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Seminar Report On
“E-Rickshaw”
Submitted By
Guided By
Year: 2018-2019
E-RICKSHAW
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled
“E-Rickshaw”
Submitted By
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am also grateful to our Principal Dr. H.H.Shinde and Head of the Department
of Mechanical Engineering Dr.M.S.Kadam for their constant encouragement and
motivations. I would also like to thank Prof. K.R. Jagtap for his assistance as seminar
coordinator.
BE (Mechanical)
INDEX
Chapter
Chapter Particulars Page Number
Number
Abstract 1
1 Introduction 2-7
1.1 History 2
1.2 Working Principle 4
1.3 Present Scenario 5
1.4 Literature Review 7
2 General Classification of three-wheeled vehicles 8-11
2.1 Motorized Transport Vehicles 8
2.2 Non-Motorized Transport Vehicles 9
2.3 Comparative Analysis of different Vehicles 10
E-Rickshaw Specifications and Environmental
3 12-13
Aspects
3.1 Specifications 12
3.2 Environmental Aspects 12
4 Charging Stations 14-16
4.1 Types of Charging Infrastructure 14
4.2 Types of Charging Stations 14
5 Case Studies at Different Locations 17-29
5.1 Case Study-1 17
5.2 Case Study-2 20
5.3 Case Study-3 23
5.4 Case Study-4 26
6 E-Rickshaw: Merits, Demerits and Challenges 30-31
6.1 Merits 30
6.2 Demerits 30
6.3 Challenges 31
7 Future Scope 32
8 Conclusions 33
9 References 34-35
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FIGURE INDEX
Figure
Title of Figure Page Number
Number
1.1 NARI’s improved cycle rickshaw. 1996 3
1.2 MAPRA 3
2.4 E-rickshaw 9
TABLE INDEX
Table Page
Title of Table
Number Number
GRAPH INDEX
ABSTRACT
E-Rickshaws - a green solution with no petrol, CNG and mobile-oil requirements.
Electric rickshaws need minimum maintenance and could serve as a solution to last
mile commuting problems. Apart from contributing to clean environment; it can also
lead to empowerment of people from lower socio-economic backgrounds. These
vehicles have gained much popularity owing to the comfortable and economic mode
of transport they provide to the fellow commuters. They are 3 wheelers pulled by an
electric motor. Till yet only few foreign countries manufacture these vehicles. Battery-
run rickshaws could be a low emitter complementary transport for the low-income
people, who suffer most from a lack of transport facility, if introduced in a systematic
manner according to experts.
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1. INTRODUCTION
E-rickshaws are small vehicles, with three wheels and use electric power from
batteries to run. They use an electric motor as engine which draws electric power from
the rechargeable batteries installed in the rickshaw body. These battery operated
vehicles are perfect for small distant transport, both cargo and people; they are perfect
for running on narrow streets because of their small size. But the biggest reason for
their popularity is low operating cost and zero pollution. They are like normal
rickshaws but powered by electric motor instead of petrol or diesel motor. They are
best for pollution free, environmental friendly transport system in short distances.
Actually they are not capable of running long distance.
E-rickshaws are now one of the preferred modes of transport in streets because
of its low maintenance cost, low fuel cost, eco-friendly, no noise pollution, easy to
drive and last but not the least livelihood, e-rickshaw is a boon to the common Man.
Without putting in much physical efforts and without investing much amount of
money, the earning is quite good for an e-rickshaw driver and hence it is an important
means of livelihood for many.
These e-rickshaws consist of 3 wheels with a differential mechanism at rear
wheels. Basically these vehicles have a mild steel tubular chassis. The motor is
brushless DC motor manufactured mostly in India and China. The electrical system
used in Indian version is 48V DC can run 90-100 km/full charge. Basic seating
capacity is driver plus 4 passengers.
These vehicles are now started using in transporting light weight goods as e-
loader. Hence there are lots of opportunities of income.
1.1 History
The electric automobile did not easily develop into viable means of
transportation. Research waned from 1920-1960 until environmental issues of
pollution and diminishing natural resources reawakened the need of a more
environmentally friendly means of transportation. Technologies that support a reliable
battery and weight of the needed number of batteries elevated the price of making an
electric vehicle. In 1837, Robert Davidson of Scotland appears to have been the
builder of first electric car, but it wasn’t until the 1890s that electric cars were
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manufactured and sold in Europe and America. During late 1890s, United States roads
were populated by more electric automobiles than those with IC engines.
One of the first attempts to design electric rickshaws in India was done by
Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) in late 1990s. They modified the
cycle rickshaw in 1996. After taking long efforts NARI made motor assisted pedal
rickshaw (MAPRA) which used a permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC).
Fig. 1.1 NARI’s improved cycle rickshaw [2] Fig. 1.2 MAPRA [2]
And by year 2000 NARI made first electrical rickshaw in India and named it as
ELECSHA. Model of ELECSHA is shown below.
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For comfortable travelling of handicapped persons NARI made 2 vehicles. One was a
Motor Assisted NARI Handicapped Rickshaw (MANHARA) and the other was a
completely automated rickshaw called an Electric Trike.
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Mechanized van rickshaws have the passenger carrying capacity varied from 8 to 18.
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the vehicle driver, although a fully loaded van-rickshaw may have an average speed of
around 8km/h.
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A) Low CO2 Emission: The data collected regarding the e-rickshaw travelling and
charging patterns revealed that the sole battery charging option for the vehicle owners
remained the household sockets. Thus the e-rickshaws could not be considered as a
zero emission vehicle as the charging relates to the CO2 emission at the thermal power
stations. Coal-fired thermal power stations in India have been reported to emit 1.281
kg of CO2 per unit of electricity generated. Again CO2 emission considering full
combustion of LPG (propane base) has been 1.53 kg/litre. Considering combustion of
diesel for the two types of three wheelers the CO2 emission rate has been considered at
2.71 kg/litre. Thus the specific CO2 emission of the motorized three-wheelers for the
passenger transportation has been calculated and shown in the table. The results show
that the e-rickshaw has been efficient than that of the other motorized versions of
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three-wheelers, whereas the specific CO2 emission is higher than that of the
mechanized van rickshaws.
B) Eco-Friendly: Since these vehicles runs on electricity, it can never emit smoke.
This way one can travel across the city without polluting the air. Batteries used in
these vehicles can be recycled and can be disposed without any problem.
D) Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction: Air quality benefits from
electric rickshaws can be attributed to a reduction in local air pollution compared with
conventional diesel and petrol e-rickshaws. E-rickshaws contribute to zero emissions
(local), a major source of air pollution in urban areas.
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4. CHARGING STATIONS
An electric vehicle charging station, also called EV charging station, electric
recharging point, charge point, ECS (Electronic Charging Station) and EVSE (Electric
Vehicle Supply Element), is an element in an infrastructure that supplies electric
energy for the recharging of electric vehicles.
A. Home Charging: This is the most natural and convenient method. There are many
benefits home charging that ought to make it the most popular option viz.: it
eliminates waiting in lines; it is economical as you don’t have to pay any middle
man etc. Of course, everything has its drawbacks and one problem with charging at
home is that it is not an option available for some city dwellers.
B. Battery Swap Stations: Battery swap stations is a concept often associated with
better place, an EV infrastructure company. The idea is that when your vehicle
needs more energy, you can driver it into a station and, like an automated vehicle
wash; your depleted battery is replaced robotically by one that has full charge. The
main benefit associated with the swapping model is its speed. The whole operation
takes less than five minutes, pretty much the same amount of time many people
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spend filling their gas tanks at stations today. Another plus point is that you don’t
have to leave your vehicle.
There are some drawbacks of this model also. One consideration might be the high
capital costs of building these stations and to maintain the stock of batteries.
Standardization of battery shape and chemistry is another consideration.
C. Public Charging Stations: It gives us the convenience of charging our vehicle when
we are away from our home.
There are many kinds of charging stations like level-I charging, level-II charging and
DC fast charging (level-III) stations.
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One of the major drawbacks of these charging stations is speed at which the
batteries are charged. Most charging points available today take very long to recharge
the batteries than it does fill a gas-powered automotive tank. To complete recharge the
batteries it takes 6-8 hours. Fast charging could possibly address the speed issues but
that system too is not without any drawbacks. More importantly, quickly pouring
electricity into many of the batteries available today may stress the batteries and
shorten their useful lifetime. Researches have proved that Level-II charging is the best
way of charging the vehicles in present scenario.
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Type of Number (in Initial Cost (Rs.) Daily Earnings Rent (Rs.)
