STEP BY STEP SOLUTION: ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE 𝑓𝑠 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 )(𝑑−𝑥)

9. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for steel.  =

𝑛 𝐼
(GENERAL SECTION) (MOSTLY USED) ANALYSIS: if 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete and steel > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED.
if 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete and steel < 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; FAILED.
1. Find d. ( 1 LAYER)
Without stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 ANOTHER METHOD OF ANALYIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE
With stirrup..  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
( 2 LAYER) (FOR RECTANGULAR SECTION ONLY.)
W/o stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – diameter – 12.5 1. Find d. ( 1 LAYER)
W/ stirrup  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – diameter– 12.5 Without stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
2. Find As. As = (No. of Steel)(Area of Steel) With stirrup..  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
3. Find Ec. ( 2 LAYER)
If 1500 kg/𝑚3 < Wc < 2500 kg/𝑚3  Ec = 0.043 𝑊𝑐 1.5 √𝑓′𝑐 W/o stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – diameter – 12.5
If it has a normal weight.  Ec = 4700 √𝑓′𝑐 W/ stirrup d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – diameter – 12.5
(pero mas ginagamit yung sa normal weight..) 2. Find As. As = (No. of Steel)(Area of Steel)
Where Wc and f’c is in MPa. 3. Find Ec.
If Wc is in kN/𝑚3 ; if f’c is in Psi ; If 1500 kg/𝑚3 < Wc < 2500 kg/𝑚3  Ec = 0.043 𝑊𝑐 1.5 √𝑓′𝑐
*(Wc) (1000⁄9.81) = MPa *(f’c) (1⁄145) = MPa If it has a normal weight.  Ec = 4700 √𝑓′𝑐
4. Find n.  n = 𝐸𝑠⁄𝐸𝑐 where Es and Ec is in MPa (pero mas ginagamit yung sa normal weight..)
Where Wc and f’c is in MPa.
5. ∑ 𝑀 ↓ = ∑ 𝑀 ↑  base(x)(𝑥⁄2) = n As (d-x)
If Wc is in kN/𝑚3 ; if f’c is in Psi ;
Find x. use shift solve..
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑥)3 *(Wc) (1000⁄9.81) = MPa *(f’c) (1⁄145) = MPa
6. Find I.  I = + 𝑛 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑥)2
3 4. Find n.  n = 𝐸𝑠⁄𝐸𝑐 where Es and Ec is in MPa
7. Find 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 . Where: w = DL + LL + Wc(base)(height)
(base and height is in meters) 5. Find 𝜌.  𝜌 = 𝐴𝑠⁄𝑑(𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)
2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam 6. Find k.  k = √2𝜌𝑛 + (𝜌𝑛)2 − 𝜌𝑛
2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam 7. Find j.  j = 1 − 𝑘⁄3
2 8. Find 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 . Where: w = DL + LL + Wc(base)(height)
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
(base and height is in meters)
(pag naka overhang na mag shear and moment diagram ka na. get 2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam
mo yung max moment.)
2
8. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete. 
𝑓𝑐
=
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 ) 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam
𝑥 𝐼 2
where fc = 0.45 f’c 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
 (pag naka overhang na mag shear and moment diagram ka na. get 5. Find n.  n = 𝐸𝑠⁄𝐸𝑐 where Es and Ec is in MPa.
mo yung max moment.) 𝑛 𝑓𝑐
1 6. Find k.  k = 𝑛 𝑓𝑐+𝑓𝑠 where fc = 0.45 f’c
𝑓𝑐 𝑘 𝑗 𝑏 𝑑2
9. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete.  𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 2
106 7. Find j.  j = 1 − 𝑘⁄3
where fc = 0.45 f’c 8. (Concrete Moment Capacity)
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑗 𝑑
10. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for steel.  𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 1⁄ 𝑓𝑐 𝑘 𝑗 𝑏 𝑑2
2
106 Find d.  𝑀1 = where fc = 0.45 f’c
106
ANALYSIS: if 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete and steel > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED.
For b. assume 250 mm or above that. Note that the minimum
if 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete and steel < 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; FAILED
value for base is 250 mm.
IF THE BEAM FAILED. PROCEED TO REDESIGNING. Yung value ng d na makukuha will be the minimum d na makukuha
mo sa trial. Minimum lang sya. Cause if you’ll get a value less than
STEP BY STEP SOLUTION: REDESIGNING OF SINGLY REIN. CONC.
the d na nakuha mo dito, your beam will automatically failed.
1. Revise the given if you want. You can use grade 60 for it was easier 9. TRIAL…
and mostly used. You can use: TRY 1 LAYER.. (assume value of diameter, base and height.)
Grade 60 f’c = 24 MPa Wc = 24 kN/𝑚3 10. Find d.
Or whatever given you want. Without stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
2. Find t. (it depends on the given support.) With stirrup..  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
 Simply supported beam = 𝐿⁄16 11. Find 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 .  𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2
2
 One-end continuous beam = 𝐿⁄18.5 where: L is in mm Where: 𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam
2
 Both end continuous beam = 𝐿⁄21 𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam
2
 Cantilever beam = 𝐿⁄8 𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
(Yung t na makukuha mo dito will be your minimum height. So Where: w = Wc(base)(height) … (base and height is in meters)
1
pede mong gamitin ito as your height or you can assume a higher 𝑓𝑐 𝑘 𝑗 𝑏 𝑑2
12. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete.  𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 2
value.) 106
where fc = 0.45 f’c
3. Find 𝑀1 . Where: w = DL + LL If 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED. Proceed to the next step.
2
𝑀1 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam If 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete < 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; FAILED. Repeat the trial. Then
2 assume a higher height or f’c
𝑀1 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam
2 13. Steel Moment Capacity;
𝑀1 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 (106 )
𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 = Find 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 .
(pag naka overhang na mag shear and moment diagram ka na. get 𝑓𝑠 𝑗 𝑑

mo yung max moment.) According to the code:

4. Find Ec. (Same solution.)
 1
√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑 1.4 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐 𝑘 𝑗 𝑏 𝑑2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and choose the larger 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 then 19. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete.  𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 2
4 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 106
compare it to 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 where fc = 0.45 f’c
Condition: If 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED. Proceed to the next step.
 If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 If 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete < 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; FAILED. Repeat the trial. Then
 If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , proceed to multiply 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 to 4⁄3 assume a higher height or f’c
o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 20. Steel Moment Capacity;
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 (106 )
o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 = Find 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 .
𝑓𝑠 𝑗 𝑑
𝐴𝑠 (𝑦𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑎𝑘𝑢ℎ𝑎 𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒) 21. According to the code:
14. Find the number of bars.  No. of bars =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 √𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑 1.4 𝑏𝑑
15. Find the Clear Spacing. 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and choose the larger 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 then
4 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
Without stirrup: compare it to 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
𝑐𝑠 = Condition:
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠−1
 If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
With stirrup
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−2(𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝)−𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)  If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , proceed to multiply 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 to 4⁄3
𝑐𝑠 =
o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠−1
It must comply with the following conditions:
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 25𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
4 𝐴𝑠 (𝑦𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑎𝑘𝑢ℎ𝑎 𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒)
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 3 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 22. Find the number of bars.  No. of bars = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
If PASSED; Therefore it was redesigned. 23. Find the Clear Spacing.
If FAILED; Proceed to another trial. Without stirrup:
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
New assumption of layers, base and height. 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−
2
(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
16. TRIAL… (PAG 2 LAYER ANG IUUSED MO.) 𝑐𝑠 = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
−1
2
TRY 2 LAYER.. (assume value of diameter, base and height.) With stirrup
17. Find d. 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−2(𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝)−
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
2
W/o stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – diameter – 12.5 𝑐𝑠 = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
−1
2
W/ stirrup d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – diameter – 12.5 It must comply with the following conditions:
18. Find 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 .  𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 25𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
2
Where: 𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam 4
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 3 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
2
𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam If PASSED; Therefore it was redesigned.
2 If FAILED; Proceed to another trial.
𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
New assumption of layers, base and height.
Where: w = Wc(base)(height) … (base and height is in meters)
EXAMPLE: ANOTHER METHOD: (FOR RECTANGULAR SECTION ONLY.)

Can a beam shown carry a uniform dead load of 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 and a 1. d = 300 – 40 – 16⁄2  d = 252 mm
uniform load of 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚? If not, redesign. 2. As = 2 (
𝜋 162
)  As = 402.1239 𝑚𝑚2
4

f’c = 20.7 MPa 3. Ec = 4700 √20.7  Ec = 21383.7088

fs = 138 MPa 4. n = 200,000⁄21383.7088  n = 9.3529
Wc = 23.4 𝑘𝑁⁄ 3 5. 𝜌 = 402.1239⁄252(250)  𝜌 = 0.0064
𝑚
Es = 200,000 MPa
6. k = √2(0.0064)(9.3529) + ((0.0064)(9.3529))2 −
(0.0064)(9.3529)
k = 0.2913
7. j = 1 − 0.2913⁄3  j = 0.9029
(5 + 5 + 23.4(. 3)(. 25))(4)2⁄
8. 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 2  𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 94.04
1
(0.45)(20.7)(0.2913)(0.9029)(250) (252)2
9. 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete.  𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 2
SOLUTION: 106
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete = 19.4480
1. d = 300 – 40 – 16⁄2  d = 252 mm 10. 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for steel.  𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 =
402.1239(138)(0.9029)(252)
106
𝜋 162
2. As = 2 ( 4 )  As = 402.1239 𝑚𝑚2 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for steel = 12.6264
3. Ec = 4700 √20.7  Ec = 21383.7088 ANALYSIS: 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete and steel < 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; FAILED
4. n = 200,000⁄21383.7088  n = 9.3529 REDESIGN:
5. ∑ 𝑀 ↓ = ∑ 𝑀 ↑  250(x)(𝑥⁄2) = 9.3529(402.1239)(252-x)
1. For redesign; use Grade 60.
𝑥 = 73.3219
250(73.3219 )3 2
Given: f’c = 5000 Psi Wc = 24 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 b = 250 mm
6. I = + 9.3529(402.1239)(252 − 73.3219)
3 Grade 60 ; fs = 165 Mpa fy = 415 MPa
I = 152922786.9
2. t = 4000⁄8  t = 500 mm
(5 + 5 + 23.4(. 3)(. 25))(4)2⁄
7. 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 2  𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 94.04 (5 + 5)(4)2⁄
0.45(20.7) 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 )
3. 𝑀1 = 2  𝑀1 = 80 kN ∙ m
8. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete.  =
73.3219 152922786.9
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete = 19.4277 4. Ec = 4700 √5000⁄145  Ec = 27599.3503

9. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for steel. 

138
=
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 )(252−73.3219 )
5. n = 200,000⁄27599.3503  n = 7.2465
9.3529 152922786.9
7.2465(0.45)(5000⁄145)
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for steel. = 12.6280 6. k =  k = 0.4053
7.2465(0.45)(5000⁄145)+165
ANALYSIS: 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete and steel < 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; FAILED.
7. j = 1 − 0.4053⁄3  j = 0.8649 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 141.7586 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
8. (Concrete Moment Capacity) 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED. Proceed to the next step.
1⁄ (0.45)(5000⁄
2 145)(0.4053)(0.8649)(250)𝑑
2 20. Steel Moment Capacity;
80 =  d = 343.0137 104(106 )
106
𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 =  𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 1596.4037 𝑚𝑚2
9. TRIAL… 165(0.8649)(456.5)

TRY 1 LAYER.. (base = 250mm , height = 500mm , dia. = 16mm) According to the code:
10. d = 500 – 40 – 16⁄2  d = 452
√5000⁄145(250)(456.5)
(24(0.5)(. 25))(4)2⁄
11. 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 80 + 2  𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 104 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4 (415)
= 403.7139 𝑚𝑚2
1⁄ (0.45)(5000⁄ 2
2 145)(0.4053)(0.8649)(250) (452) 1.4(250)(456.5)
12. 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete = 6
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 385 𝑚𝑚2
10 415
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 138.9133 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
1596.4037
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED. Proceed to the next step. 21. No. of bars =  No. of bars = 7.9399 ≈ 8 bars
𝜋(16)2⁄
13. Steel Moment Capacity; 4
250−2(40)−8⁄2(16)
104(106 ) 22. 𝑐𝑠 =  cs = 35.3333 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 =  𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 1612.2971 𝑚𝑚2 8⁄ −1
2
165(0.8649)(452)
𝑐𝑠 > 25𝑚𝑚 ; FAILED 𝑐𝑠 = 16𝑚𝑚
According to the code: PASSED; Therefore it was redesigned.
√5000⁄145(250)(452)
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 399.7342 𝑚𝑚2 REDESIGNED BEAM:
4 (415)
1.4(250)(452)
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 381.2048 𝑚𝑚2
415
𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
14. No. of bars =
1612.2971
 No. of bars = 8.0637 ≈ 8 bars DL = 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝜋(16)2⁄

250−2(40)−8(16)
4
LL = 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
15. 𝑐𝑠 =  cs = 6 mm f’c = 5000 Psi
8−1
16𝑚𝑚 < 25𝑚𝑚 ; FAILED 16 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 Wc = 24 𝑘𝑁⁄ 3
𝑚
If FAILED; Proceed to another trial. Grade 60:
New assumption of layers, base and height. fs = 165 MPa
16. ANOTHER TRIAL: fy = 415 MPa
TRY 2 LAYER.. (base = 250mm , height = 525mm , dia. = 16mm) Es = 200,000 MPa
17. d = 525 – 40 – 16 – 12.5  d = 456.5
(24(0.5)(. 25))(4)2⁄
18. 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 80 + 2  𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 104 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
1⁄ (0.45)(5000⁄ 2
2 145)(0.4053)(0.8649)(250) (456.5)
19. 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete = 106
STEP BY STEP SOLUTION: ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE (pag naka overhang na mag shear and moment diagram ka na. get
mo yung max moment.)
1. Find d. ( 1 LAYER) 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 )
𝑓𝑐
Without stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 8. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete.  =
𝑥 𝐼
d’ = concrete cover + radius where fc = 0.45 f’c
With stirrup..  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 9. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for tension steel. 
𝑓𝑠
=
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 )(𝑑−𝑥)

d’ = concrete cover + stirrup + radius 𝑛 𝐼

𝑓𝑠′⁄
2𝑛 𝑓𝑐⁄
( 2 LAYER) 10. Find fs’.  = 𝑘𝑑 where fc = 0.45 f’c
𝑘𝑑−𝑑′
W/o stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – diameter – 12.5 𝑓𝑠′ 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 )(𝑥−𝑑′)
11. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for compression steel.  =
d’ = concrete cover + diameter + 12.5 2𝑛 𝐼
W/ stirrup  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – diameter– 12.5 ANALYSIS:
d’ = concrete cover + stirrup + diameter + 12.5 if 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete and steel (C & T) > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED.
2. Find As and As’. As = (No. of Steel)(Area of Steel) if 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete and steel (C & T) < 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; FAILED.
As’ = (No. of Steel)(Area of Steel)
STEP BY STEP SOLUTION: REDESIGNING OF DOUBLY REIN. CONC.
(Remember: As is in tension bars and As’ is in compression bars.)
3. Find Ec. 1. Revise the given if you want. You can use grade 60 for it was easier
If 1500 kg/𝑚3 < Wc < 2500 kg/𝑚3  Ec = 0.043 𝑊𝑐 1.5 √𝑓′𝑐 and mostly used. You can use:
Grade 60 f’c = 24 MPa Wc = 24 kN/𝑚3
If it has a normal weight.  Ec = 4700 √𝑓′𝑐
Or whatever given you want.
(pero mas ginagamit yung sa normal weight..)
2. Find t. (it depends on the given support.)
Where Wc and f’c is in MPa.
If Wc is in kN/𝑚3 ; if f’c is in Psi ;  Simply supported beam = 𝐿⁄16
*(Wc) ( 1000 ⁄9.81) = MPa *(f’c) (1⁄145) = MPa  One-end continuous beam = 𝐿⁄18.5 where: L is in mm
4. Find n.  n = 𝐸𝑠⁄𝐸𝑐 where Es and Ec is in MPa  Both end continuous beam = 𝐿⁄21
5. ∑ 𝑀 ↓ = ∑ 𝑀 ↑  base(x)(𝑥⁄2) + (2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑑′ )=n As (d-x)  Cantilever beam = 𝐿⁄8
Find x. use shift solve.. (Yung t na makukuha mo dito will be your minimum height. So
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑥)3 pede mong gamitin ito as your height or you can assume a higher
6. Find I.  I = + (2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠 ′ (𝑥 − 𝑑 ′ )2 + 𝑛 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑥)2
3 value.)
7. Find 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 . Where: w = DL + LL + Wc(base)(height)
(base and height is in meters) 3. Find 𝑀1 . Where: w = DL + LL
2 2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam 𝑀1 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam
2 2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam 𝑀1 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam
2 2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever 𝑀1 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
 (pag naka overhang na mag shear and moment diagram ka na. get 13. Find the 𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠  𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 − 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝
mo yung max moment.) (𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 can be less than 10 units to make it economical.)
4. Find Ec. (Same solution.) 14. Steel Moment Capacity;
5. Find n.  n = 𝐸𝑠⁄𝐸𝑐 where Es and Ec is in MPa. 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 )
+
𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 (106 )
𝑛 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑠 𝑗 𝑑 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑−𝑑′ )
6. Find k.  k = 𝑛 𝑓𝑐+𝑓𝑠 where fc = 0.45 f’c
According to the code:
7. Find j.  j = 1 − 𝑘⁄3
√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑 1.4 𝑏𝑑
8. (Concrete Moment Capacity) 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and choose the larger 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 then
4 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
1⁄ 𝑓𝑐 𝑘 𝑗 𝑏 𝑑2
2
Find d.  𝑀1 = where fc = 0.45 f’c compare it to 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
106
For b. assume 250 mm or above that. Note that the minimum Condition:
value for base is 250 mm.  If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
Yung value ng d na makukuha will be the minimum d na makukuha  If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , proceed to multiply 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 to 4⁄3
mo sa trial. Minimum lang sya. Cause if you’ll get a value less than o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
the d na nakuha mo dito, your beam will automatically failed.
o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
9. TRIAL… 𝐴𝑠 (𝑦𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑎𝑘𝑢ℎ𝑎 𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒)
TRY 1 LAYER.. (assume value of diameter, base and height.) 15. Find the number of bars.  No. of bars = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
10. Find d. 16. Find the Clear Spacing.
Without stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 Without stirrup:
d’ = concrete cover + radius 𝑐𝑠 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠−1
With stirrup..  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
With stirrup
d’ = concrete cover + stirrup + radius
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−2(𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝)−𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
11. Find 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 .  𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2 𝑐𝑠 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠−1
2
Where: 𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam It must comply with the following conditions:
2 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 25𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam 4
2 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 3 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
If PASSED; Therefore it was redesigned.
Where: w = Wc(base)(height) … (base and height is in meters) If FAILED; Proceed to another trial.
1
𝑓𝑐 𝑘 𝑗 𝑏 𝑑2
12. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete.  𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 2 New assumption of layers, base and height.
106 𝑓𝑠′⁄
where fc = 0.45 f’c 2𝑛 𝑓𝑐
17. Find fs’.  𝑘𝑑−𝑑′ = ⁄𝑘𝑑 where fc = 0.45 f’c
If 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete < 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED. Proceed to the next step. 𝑀 (106 )⁄
If 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; FAILED. Repeat the trial. Then 18. Find As’.  As’ = 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑠 ′ (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
assume a higher height or f’c
According to the code:
 2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑
and
1.4 𝑏𝑑
choose the larger 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 then 𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
4 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
compare it to 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 Where: w = Wc(base)(height) … (base and height is in meters)
1
𝑓𝑐 𝑘 𝑗 𝑏 𝑑2
Condition: 24. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete.  𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 2
106
If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
where fc = 0.45 f’c
If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , proceed to multiply 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 to 4⁄3 If 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete < 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED. Proceed to the next step.
o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 If 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; FAILED. Repeat the trial. Then
o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 assume a higher height or f’c
𝐴𝑠 (𝑦𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑎𝑘𝑢ℎ𝑎 𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒) 25. Find the 𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠  𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 − 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝
19. Find the number of bars.  No. of bars = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 can be less than 10 units to make it economical.)
20. Find the Clear Spacing. 26. Steel Moment Capacity;
Without stirrup: 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 ) 𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 (106 )
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 = +
𝑐𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠 𝑗 𝑑 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑−𝑑′ )
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠−1
With stirrup According to the code:
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−2(𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝)−𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
𝑐𝑠 = √𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑 1.4 𝑏𝑑
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠−1 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and choose the larger 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 then
4 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
It must comply with the following conditions:
compare it to 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 25𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
4 Condition:
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 3 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
 If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
If PASSED; Therefore it was redesigned.
 If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , proceed to multiply 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 to 4⁄3
If FAILED; Proceed to another trial.
New assumption of layers, base and height. o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
21. TRIAL… (PAG 2 LAYER ANG IUUSED MO.) o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
TRY 2 LAYER.. (assume value of diameter, base and height.) 27. Find the number of bars.  No. of bars =
𝐴𝑠 (𝑦𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑎𝑘𝑢ℎ𝑎 𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
22. Find d.
28. Find the Clear Spacing.
W/o stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – diameter – 12.5
Without stirrup:
d’ = concrete cover + diameter + 12.5 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)− 2(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
W/ stirrup  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – diameter– 12.5 𝑐𝑠 = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄
d’ = concrete cover + stirrup + diameter + 12.5 2−1
With stirrup
23. Find 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 .  𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑀1 + 𝑀2 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄
2 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−2(𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝)− 2(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
Where: 𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam 𝑐𝑠 = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄
2 2−1
𝑀2 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam It must comply with the following conditions:
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 25𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
 4
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 3 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 EXAMPLE:
If PASSED; Therefore it was redesigned. Can a beam shown carry a uniform dead load of 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 and a
If FAILED; Proceed to another trial.
uniform load of 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚? If not, redesign.
New assumption of layers, base and height.
𝑓𝑠′⁄
2𝑛 𝑓𝑐
29. Find fs’.  𝑘𝑑−𝑑′ = ⁄𝑘𝑑 where fc = 0.45 f’c
6
f’c = 20.7 MPa
𝑀 (10 )⁄
30. Find As’.  As’ = 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑠 ′ (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) Wc = 24 𝑘𝑁⁄ 3
𝑚
Es = 200,000 MPa
According to the code:
Grade 33:
√𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑 1.4 𝑏𝑑 fy = 227 MPa
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = and choose the larger 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 then
4 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 fs = 138 MPa
compare it to 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
Condition:
If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
If 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , proceed to multiply 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 to 4⁄3
o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 SOLUTION:

o When 4⁄3 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 1. d = 400 – 40 – 16⁄2  d = 352 mm
d’ = 40 + 16⁄2  d’ = 48
𝐴𝑠 (𝑦𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑎𝑘𝑢ℎ𝑎 𝑚𝑜 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒)
31. Find the number of bars.  No. of bars = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝜋 162
32. Find the Clear Spacing. 2. As = 4 ( 4 )  As = 256𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
Without stirrup: 𝜋 162
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄ As’ = 2 ( )  As’ = 402.1239 𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)− 4
2(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
𝑐𝑠 = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄ 3. Ec = 4700 √20.7  Ec = 21383.7088
2−1
With stirrup 4. n = 200,000⁄21383.7088  n = 9.3529
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄
𝑐𝑠 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−2(𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝)− 2(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) 5. ∑ 𝑀 ↓ = ∑ 𝑀 ↑
250(x)(𝑥⁄2) + (2(9.3529) − 1)(402.1239 )(𝑥 − 48) =
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄
2−1
It must comply with the following conditions: 9.3529(256π)(352 − 𝑥)
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 25𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑥 =106.7994 mm
4
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 3 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 250(106.7994 )3
6. I = 3
+ (2(9.3529) − 1)(402.1239)(𝑥 − 48)2 +
If PASSED; Therefore it was redesigned.
9.3529(256π)(352 − 106.7994 )2
If FAILED; Proceed to another trial. I = 578380637.7
New assumption of layers, base and height. (5 + 5 + 24(. 4)(. 25))(6)2⁄
7. 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 8  𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 55.8
 0.45(20.7) 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 ) 1⁄ (0.45)(24)(0.3625)(0.8792)(250)(331.5)2
8. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete.  = 34. 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete = 2
106.7994 578380637.7 106
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete = 50.4461 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 47.2821 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
138 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 )(352−106.7994 ) 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED. Proceed to the next step
9. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for tension steel.  =
9.3529 578380637.7
35. 𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 55.8 − 47.2821  𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 8.5179
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for steel. = 34.8037 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑓𝑠′
36. Steel Moment Capacity;
⁄2(9.3529) 0.45(20.7)⁄ 47.2821(106 ) 8.5179(106 )
10. 106.7994−48 = 106.7994  fs’ = 95.9319 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 165(0.8792)(331.5)
+ 165(331.5−68.5)
11. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for compression steel. 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 1179.4870 𝑚𝑚 2

95.9319 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 (106 )(106.7994 − 48)

= According to the code:
2(9.3529) 578380637.7
Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for compression steel = 50.4461 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 √24(250)(331.5)
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 244.5801 𝑚𝑚2
4 (415)
ANALYSIS: 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 for concrete and steel (C & T) < 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; FAILED.
1.4(250)(331.5)
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 279.5783 𝑚𝑚2
415
REDESIGN:
𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
1179.4870
23. For redesign; use Grade 60. 37. No. of bars =  No. of bars = 5.8663 ≈ 6 bars
𝜋(16)2⁄
Given: f’c = 24 MPa Wc = 24 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 b = 250 mm 4
250−2(40)−6⁄2(16)
Grade 60 ; fs = 165 Mpa fy = 415 MPa 38. 𝑐𝑠 = 6⁄ −1  cs = 61 mm
2
24. t = 6000⁄16  t = 375 mm 𝑐𝑠 > 25𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑠 > 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ; PASSED
𝑓𝑠′
(5 + 5)(6)2⁄ ⁄2(8.6861) 0.45(24)
25. 𝑀1 = 8  𝑀1 = 45 kN ∙ m 39. 0.3625(331.5)−68.5
= ⁄0.3625(331.5)  fs’ = 80.6705
26. Ec = 4700 √24  Ec = 23025.2036 8.5179(106 )⁄ 2
27. n = 200,000⁄23025.2036  n = 8.6861
40. As’ = 80.6705(331.5 − 68.5)  As’ =401.4783 𝑚𝑚
8.6861(0.45)(24)
28. k = 8.6861(0.45)(24)+165  k = 0.3625 According to the code:

29. j = 1 − 0.3625⁄3  j = 0.8792 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 =

√24(250)(331.5)
= 244.5801 𝑚𝑚2
4 (415)
30. (Concrete Moment Capacity) 1.4(250)(331.5)
1⁄ (0.45)(24)(0.3625)(0.8792)(250)𝑑2 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 279.5783 𝑚𝑚2
2 415
45 =  d = 323.4011
106 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 , use 𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡
31. TRIAL… 401.4783
41. No. of bars = 𝜋(16)2⁄
 No. of bars = 1.9968 ≈ 2 bars
TRY 2 LAYER.. (base = 250mm , height = 400mm , dia. = 16mm) 4
32. d = 400 – 40 – 16 – 12.5  d = 331.5 42. 𝑐𝑠 =
250−2(40)−2(16)
 cs = 138 mm
2−1
d’ = 40 + 16 + 12.5  d’ = 68.5
𝑐𝑠 > 25𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑠 > 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ; PASSED
(24(0.4)(. 25))(6)2⁄
33. 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 45 + 8  𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 55.8 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 PASSED; Therefore it was redesigned.
 SHEAR AND TORSION:
REDESIGNED BEAM:
CONDITIONS:
𝑉𝑐⁄
DL = 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉 ≥ 2  Use Av = 𝑏 𝑠⁄3 𝑓𝑦 find s.
LL = 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 𝑉<
𝑉𝑐⁄
 No stirrup required
2
f’c = 24 MPa
𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 > 3⁄8 √𝑓′𝑐  revise the section (Meaning ulit ng redesigning.)
Wc = 24 𝑘𝑁⁄ 3
𝑚
Grade 60: 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 < 1⁄6 √𝑓′𝑐  use 600mm , 𝑑⁄2 = s find s
fs = 165 MPa 3⁄ √𝑓′𝑐 ≥ 𝑉 − 𝑉 ≥ 1⁄ √𝑓′𝑐  use 300 mm, 𝑑⁄ = s find s
8 𝑐 6 4
fy = 415 MPa (𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 )𝑏 𝑠 𝜋 (10)2⁄
Es = 200,000 MPa Av = ⁄𝑓𝑠 find s. where: Av = 2 ( 4)
There was always 2 stirrups in the beam and its thickness was always 10.
2nd smallest na s = rest 1st smallest na s = 1st two
(So hard mag step by step solution so I’ll give an example nalang. Jusr
After redesigning, you may then proceed to shear and torsion to know if
remember the condiions.)
you needed any stirrups in the beam or not, and to identify the spacing of
each stirrups. EXAMPLE:
(let’s use the redesigned sample in singly first)

DL = 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
LL = 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
f’c = 5000 Psi
Wc = 24 𝑘𝑁⁄ 3
𝑚
Grade 60:
fs = 165 MPa
fy = 415 MPa
Es = 200,000 MPa
SOLUTION: 𝑋 (103 )⁄
4. Find V.  𝑉= 𝑏𝑑
1. Let’s use the d and make it into meters: 49.5970 (103 )
𝑉= ⁄250 (456.5)  V = 0.4346
d = 525 – 40 – 16 – 12.5  d = 456.5  d = 0.4565
2. Draw the shear diagram of the beam. √𝑓′𝑐⁄
5. Find Vc.  𝑉𝑐 = 11
(REMEMBER: w will be your uniform load in the beam. That is..
w = DL + LL + Wc(base)(height) where b and h is in meters) 𝑉𝑐 = √24⁄11  Vc = 0.4454
w = 5 + 5 + 24(0.25)(0.525)  w = 13.15 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 0.4454 ≥ 0.4346 ≥ 0.4454⁄2

𝑉𝑐⁄
𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉 ≥ 2  Use Av = 𝑏 𝑠⁄3 𝑓𝑦 find s.
𝜋 (10)2⁄
6. Av = 𝑏 𝑠⁄3 𝑓𝑦  2( 4) =
250 𝑠⁄
3 (415)
s = 782.2566 mm  s ≈ 70 cm
7. Therefore: you will conclude that this would be the location of the
stirrup.
Dunno how to draw. Sorna po.
Rest @ 70 cm
Mehehehe pero ayun.

ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
(let’s use the redesigned sample in doubly)

DL = 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
3. Using the d and the shear diagram: Find x using ratio and
proportion. LL = 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
f’c = 24 MPa
Wc = 24 𝑘𝑁⁄ 3
𝑚
Grade 60:
52.6⁄ = 𝑋⁄ fs = 165 MPa
4 3.5435
fy = 415 MPa
X = 49.5970
Es = 200,000 MPa
SOLUTION: 𝑋 (10)3⁄
4. Find V.  𝑉= 𝑏𝑑
1. Let’s use the d and make it into meters: 35.1447(10)3
𝑉= ⁄250 (331.5)  V = 0.4241
d = 400 – 40 – 16 – 12.5  d = 331.5  d = 0.3315
2. Draw the shear diagram of the beam. √𝑓′𝑐⁄
5. Find Vc.  𝑉𝑐 = 11
(REMEMBER: w will be your uniform load in the beam. That is..
w = DL + LL + Wc(base)(height) where b and h is in meters) 𝑉𝑐 = √24⁄11  Vc = 0.4454
w = 5 + 5 + 24(0.25)(0.4)  w = 12.4 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 0.4454 ≥ 0.4241 ≥ 0.4454⁄2

𝑉𝑐⁄
𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉 ≥ 2  Use Av = 𝑏 𝑠⁄3 𝑓𝑦 find s.
𝜋 (10)2⁄
8. Av = 𝑏 𝑠⁄3 𝑓𝑦  2( 4) =
250 𝑠⁄
3 (415)
s = 782.2566 mm  s ≈ 70 cm
9. Therefore: you will conclude that this would be the location of the
stirrup.
Dunno how to draw. Sorna po.
Rest @ 70 cm Mehehehe pero ayun.
(Positive shear = Negative shear therefore; in negative shear, no
stirrup was required)
ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
Design the reinforcement of the beam shown:

(Let’s first use the positive shear part. DL = 6𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚

3. Using the d and the shear diagram: Find x using ratio and
LL = 7𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
proportion.
f’c = 24 MPa
Wc = 24 𝑘𝑁⁄ 3
𝑚
Grade 60:
37.2⁄ = 𝑋⁄ fs = 165 MPa
6 5.6685 fy = 415 MPa
X = 35.1447 Es = 200,000 MPa
SOLUTION: In the condition:
1. d = 420 – 40 – 10 – 16 – 12.5  d = 341.5  d = 0.3415 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 < 1⁄6 √𝑓′𝑐  use 600mm , 𝑑⁄2 = s find s

2. w = 6 + 7 + 24(0.25)(0.42)  w = 15.52 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 8. 600mm ≈ 60 cm , 341.5⁄2 = s  s = 170.75 ≈ 15 cm

Much better daw kung divisible by 5 ang mga cm mo para mas
madaling sukatin.
(𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 )𝑏 𝑠 𝜋 (10)2⁄ 0.0119 (250) 𝑠⁄
9. Av = ⁄𝑓𝑠  2( 4) = 165
s = 8711.9796 mm ≈ 800 cm
(Choose the 2 smallest among the three values of s. so you have..
60 cm, 15 cm and 800 cm. therefore choose 60 cm and 15 cm.)
10. Sabi “daw” ni sir samin yung, mag assume ka lang ng numbers
from 1-3 hanggang dun lang. trip ko yung 2 kaya yun ang ilalagay
ko. Then yung pinaka smallest na s, divide mo sya sa napili mong
number. So.:
15⁄ = 7.5 ≈ 5 cm
2
Ayan na ang pang third na s. so so we already have three values.
2 @ 5cm, ___ @ 15 cm and rest @ 60 cm.
3. Using the d and the shear diagram: Find x using ratio and We only need to find the number of stirrups needed na 15 cm ang
proportion. layo.
(Using the first positive shear) 11. Let’s plot the V and Vc in the shear diagram. Find x using ratio and
proportion.
44.4329⁄ 𝑋
2.8571 = ⁄2.5156
X = 39.0427 0.4573⁄ 0.4454⁄
2.5156 = 2.5156 − 𝑋
X = 0.0655 m ≈ 6.55 cm

