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LIPIDS General Structure Not Polymers
LIPIDS General Structure Not Polymers
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LIPIDS HYDROLYSIS
Fats are being degraded to glycerol & 3
General Structure: molecules of fatty acids
Not polymers Through water & acid or enzyme (LIPASE)
AMPHIPHATIC – polar & non-polar ends SAPONIFICATION
Very small structures o Reacting triglycerides with an alkaline solution
will produce SOAP
Major Types: WAXES
FATTY ACIDS o Add alcohol to long chain of fatty acids
o Simplest form of lipid o Heads are less hydrophilic
o Has an acid group that serves as the polar end/hydrophilic o Beeswax – also includes some free alcohol and
end ( -COOH) *acid head* fatty acids
o Has a non-polar end/ hydrophobic end (-R) *hydrocarbon o Spermaceti – contains cetyl palmitate (from
tail* whale oil) that is useful for pharmaceuticals
o Rarely found in large amounts (creams/ointments; tableting and granulation)
o Types: o Carnauba wax – from a palm tree from brazil
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS that is a hard wax used on
Do not have double bonds o cars and boats
Fit closely in regular pattern o simple esters of fatty acids (usually saturated
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS with long chain monohydric alcohols)
Has one or more double bonds MEMBRANE FORMING LIPIDS
Double bonds in fatty acids are in Cis o Functions to form cell membrane
configuration (naturally occurring) o Has a polar head and a non-polar tail
Forms a kink o Lipid components of a cell membrane
NATURALLY OCCURRING FATTY ACIDS o Types:
Cis configuration GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
Even numbered a.k.a. PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES
o Naming: Has a phosphate group and the form
Common name depends on the R3
Systematic name SPHINGOLIPIDS
Formula Contains SPHINGOSINE – an amino
Symbol alcohol
8 – # of carbons present
1 – # of double bonds present SPHINGOSINE + F.A. = CERAMIDE
c – Cis form
3 – carbon where double CERAMIDE + PHOSPHOCHOLINE = SPHINGOMYELIN
bond is
GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS
8:1c3 Sugar + ceramide =
CEREBROSIDE
STEROLS/STEROIDS
FATS (TRIGLYCERIDES/TRIACYLGLYCEROL) o Male/female
o Storage form of fat in the body hormones
o Formed by combining 3 fatty acids plus a o Bile acids
glycerol compound (attaches close to the head) o Vitamin D
o Linked by ESTER BONDS (triacylglycerol) o Adrenal
o Liberates 3 molecules of water Corticosteroids
o TRIACYLGLYCEROL o Cholesterol
Long Hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids o Fat soluble
Mixture of saturated & unsaturated fat vitamins:
Greater concentration of unsaturated tend to be in VIT A
liquid form VIT D2
Greater concentration of saturated tend to be in solid VIT E
form VIT K
o Function:
Energy storage Key biological functions of LIPIDS:
Heat production Structural components of cell membranes
o 1g of protein = 4 cal Energy storage
o 1g of fat = 9 cal Participate in signaling pathways
o REACTIONS OF TRIGLYCERIDES Form part of membranes
HYDROGENATION Vitamins have regulatory or coenzyme functions
Occurs in unsaturated fat Control of body’s homeostasis
Unsaturated compound reacts with H2
Ni or Pt catalyst Structural components of membranes:
C=C bonds -> C-C bonds Main component of biological membranes
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Plasma membrane and intracellular membranes of organelles Co transport – 2 molecules same direction
Separates cell into compartments Counter transport – 2 molecules in different
Glycerophospholipids are used direction
Amphipathic
Contain a glycerol core linked to 2 fatty acid derived tails Ficks Law of diffusion – express the factors affecting velocity and
rate of diffusion
Fat soluble vitamins – stored in liver & fatty tissues Greater Thickness = slower rate of diffusion
Acyl Carnitines – transport and metabolism of fatty acids Greater Surface Area = slower rate of diffusion
Polyprenols – transports oligosaccharides across membranes Diffusion – is the random molecular movement of substances
molecule by molecule, either
Cardiolipins – activate enzymes involved in oxidative through intermolecular spaces in the membrane or in combination
phosphorylation with a carrier
protein.The energy that causes diffusion is the energy
Membrane Transport of the normal kinetic motion of matter.
Types: • Concentration gradient - the greater the conc gradient, the
Passive - high pressure to low pressure greater the rate of diffusion
Simple diffusion – high to low concentration gradient • Surface Area - the greater the surface area, the greater the
because of random molecule rate.
Osmosis – H20 high to low concentration gradient Exercise - opens additional pulmonary capillaries,
because of semi-permeable membrane increasing surface area for exchange
Facilitated diffusion - high to low concentration Emphysema - decreases the surface area for exchange
gradient because of protein channels • Solubility in the membrane or permeability - the more
o rate of transportation - a substance is soluble the substance, the faster it will diffuse. CO2 is more
transported more rapidly than it would be by soluble than O2.
diffusion (only for that substance! w/c cannot • Thickness of the membrane - the thicker the membrane,
readily diffuse through a membrane the slower the rate of diffusion (e.g>fibrosis)
o saturation kinetics - as the concentration of the • MW - not imp. clinically
substance initially increases on one side of the
membrane, the transport rate will increase
o Chemical specificity - to be transported, the
substance must have a certain chemical structure
o Competition for carrier - substances of similar
structure may compete for the same transporter
Active – low to high (against a concentration gradient)
needs ATP for transport
Primary Active Transport
o Low to high w/ ATP
o Sodium Potassium ATP pump
o is consumed directly by the transporting protein,
the transporting protein has ATPase activity
Secondary Active Transport
o low to high but depends on the other channel
o Cannot directly utilize ATP
o Sodium Calcium ATP pump
o depends indirectly on ATP as a source of energy,
on ATP utilized by the Na/K ATPase pump
(always powered by the Na/K pump in the basal
membrane)
o depends upon luminal sodium, is stimulated by
luminal sodium (via increased sodium gradient),
is linked to the uptake of sodium
o 2 layers: