Battery Management Systems

for Electric Vehicles

MD TUFAIL SAFDAR
RA1511005010308
EEE
DO WE NEED BMS ?
 In the subsequent slides, We will try to find the answer to
this question while going through these questions :
• Why Electric Vehicles ?
• Why Lithium Ion batteries as source of energy in EVs?
• Why BMS for Lithium Ion batteries?
WHY ELECTRIC VEHICLES?
 Air pollution due to combustion vehicles
➢ 18% of suspended particles,27% organic compounds,28% Pb , 32%
nitrogen oxides,62% CO in air
 Depletion of limited natural resources like Petrol, CNG etc.

So in conclusion, We need another form of energy. We need Green

vehicles,i.e, Electric Vehicles.
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
 Electric Vehicles use electric motors instead of
combustion engine for propulsion and use electricity
instead of conventional energy sources.
 They have motors, traction batteries,motor
controller,BMS,Charge in Plug, Regenerative braking
system.
Electrification

Conventional Hybrid Battery Electric

Fuel Battery Fuel Battery

Motor/ Motor/
Engine Generator
Engine
Generator

Transmission Transmission Transmission

EVs 101
WHY Li-Ion BATTERIES IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES?
 For EVs, Battery is the main source of energy.
 Currently, three types of traction batteries are available:
➢ The Lead Acid Batteries
➢ Nickel-metal Hydride
➢ Lithium-ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries have a number of advantages over the other two
types of batteries and they operate well if they are operated using
effective BMS.

EVs 101
Battery Capacity

Type Capacity Density

(mAh) (Wh/kg)
Alkaline AA 2850 124
Rechargeable 1600 80
NiCd AA 750 41
NiMH AA 1100 51
Lithium ion 1200 100
Lead acid 2000 30
Recharging

Type Cycles Charge Discharge Cost per

(to 80%) time per month kWh
Alkaline 50 (50%) 3-10h 0.3% $95.00
NiCd 1500 1h 20% $7.50
NiMH 300-500 2-4h 30% $18.50
Li-ion 500-1000 2-4h 10% $24.00
Polymer 300-500 2-4h 10%
Lead acid 200-2000 8-16h 5% $8.50
CHARGING ANALOGY
LEAD ACID
LITHIUM VS

EVs 101
LITHIUM ION BATTERY
 Some special properties of Lithium which make this battery a
better choice:
➢ Lithium is lightest metal, has high electrochemical potential, largest
energy density per weight of all metals found in nature.
➢ High output voltage, excellent capacity, Almost No maintenance during
its Life Cycle.
➢ No memory effect, self discharge rate is half of that of Lead Acid and
NiMH batteries.
 Despite merits, some drawbacks are there:
➢ They are brittle, need to be packed in a protective case to make
battery safe. Also unstable during charging and discharging.

EVs 101
Now our last question: Do you need a BMS ?!?
TECHNICALLY , NO
FOR SAFETY , YES
FOR LONGEVITY, YES !

EVs 101
LITHIUM BATTERY CHALLENGES

BATTERIES IN SERIES

• MAINTAIN BALANCE
• OPERATING TEMPERATURE AND VOLTAGE DETERMINE THE
PERFORMACE OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES. SO TO REGULATE
THEM PROPERLY , WE NEED BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

EVs 101
 BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

BMS REGULATES AND CONTROLS WORKING OF BATTERY,SO THAT BATTERY REMAINS IN Safe Operating Area, IT
MONITORS THE STATE OF BATTERY AND CONTROL ITS NEARBY ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS ITS TEMP. .HENCE
INCREASES THE LIFE OF BATTERY AND VEHICLE.
FOR SAFE OPERATION OF BATTERY,BMS MUST INTERFACE MOTOR CONTROLLER, COMUNICATION BUS, VEHICLE
CONTROLLER AND TAKE INPUTS FROM ALL .

