rockets, and Missiles 784
The Space Program 785
PEOPLE OF PLENTY 786
The Consumer Culture 786
The Landscape and the Automobile 786
The Suburban Nation 787
The Suburban Family 788
The Birth of Television 788
Travel, Outdoor Recreation, and Environmentalism 790
Organized Society and Its Detractors 791
The Beats and the Restless Culture of Youth 791
Rock ‘n’ Roll 792
THE “OTHER AMERICA” 794
On the Margins of the Affluent Society 794
RuralP overty 795
The Inner Cities 795
xxviii • CONTENTS

THE RISE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 796

The Brown Decision and “Massive Resistance” 796
The Expanding Movement 797
Causes of the Civil Rights Movement 798
EISENHOWER REPUBLICANISM 798
“What Was Good for . . . General Motors” 799
The Survival of the Welfare State 799
The Decline of McCarthyism 800
EISENHOWER, DULLES, AND THE COLD WAR 800
Dulles and “Massive Retaliation” 800
France, America, and Vietnam 800
Cold War Crises 801
Europe and the Soviet Union 802
The U-2 Crisis 802
Patterns of Popular Culture
Lucy and Desi 792

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 803

29 CIVIL RIGHTS, VIETNAM,

AND THE ORDEAL OF
SETTING THE STAGE 807
EXPANDING THE LIBERAL STATE 808
JohnK ennedy 808
LIBERALISM 806 LyndonJ ohnson 808
The Assault on Poverty 809
Cities, Schools, and Immigration 810
Legacies of the Great Society 810
THE BATTLE FOR RACIAL EQUALITY 811
ExpandingP rotests 812
A National Commitment 814
The Battle for Voting Rights 814
The Changing Movement 814
UrbanV iolence 815
BlackP ower 816
MalcolmX 817
“FLEXIBLE RESPONSE” AND THE COLD WAR 817
Diversifying Foreign Policy 818
Confrontations with the Soviet Union 818
Johnson and the World 819
THE AGONY OF VIETNAM 819
The First Indochina War 820
Geneva and the Two Vietnams 822
America and Diem 822
From Aid to Intervention 822
TheQ uagmire 825
The War at Home 826
THE TRAUMAS OF 1968 827
The Tet Offensive 827
The Political Challenge 827
The King and Kennedy Assassinations 828
The Conservative Response 829
 CONTENTS • xxix

Debating the Past

The Civil Rights Movement 812
Debating the Past
The Vietnam Commitment 820
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Folk-Music Revival 824
America in the World
1968 828

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 831

30 THE CRISIS OF
AUTHORITY 833
SETTING THE STAGE 834
THE YOUTH CULTURE 835
The New Left 835
TheC ounterculture 838
THE MOBILIZATION OF MINORITIES 840
Seeds of Indian Militancy 841
The Indian Civil Rights Movement 841
LatinoAc tivism 842
GayL iberation 844
THE NEW FEMINISM 845
TheR ebirth 845
Women’sL iberation 846
ExpandingAchi evements 846
The Abortion Controversy 847
ENVIRONMENTALISM IN A TURBULENT
SOCIETY 847
The New Science of Ecology 848
EnvironmentalAd vocacy 849
EnvironmentalD egradation 849
Earth Day and Beyond 849
NIXON, KISSINGER, AND THE WAR 850
Vietnamization 850
Escalation 850
“Peace with Honor” 851
Defeat in Indochina 852
NIXON, KISSINGER, AND THE WORLD 853
China and the Soviet Union 854
The Problems of Multipolarity 854
POLITICS AND ECONOMICS UNDER NIXON 855
DomesticI nitiatives 855
From the Warren Court to the Nixon Court 855
The Election of 1972 856
The Troubled Economy 856
Inequality 857
The Nixon Response 857
xxx • CONTENTS

THE WATERGATE CRISIS 858

TheS candals 858
The Fall of Richard Nixon 860
Patterns of Popular Culture
Rock Music in the Sixties 836
America in the World
The End of Colonialism 852
Debating the Past
Watergate 858

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 861

31 FROM THE “AGE OF

LIMITS” TO THE AGE
SETTING THE STAGE 865
POLITICS AND DIPLOMACY AFTER
WATERGATE 866
OF REAGAN 864 The Ford Custodianship 866
The Trials of Jimmy Carter 866
Human Rights and National Interests 867
The Year of the Hostages 868
THE RISE OF THE NEW AMERICAN RIGHT 869
The Sunbelt and Its Politics 869
The Politics of Religion 870
The New Right 872
The Tax Revolt 873
The Campaign of 1980 873
THE “REAGAN REVOLUTION” 874
The Reagan Coalition 874
Reagan in the White House 874
“Supply-Side”Eco nomics 874
The Fiscal Crisis 876
Reagan and the World 877
The Election of 1984 878
AMERICA AND THE WANING OF THE
COLD WAR 878
The Fall of the Soviet Union 878
Reagan and Gorbachev 879
The Fading of the Reagan Revolution 880
The Election of 1988 880
The First Bush Presidency 880
The First Gulf War 881
The Election of 1992 882
Patterns of Popular Culture
The Mall 870

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 883

 CONTENTS • xxxi

32 THE AGE OF
GLOBALIZATION 886
SETTING THE STAGE 887
A RESURGENCE OF PARTISANSHIP 888
Launching the Clinton Presidency 888
The Republican Resurgence 888
The Election of 1996 888
Clinton Triumphant and Embattled 889
The Election of 2000 890
The Second Bush Presidency 891
The Election of 2004 891
THE ECONOMIC BOOM 892
From “Stagflation” to Growth 892
Downturns 893
The Two-Tiered Economy 893
Globalization 893
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE NEW
ECONOMY 894
The Digital Revolution 894
TheI nternet 894
Breakthroughs in Genetics 895
A CHANGING SOCIETY 896
A Shifting Population 896
African Americans in the Post–Civil Rights Era 897
Modern Plagues: Drugs and AIDS 898
A CONTESTED CULTURE 899
Battles over Feminism and Abortion 899
The Growth of Environmentalism 902
THE PERILS OF GLOBALIZATION 902
Opposing the “New World Order” 902
DefendingO rthodoxy 905
The Rise of Terrorism 905
The War on Terrorism 906
The Iraq War 908
TURBULENT POLITICS 909
The Unraveling of the Bush Presidency 909
The Election of 2008 910
The Obama Presidency 911
Patterns of Popular Culture
Rap 900
Debating the Past
Women’s History 902
America in the World
The Global Environmental Movement 904

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEW 913

APPENDIXES A-1

CREDITS C-1

INDEX I-1

WHY do so many people take an interest in history? It is, I
think, because we know that we are the products of
the past—that everything we know, everything we see, and
everything we imagine is rooted in our history. It is not surpris-
ing that there have been historians throughout almost all of
recorded time. It is only natural that we are interested in what
the past was like. Whether we study academic history or not, we
all are connected to the past.
Americans have always had a love of their own history. It is
a daunting task to attempt to convey the long and remarkable
story of America in a single book, but that is what this volume
attempts to do. The new subtitle of this book, “Connecting with
the Past,” describes this edition’s focus on encouraging readers
to be aware of the ways in which our everyday experiences are
rooted in our history.
Like any history, this book is a product of its time and
reflects the views of the past that historians of recent genera-
tions have developed. A comparable book published decades
from now will likely seem as different from this one as this
book appears different from histories written a generation or
more ago. The writing of history changes constantly—not, of
course, because the past changes, but because of shifts in the
way historians, and the publics they serve, ask and answer ques-
tions about the past.
There are now, as there have always been, critics of changes
in historical understanding. Many people argue that history is a
collection of facts and should not be subject to “interpretation”
or “revision.” But historians insist that history is not and cannot
be simply a collection of facts. They are only the beginning of
historical understanding. It is up to the writers and readers of
history to try to interpret the evidence before them; and in
doing so, they will inevitably bring to the task their own ques-
tions, concerns, and experiences.
Our history requires us to examine the experience of the
many different peoples and ideas that have shaped American
society. But it also requires us to understand that the United
PREFACE
States is a nation whose people share many things: a common
political system, a connection to an integrated national (and
now international) economy, and a familiarity with a shared
and enormously powerful mass culture. To understand the
American past, it is necessary to understand both the forces
that divide Americans and the forces that draw them together.
Among the changes in the fourteenth edition of American
History: Connecting to the Past are a new set of primary-source
features titled “Consider the Source.” By juxtaposing historical
and more current sources, my hope is that these features will
prompt students to not only consider the way that historians
read historical documents but also to think carefully about the
many current sources of information they encounter on a daily
basis. A new pedagogical program integrated throughout the
text further prompts students to engage with our history, at
both the levels of basic understanding and more complex analy-
sis. All content is now reinforced and supplemented by a rich
set of online practice and assessment resources, housed within
the Connect platform. It is not only the writing of history that
changes with time—the tools and technologies through which
information is delivered change as well.
I am grateful to many people for their help on this book—
especially the people at McGraw-Hill who have supported and
sustained this book so well for many years. I am grateful to Matt
Busbridge, Stacy Ruel, Emily Pecora, and Jasmin Tokatlian. I
am grateful, too, to Deborah Bull for her help with photo-
graphs. I also appreciate the many suggestions and corrections
I have received from students over the last several years, as well
as the reviews provided by a group of talented scholars and
teachers.
Alan Brinkley
Columbia University
New York, NY
• xxxiii
A GUIDED TOUR OF
AMERICAN HISTORY

EXPERIENCE
SUCCESS IN HISTORY
American History connects students
to the relevance of history through
a series of engaging features:

CONSIDER THE SOURCE

TEA PARTIES THE BOSTON Tea Party of 1773 was a revolt against “taxation without representation.” The poem
“Ye glorious sons of freedom” celebrates the action of the Boston Tea Party, expresses the colo-
nists’ resentments and complaints against the distant London government, and calls upon Boston
patriots to continue to resist British actions.
The twenty-first century Tea Party movement became prominent in 2009. Although not an offi-
cial political party, members tend to endorse Republican candidates. The modern Tea Party move-
ment has borrowed its name from the Boston event that took place more than two hundred years
ago, and has picked up some (although not all) of the ideas of the 1773 Boston Tea Party: hostility
to distant authority (London then, Washington now) and resentment of taxes (imposed by Britain
then, and by Washington now). Although taxation in our time does not really take place “without
representation,” today’s Tea Partiers certainly feel that contemporary taxation is as illegitimate as
the Bostonians felt it was in 1773.

New > Consider the Source features

These features guide students through careful analysis of
historical documents, both textual and visual, and prompt
them to make connections with contemporary events.
Among the twelve topics covered are Tea Parties, the Rise
of Feminism, Nativism and Anti-Immigration Sentiment, and
Banking Crises.

xxxiv •
 D
Debating
e th e
DEBATING THE PAST
P a essays
Past
Tw
Twenty-five essays introduce
stu
students to the contested quality of
mu
much of the American past, and
The Causes of the Civil War
pro
provide a sense of the evolving
IN
statement, but they have disagreed sharply
his second inaugural address in March 1865, Abraham Lincoln looked back at
the beginning of the Civil War four years earlier. “All knew,” he said, that slavery about whether slavery was the only, or even the nat
nature of historical scholarship. From
“was somehow the cause of the war.” Few historians doubt the basic truth of Lincoln’s principal, cause of the war.
This debate began even before the war itself.
In 1858, Senator William H. Seward of New York
add
addressing the question of “Why do
took note of two competing explanations of the
sectional tensions that were then inflaming the his
historians so often disagree?” to
nation. On one side, he claimed, stood those
who believed the sectional hostility to be “acci-
dental, unnecessary, the work of interested or
exa
examining specific differences in
fanatical agitators.” Opposing them stood those
(like Seward himself ) who believed there to be his
historical understandings of the
“an irrepressible conflict between opposing and
enduring forces.”
The “irrepressible conflict” argument dominat-
Co
Constitution, the character of
ed historical discussion of the war from the 1860s
to the 1920s. Because the North and the South had sla
slavery, and the causes of the Great
reached positions on the issue of slavery that were
both irreconcilable and seemingly unalterable,
some historians claimed, the conflict had become
De
Depression, these essays familiarize
“inevitable.” James Rhodes, in his seven-volume
History of the United States from the Compromise stu
students with the interpretive
of 1850 . . . (1893–1900), placed greatest empha-
sis on the moral conflict over slavery, but he
suggested as well that the struggle also reflected
cha
character of historical
“ON TO FREEDOM” This painting by Theodore Kaufmann shows a group of fugitive slaves escaping
from the South in the late years of the Civil War. Thousands of former slaves crossed the Union lines, where
they were given their freedom. Many of them joined the Union Army. (The Granger Collection, New York)
fundamental differences between the Northern
and Southern economic systems. Charles and
und
understanding.
Mary Beard in The Rise of American Civilization

New > Understand,

Analyze, and
Evaluate review
questions
Appearing at the end of every
feature essay, these questions
encourage students to move
beyond memorization of facts
and names to explore the
importance and significance of
the featured content.

• xxxv
 America
A m inth e
W
World essays
The fifteen essays focus on
These
spe
specific parallels between American
his
history and those of other nations,
and demonstrate the importance
of the
t many global influences on
the American story. Topics like the
glo
global industrial revolution, the
abo
abolition of slavery, and the origins
of the
t Cold War provide concrete
exa
examples of the connections
bet
between the history of the United
Sta
States and the history of other
nat
nations.

Patterns
P a o fP opular
PATTERNS OF
POPULAR CULTURE Cu
Culture features
The twenty-six features bring fads,
These
cra
crazes, hang-outs, hobbies, and
Baseball and the Civil War
ent
entertainment into the story of
LONG before the great urban stadiums, long before the lights and the cameras and
the multimillion-dollar salaries, long before the Little Leagues and the high
idle moments to lay out baseball diamonds and
organize games. There were games in prison
Am
American history, encouraging
school and college teams, baseball was the most popular game in America. And during
the Civil War, it was a treasured pastime for soldiers, and for thousands of men (and
camps; games on the White House lawn (where
Union soldiers were sometimes billeted); and stu
students to expand their definition of
some women) behind the lines, in both North and South. games on battlefields that were sometimes inter-
The legend that baseball was invented by Abner Doubleday, who probably never even
saw the game, came from Albert G. Spalding, a patriotic sporting-goods manufacturer
rupted by gunfire and cannonfire. “It is aston-
ishing how indifferent a person can become to
wh
what constitutes history, and to think
eager to prove that the game had purely American origins and to dispel the notion that
it came from England. In fact, baseball was derived from a variety of earlier games,
danger,” a soldier wrote home to Ohio in 1862.
“The report of musketry is heard but a very little abo
about how we can best understand
especially the English pastimes of cricket and rounders. American baseball took its own distance from us, . . . yet over there on the other
distinctive form beginning in the 1840s, when Alexander Cartwright, a shipping clerk,
formed the New York Knickerbockers, laid out a diamond-shaped field with four bases,
side of the road is most of our company, play-
ing Bat Ball.” After a skirmish in Texas, another
the lived experience of past lives.
and declared that batters with three strikes were out and that teams with three outs Union soldier lamented that, in addition to casu-
were retired. alties, his company had lost “the only baseball
Cartwright moved west in search of gold in 1849, ultimately grew rich, and settled in Alexandria, Texas.” Far from discouraging
finally in Hawaii (where he brought the game to Americans in the Pacific). But the game baseball, military commanders—and the United
did not languish in his absence. Henry Chadwick, an English-born journalist, spent States Sanitary Commission, the Union army’s
much of the 1850s popularizing the game (and regularizing its rules). By 1860, baseball medical arm—actively encouraged the game
was being played by college students and Irish workers, by urban elites and provincial during the war. It would, they believed, help keep
farmers, by people of all classes and ethnic groups from New England to Louisiana. It up the soldiers’ morale.
was also attracting the attention of women. Students at Vassar College formed “ladies” Away from the battlefield, baseball continued
teams in the 1860s, and in Philadelphia, free black men formed the first of what was to flourish. In New York City, games between
to become a great network of African American baseball teams, the Pythians. From the local teams drew crowds of ten or twenty thou-
beginning, they were barred from playing against most white teams. sand. The National Association of Baseball
When young men marched off to war in 1861, some took their bats and balls with Players (founded in 1859) had recruited ninety-
them. Almost from the start of the fighting, soldiers in both armies took advantage of one clubs in ten northern states by 1865; a North

xxxvi •
American History ensures student success through
review features and an exciting digital program,
Connect History.

End-of-chapter review content,cons isting

of Recall and Reflect questions, key term
lists, and significant events timelines,
provide effective tools for reviewing content.
With Connect History, a groundbreaking
digital program, students study more
effectively by confirming what they know
and learning what they don’t through
engaging activities and review questions.
Plus, each student receives a personalized
study plan for every chapter. Additionally,
Connect History builds critical thinking skills
by placing students in a “critical mission”
scenario and asking them to examine,
evaluate, and analyze data.

McGraw-Hill’s Primary Source Investigator

is available online at www.mhhe.com/psi and
gives students and instructor access to more
than 650 primary and secondary sources
including documents, images, maps, and
videos.

• xxxvii

Chapter 1
Expanded discussion of the
peoples of pre-contact Americas
New America in the World
essay, “Mercantilism and
Colonial Commerce”
Revised coverage of religion in
England at the time of American
colonization
Chapter 2
Expanded discussion of the
Puritans’ religious practices and Chapter 7
beliefs
Chapter 3
Revised discussion of the
agricultural base of the early
Northern economy
Revised discussion of the rise of
consumerism
New coverage of the “halfway
covenant”
New coverage of economic
stratification in early New
England
Chapter 4
New America in the World
essay, “The First Global War”
New coverage of internal
challenges to power in the
American colonies
New Consider the Source
feature, “Tea Parties”
AMERICAN
Connecting with the Past
HIGHLIGHTS of
Chapter 5
Revised discussion of Native
Americans and the American
Revolution
Chapter 6
New section, “The Limits
of the Constitution”
Expanded coverage of the
Republican opposition to the
Constitution
Expanded coverage of
Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh
Revised discussion of the War
of 1812 peace settlement
New Consider the Source essay,
“Religious Revivals”
Chapter 8
Revised discussion of trading
and trapping in the Far West
Chapter 9
New section on Tocqueville and
Democracy in America
New maps on the elections of
1836 and 1840
Chapter 10
New Consider the Source
feature, “Nativism and Anti-
Immigration Sentiment”
New section on the concept
of “free labor”
ALAN
New Consider the Source
feature, “Rules for Employees”
Chapter 11
Expanded coverage on slave
resistance and slave revolts
Chapter 12
Expanded coverage of
abolitionism
New Consider the Source
feature, “The Rise of Feminism”
Chapter 13
Revised discussion of the
conflict between Mexico and the
United States in the 1830s
Expanded coverage of the
Mexican War
Expanded coverage of
Douglass’s and Lincoln’s views
on slavery
Chapter 14
New coverage of photography
and the Civil War
New Consider the Source
feature, “Suspending the Writ of
Habeas Corpus”
Expanded discussion of African
American soldiers
New section on the Union’s
slow progress during the first
two years of the war
BRINKLEY
HISTORY
14TH EDITION
the 14th EDITION
Chapter 15
Expanded discussion of
Reconstruction and partisan
politics
Chapter 16
Revised discussion of the
mining boom in the West
Revised discussion of the
“cattle kingdom”
Chapter 17
New Consider the Source
feature, “Philanthropy”
Chapter 18
Streamlined discussion of
“the ethnic city”
Streamlined discussion of
leisure and consumer society
Chapter 19
Expanded coverage of the
Spanish-American conflict
New Consider the Source
feature, “Memorializing
National History”
Chapter 20
Refined discussion of the
settlement house movement
New coverage on the decline in
voter turnout in the early
twentieth century
New Consider the Source
feature, “Conservation”
Chapter 21
Refined discussion of the post-
WWI search for social unity
New section, “Refuting the
Red Scare”
Chapter 22
Refined discussion of “the
disenchanted”
Refined discussion of nativism
in the 1920s
New Consider the Source
feature, “Communications
Technology”
Chapter 23
Refined discussion on the
causes of the Great Depression
Chapter 24
New Consider the Source
feature, “Banking Crises”
Chapter 25
Refined coverage of Pearl
Harbor
Chapter 26
New Consider the Source
feature, “The Face of the
Enemy”
Revised discussion of the Pacific
offensive
Chapter 27
Expanded coverage of the
post-WWII “China problem”
Refined discussion of the
Korean War
Chapter 28
Refined discussion of France,
America, and Vietnam in the
1950s
Chapter 29
Streamlined discussion of the
Vietnam War
Chapter 30
New America in the World
essay, “The End of Colonialism”
Streamlined discussion of the
Nixon presidency
New Section on inequality
in America
Chapter 31
Expanded coverage of the first
Gulf War
Chapter 32
Expanded coverage of the war
on terrorism
New America in the World
essay, “The Global
Environmental Movement”
New section on the Obama
presidency