Rickshaw Delhi) (Rs.)
Source: [4]
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The technical parameters are aimed at checking the safety of the e-rickshaws in
operation, as well as understanding the manufacturing cycle of the battery rickshaws.
The technical study also tried to assess the efficiency of the e-rickshaws. This would
help in suggesting the recommendations for the manufacturing policies that can be
adopted by the state government. The Indian Express, quoting a report prepared by
TERI, finds that more than 80% of passengers felt unsafe in an e-rickshaw, and expect
a better design after the regulations are in place.
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regularized the maximum speed of the vehicle at 25 km/h and the motor size up to a
maximum of 2 kW. This limit of 25 km/h speed will likely affect the environment
directly due to the low speed emission of the petroleum based vehicles present in the
traffic. Thus, if these vehicles are allowed to ply on thoroughfares like that of the auto-
rickshaws, the traffic condition will be severely hampered.
In passenger transportation, the auto-rickshaws have been the mostly utilized
form that operates for both medium and short distance commute. Taking into account
the driving pattern and technical characteristics, auto-rickshaws have been a good
option for vehicle electrification. The average fuel consumption of the auto-rickshaws
was found to be around 6.04 litres/day of auto LPG for the scenario of Kolkata. Again
parallel running of both auto-rickshaws and e-rickshaws by replacing a certain
percentage of the former by e-rickshaws showed the economic and environmental
benefits.
But e-rickshaws have already emerged in the road transport sector in West
Bengal. The data collected from the various surveys, revealed that the specific energy
consumption of the present e-rickshaws have been the least among the other forms of
public road transport vehicles. The average specific energy consumption of the e-
rickshaws has been calculated to be around 53.76 kJ/passenger-km. Following table
shows the comparison of the specific energy consumption for different types of public
road transport vehicles in West Bengal.
Taking into account the passenger carrying capacity of the e-rickshaws and the
corresponding vehicle dimensions, these could have been considered as the major
counterpart of the conventional three-wheeled auto-rickshaws.
But the travelling pattern of the auto-rickshaws which shows the maximum
speed and acceleration, discards the e-rickshaw as the exact counter part of the auto-
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rickshaws. The maximum speed condition of the e-rickshaws hinders the pathway of
their implementation as a replacement for the auto-rickshaws. Compared to all the
forms of motorized three-wheeled vehicles, the e-rickshaws were found to be the most
energy efficient among the clan, and can be considered for exact replacement of the
mechanized van-rickshaws from which the e-rickshaws were technically superior.
The e-rickshaws are energy efficient than other forms of motorized public road
transport vehicles in the state. Proper implementation of the e-rickshaws has the
potential to address the issues of environmental pollution due to transportation as the
specific CO2 emission for the e-rickshaws was found to be 19.129 gm/passenger-km.
But the major challenges are required to be addressed for the proper implementation of
these e-rickshaws. E-rickshaws have the potential to reduce the fuel oil consumption
for passenger transportation which may lead to both economic and environmental
benefits.
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A) Maximum Power – The observed maximum power was in the range of 1200 W to
1500 W. Maximum power refers to the quantum of power that can be drawn from the
diesel engine or battery in the case of electric rickshaws. However, the battery is never
operated at maximum power because of safety requirements and the life of the battery.
B) Rated Power – The rated power was observed to be around 80 percent of maximum
power. Rated power is the maximum power at which a battery can be operated. It is
less than the maximum power rating of the battery. Manufacturers provide a level of
operating power under which the equipment will not be damaged while allowing a
certain safety margin.
C) Top Speed – The observed top speed with full load was between 15 to 20 km/hr
compared to 25 km/hr claimed by manufacturer. Variants with lithium ion battery gave
consistent speed even on slopes compared to the lead acid variant. High power is
withdrawn from a battery to achieve higher speeds, which causes capacity fading in
the battery, especially in the context of high slope conditions.
D )Range – The observed range was in the range of 55 to 65 km on single charge
against the 80 km per charge claimed by the manufacturer. The lower range can also
be attributed to high gradient in the city.
E) Battery Storage Capacity – Battery storage capacities determine the range of the
vehicle. In the case of electric rickshaws, a higher battery capacity increases the capital
cost of the vehicle. However, fewer charging cycles due to higher battery capacity
might improve the economy of the rickshaw. During the pilot, the lead acid battery
had a capacity of 110 Ah while the Lithium ion one had a capacity of 80 Ah.
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Table 5.4. Comparative analysis of Li-ion and Lead acid Batteries used in E-rickshaw
The lead acid battery variant rickshaws struggle over higher gradients with full
capacity. In the case of Li-ion battery operated e-rickshaws, they performed much
better than regular lead acid battery operated e-rickshaws over slopes.
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Source: [11]
Light weight of the mode, driver’s lack of skill and training, and indiscriminate
plying of the mode on the heavy traffic carrying urban roads make it vulnerable
sometimes to small scaled traffic accidents.
Source: [11]
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Parameter Percentage
Lower Travel Speed 28.45
Vulnerability to traffic accidents 65.73
Frequent stopping 44.13
Crowd 5.5
More waiting time 0
Source: [11]
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Battery operated E-rickshaws are mostly used as primary mode in urban areas
since people living in local towns tend to generate short trips frequently, which can be
better served by this mode. However, the mode involves lack of travel safety as
operators/drivers of the mode are not well trained, the mode is light weighted and it
plies on heavy traffic carrying urban road frequently, which increase its vulnerability
to traffic accident.
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6.3 Challenges
1. Due to the regularization of the maximum vehicle speed and the maximum
motor capacity, the major challenge of the e-rickshaws would be to meet the
present day traffic conditions. If these vehicles are allowed to travel with the
main stream traffic, the speed of the rest of the traffic will be restricted, as
for the conventional vehicles the energy efficient speed has been much
higher.
2. Many Indian cities have adopted e-rickshaws as the last mile connectivity
and feeder services but there have been no efforts made by the state
authorities to provide complete infrastructural support to this service. Thus
they stand beside the road and reduces the road space.
3. In case of passengers, they tend to prefer the e-rickshaws as the ride has
been considered comfortable and even the cost of ride has been cheaper than
NMT vehicles. Thus two types of major conflicts have been observed
regarding operation of e-rickshaws.
a) Inter-Vehicle Conflict: This type of conflict has been observed in case of
e-rickshaw operation with that of other types of three-wheeled vehicles.
The stronger cycle-rickshaw and auto-rickshaw unions in many places
do not let the e-rickshaws to carry passengers.
b) Intra-Vehicle Conflict: The increase number of e-rickshaws has also
caused a reason of concern among the e-rickshaw owners. Less initial
investment and moderate income has led many to arrive at this
profession. So the income of the drivers from the transportation sector
has been gradually decreasing due to the division of passenger load.
4. Traffic Congestion: Due to inadequate road space, increasing number of e-
rickshaws creates a tremendous traffic congestion problem. As the existing
road space is limited, increasing number of e-rickshaws exerts an immense
pressure on the roads, which restrict smooth traffic low.
5. Safety: The quality of e-rickshaw service associated with safety measures
needs to be significantly improved to provide more safe and secure journey.
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7. FUTURE SCOPE
In next one to two decades, we can imagine whole India run on renewable energy
and we look forward that India will be a role model country for countries with growing
economies in Renewable Energy based Transport
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8. CONCLUSIONS
The e-rickshaws are energy efficient than other forms of motorized public road
transport vehicles in the country. Most of the people use battery operated rickshaws
for their working purpose, daily travel. They chose it because the fare is lower than the
other transport modes. Proper implementation of the e-rickshaws has the potential to
address the issues of environmental pollution due to transportation as the specific CO2
emission for the e-rickshaw is much lower than other fuelled vehicles. One of the
major positive sides of e-rickshaws is that, it emits lower level of pollutants than other
vehicles. But e-rickshaws consumes huge amount of electricity at the time of battery
charging and creates traffic jam also. The major challenges are required to be
addressed for the proper implementation of these e-rickshaws. The present technology
of the e-rickshaw needs enhancement for the compatibility with the present day traffic.
The designing of the vehicles requires maintaining safety standards for the passengers
thus requiring proper inspection of these vehicles by the right authorities. The number
of these e-rickshaws operating in the different regions in the country needs proper
regularization and thus the eradication of vehicular conflicts by proper route
management between the passenger vehicles. E-rickshaws have the potential to reduce
the fuel oil consumption for passenger transportation which may lead to both
economic and environmental benefit.
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9. REFERENCES
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