EVs 101
FUNCTIONS OF THE BMS :

Lithium-ion cell operation window (Voltage) Lithium-ion cell operation window (Current)

1.VOLTAGE CONTROL:
• Operation of batteries in safety operation area(SOA) is the primary function of
voltage control. Otherwise cell would get permanently damaged.
2.CHARGING CONTROL:
• BATTERIES ARE FREQUENTLY DAMAGED BY OVER AND INAPPROPRIATE CHARGING .SO BMS USES 2-STAGE
EVs 101
CHARGING METHOD CALLED CONSTANT CURRENT–CONSTANT VOLTAGE(CC-CV) METHOD WHICH PROTECTS
BATTERY FROM OVERCHARGING.
3.STATE OF CHARGE DETERMINATION:
One feature of the BMS is to keep track of the state of charge (SOC) of the battery.
The SOC could signal the user and control the charging and discharging process.
There are three methods of determining SOC: through direct measurement,
through coulomb counting and through the combination of the two techniques.
4.STATE OF HEALTH DETEMINATION:
SOH reflects the general condition of a battery and its ability to deliver the specified performance
compared with a fresh battery.
PARAMETERS SUCH AS CONDUCTANCE, IMPEDANCE ARE USED TO INDICATE S.O.H. OF BATTERY.

5.CELL BALANCING:
# CELL BALANCING IS A TECHNIQUE IN WHICH ALL CELLS ARE BEING EQUALLY CHARGED IN CHAIN BY BMS.
# CELL BALANCING HAS THREE METHODS :
➢ ACTIVE BALANCING,
➢ PASSIVE BALANCIING,
➢ CHARGE SHUNTING SCHEME.
EVs 101
BATTERY MONITORING UNIT:
▪ THE MONITORING UNIT IS MICROPROCESSOR BASED THAT TAKES INPUT FROM ALL THE
COMMUNICATING BUSES, MAKES LOGIC AND GIVES OUTPUT SIGNALS TO BMS WHICH KEEPS BATTERY
IN S.O.A REGION.
▪ MONITORING UNIT IN BMS MONITORS VOLTAGE, TEMPRATURE, STATE OF HEALTH, STATE OF CHARGE ,
CURRENT FLOW, COOLANT FLOW IN A BATTERY.
▪ SOME OF THESE DATA ARE DISPLAYED ON THE SCREEN SUCH AS VOLTAGE , TEMPRATURE ,CURRENT AND
MAKES BMS MORE USER FRIENDLY .

EVs 101
TEMPERATURE CONTROL:

Lifecycle versus operating temperature of Li-ion cells

➢ Operating temp. of li-ion batteries should be controlled because excessive high temp. or low temp. could
damage the cells, affect life cycle of battery .
➢ If temp. goes below 10 degree or above 40 degree, It’s life cycle starts decreasing .
➢ At 60 deg. Thermal runaway would occur.
➢ The thermal management system should keep the cells operating in safe region of temprature (10—40 deg).

EVs 101
IN CONCLUSION ,OBJECTIVES OF BMS:
 It protects the battery cells from abuse and damage.
 It extends the battery life.
 It monitors and controls the charging and discharging process of
battery.
 Energy of the battery is optimised to power the product.It makes
sure that battery is always ready to be used.

EVs 101
BMS Topology: Distributed

• IN DISTRIBUTED TOPOLOGY,
VOLTAGE MONITORS
,DISCHARGE BALANCERS WITH
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION ARE
PLACED ON EACH CELL.
• The advantage of this design
include its simplicity and high
reliability.
• THE DISADVANTAGE OF THIS
DESIGN INCLUDE LARGE NO. OF
DEVICES, EXPENSIVE
TOPOLOGY.

EVs 101
BMS Topology: Centralized

➢ IN CENTRALIZED TOPOLOGY, A
CENTRALIZED MASTER CONTROL
1
UNIT IS DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO
EACH CELL OF BATTERY PACK .
➢ THIS TOPOLOGY REQUIRES A SINGLE Central
Master
INSTALLATIONS POINT AND NO Control Unit
COMPLEX INTER- VEHICLE
COMMUNNICATIONS

EVs 101
BMS Topology: Modular
 IN MODULAR TOPOLOGY ,
SEVERAL SLAVE CONTROLLERS
ARE USED TO CONSOLIDATE THE
DATA TO A MASTER
CONTROLLER
 IN THIS ONLY THREE
CONTROLLERS ARE USED AND
LESS DEVICES ARE USED AS
COMPARED TO DISTRIBUTED
TOPOLOGY.

EVs 101
EVs 101