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to the many advisors and reviewers who gener-
ously offered comments, suggestions, and ideas at various
stages in the development of this project.
Academic Reviewers
Eirlys Barker, Thomas Nelson Community College
Cathy Briggs, Northwest Vista College
Jeff Carlisle, Oklahoma City Community College
Mike Downs, University of Texas—Arlington
John Ehrhardt, Oklahoma City Community College
Mary Farmer-Kaiser, University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Linda Foutch, Walters State Community College
Brandon Franke, Blinn College
Keith Freese, Itawamba Community College
Wendy Gunderson, Collin County Community College
Michael Harkins, William Rainey Harper College
Timothy Holder, Walters State Community College
Bruce Ingram, Itawamba Community College
Greg Kelm, Dallas Baptist University
Wendy Kline, University of Cincinnati
Jennifer Lawrence, Tarrant County College
Pat Ledbetter, North Central Texas College
John W. Meador, Central New Mexico Community College
Rachel Mitchell, Itawamba Community College
Michael Namorato, University of Mississippi
Jessica Patton, Tarrant County College
Susan Richards, Central New Mexico Community College
Esther Robinson, Lone Star College—Cyfair
Erik Schmeller, Tennessee State University
Manfred Silva, El Paso Community College
Armando Villarreal, Tarrant County College South
Roger Ward, Collin County Community College
Bill Zeman, Citrus Community College
Connect Consultants
Charles Ambler, University of Texas—El Paso
Tramaine Anderson, Tarrant County College
Mario Bennekin, Georgia Perimeter College
Cassandra Cookson, Lee College
Nancy Duke, Daytona State College
Wendy Gunderson, Collin County Community College
Aimee Harris, El Paso Community College
Stephen Lopez, San Jacinto College
Mark Newell, Ramapo College of New Jersey
Jessica Patton, Tarrant County College
Penne Restad, University of Texas—Austin
Manfred Silva, El Paso Community College
Richard Straw, Radford University
David Stricklin, Dallas Baptist University
Paddy Swiney, Tulsa Community College Southeast
Teresa Thomas, Austin Community College
Armando Villarreal, Tarrant County College South
Roger Ward, Collin County College
xl •
Digiposium Attendees
Salvadore Anselmo, Delgado Community College
Olwyn Blouet, Virginia State University
Roger Chan, Washington State University
Laura Dunn, Brevard Community College
Arthur Durand, Metropolitan Community College
R. David Goodman, Pratt Institute
John Hosler, Morgan State University
James Jones, Prairie View A&M University
Philip Kaplan, University of North Florida
Michael Kinney, Calhoun Community College
Sandra Norman, Florida Atlantic University
Linda Scherr, Mercer County Community College
Carlton Wilson, North Carolina Central College
Focus Group Participants
Javier Aguirre, Northeast Lakeview College
Steven Boyd, University of Texas—San Antonio
Kathleen Brosnan, University of Houston
June Cheatham, Richland College
Andrea Crosson, University of Texas—San Antonio
Kevin Davis, North Central Texas College
Ambronita Douzart, Ph.D., Richland College
Mike Downs, University of Texas—Arlington
Rex Field, Palo Alto College
Ronald Goodwin, Prairie View A&M University
Devethia Guillory, Prairie View A&M University
David Hansen, University of Texas—San Antonio
Scott Hickle, Blinn College—Bryan
Matt Hinkley, Eastfield College
Valerie Hinton, Richland College
Alan Johnson, HCC—Northeast College
James Jones, Prairie View A&M University
Carol Keller, San Antonio College
Gregory Kosc, University of Texas—Arlington
Karen Marcotte, Palo Alto College
Linda McCabe, Tarrant County College Northeast
Suzanne McFadden, Austin Community College—Riverside
Peter Myers, Palo Alto College
Michelle Novak, HCC—Southeast College
Darren Pierson, Blinn College—Bryan
Linda Reed, University of Houston
Beverly Tomek, Wharton County Junior College
Joel Tovanche, Tarrant County College
Victor Vigorito, Austin Community College—Rio Grande
Armando Villarreal, Tarrant County College South
Rudy Villarreal, HCC—Northeast College
Eric Walther, University of Houston
Roger Ward, Collin College—Plano
Christopher Whitaker, Lee College
Laura Matysek Wood, Tarrant County College Northwest