39.0427(103 )
4. 𝑉 = ⁄250 (341.5)  V = 0.4573
Yung nakuhang X, iminus mo dun first yung 5 cm na pinakamaliit
5. 𝑉𝑐 = √24⁄11  Vc = 0.4454 mong s times kung ilan sya.
6. V – Vc  0.4573 – 0.4454 = 0.0119 6.55 – 2(5) = -3.45 (since negative ang lumabas, then zero ang
√𝑓′𝑐⁄ √24⁄ = 0.8165 bilang ng 15 cm mo.)
7. 6  6
12. Therefore: you will conclude that this would be the location of the ilalagay ko. Then yung pinaka smallest na s, divide mo sya sa napili
stirrups. mong number. So.:
Dunno how to draw. Sorna po. Mehehehe 15⁄ = 7.5 ≈ 5 cm
2 @ 5 cm 2
pero ayun. Ayan na ang pang third na s. so so we already have three values.
Rest @ 60 cm
Unang shear palang to. You have 2 more so 2 @ 5cm, ___ @ 15 cm and rest @ 40 cm.
We only need to find the number of stirrups needed na 15 cm ang
13. Using the d and the shear diagram: Find x using ratio and layo.
proportion. (Using the negative shear) 21. Let’s plot the V and Vc in the shear diagram. Find x using ratio and
proportion.
64.2971⁄ 𝑋
4.1429 = ⁄3.8014
X = 58.9971
0.6910⁄ 0.4454⁄
3.8014 = 3.8014 − 𝑋
X = 1.3511 m ≈ 135.11 cm
64.2971(103 )
14. 𝑉 = ⁄250 (341.5)  V = 0.6910
Yung nakuhang X, iminus mo dun first yung 5 cm na pinakamaliit
15. 𝑉𝑐 = √24⁄11  Vc = 0.4454 mong s times kung ilan sya.
16. V – Vc  0.6910 – 0.4454 = 0.2456 135.11 – 2(5) = 125.11 cm (since positive lumabas, idivide mo
√𝑓′𝑐⁄ sya sa 15 cm para malaman mo kung ilan ang stirrups na
√24⁄ = 0.8165
17. 6  6 needed na 15 cm ang layo.)
In the condition: 125.11 cm ÷ 15 cm = 8.3407 ≈ 9
𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 < 1⁄6 √𝑓′𝑐  use 600mm , 𝑑⁄2 = s find s 22. Therefore: you will conclude that this would be the location of the
18. 600mm ≈ 60 cm , 341.5⁄2 = s  s = 170.75 ≈ 15 cm stirrups.
Much better daw kung divisible by 5 ang mga cm mo para mas 2 @ 5 cm Dunno how to draw. Sorna po. Mehehehe
madaling sukatin. pero ayun.
9 @ 15 cm
(𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 )𝑏 𝑠 𝜋 (10)2⁄ 0.2456 (250) 𝑠⁄ Rest @ 40 cm
19. Av = ⁄𝑓𝑠  2( 4) = 165
Pangala na to. Omagad last one.
s = 422.1195 mm ≈ 40 cm
(Choose the 2 smallest among the three values of s. so you have.. 23. Using the d and the shear diagram: Find x using ratio and
60 cm, 15 cm and 40 cm. therefore choose 40 cm and 15 cm.) proportion. (Using the negative shear)
20. Sabi “daw” ni sir samin yung, mag assume ka lang ng numbers
from 1-3 hanggang dun lang. trip ko yung 2 ulit kaya yun ang
 0.4833⁄ 0.4454⁄
46.56⁄ = 𝑋⁄
3 2.6585 2.6585 = 2.6585 − 𝑋
X = 41.2615 X = 0.2085 m ≈ 20.85 cm

Yung nakuhang X, iminus mo dun first yung 5 cm na pinakamaliit

41.2615 (103 )
24. 𝑉 = ⁄250 (341.5)  V = 0.4833 mong s times kung ilan sya.
20.85 – 2(5) = 10.85 cm (since positive lumabas, idivide mo
25. 𝑉𝑐 = √24⁄11  Vc = 0.4454
sya sa 15 cm para malaman mo kung ilan ang stirrups na
26. V – Vc  0.4833 – 0.4454 = 0.0379
needed na 15 cm ang layo.)
√𝑓′𝑐⁄ √24⁄ = 0.8165 10.85 cm ÷ 15 cm = 0.7233 ≈ 2
27. 6  6
In the condition: 32. Therefore: you will conclude that this would be the location of the
𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 < 1⁄6 √𝑓′𝑐  use 600mm , 𝑑⁄2 = s find s stirrups.

28. 600mm ≈ 60 cm , 341.5⁄2 = s  s = 170.75 ≈ 15 cm 2 @ 5 cm Dunno how to draw. Sorna po. Mehehehe
pero ayun.
Much better daw kung divisible by 5 ang mga cm mo para mas 2 @ 15 cm
madaling sukatin. Rest @ 60 cm Ayan na. tapos na. omagad.
(𝑉 − 𝑉𝑐 )𝑏 𝑠 𝜋 (10)2⁄ 0.0379 (250) 𝑠⁄
29. Av = ⁄𝑓𝑠  2( 4) = 165
s = 2735.4237 mm ≈ 200 cm
(Choose the 2 smallest among the three values of s. so you have..
60 cm, 15 cm and 200 cm. therefore choose 60 cm and 15 cm.)
30. Sabi “daw” ni sir samin yung, mag assume ka lang ng numbers
from 1-3 hanggang dun lang. trip ko yung 2 ulit kaya yun ang
ilalagay ko. Then yung pinaka smallest na s, divide mo sya sa napili
mong number. So.:
15⁄ = 7.5 ≈ 5 cm
2
Ayan na ang pang third na s. so so we already have three values.
2 @ 5cm, ___ @ 15 cm and rest @ 60 cm.
We only need to find the number of stirrups needed na 15 cm ang
layo.
31. Let’s plot the V and Vc in the shear diagram. Find x using ratio and
proportion.0
BOND STRESS SOLUTION:
Only the beams with stirrups has the bond stress. The beams that stirrups 1. d = 420 – 40 – 10 – 16 – 12.5  d = 341.5
are not required don’t need to find its bond stress. 2. Using the shear diagram:
𝑉 (10)3
𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ⁄ where: V = shear
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙(𝜋(𝑑𝑖𝑎. )) 𝑗 𝑑
Tension Top : (Mostly used in cantilever.)

7.17 √𝑓′𝑐⁄
𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎 or 2.415 MPa

Other than Top Bars: (Below 300 mm) (Used in simple supports etc.) 3. Using the first shear:
44.4329 (10)3
10.12 √𝑓′𝑐⁄ 𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ⁄
𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = or 3.45 MPa 8(𝜋(16)) (0.8792) (341.5)
𝐷𝑖𝑎
𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.3680 MPa
 IF 𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 > 𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED 4. Yung first and second shear, since nasa baba ang tension bars,
 IF 𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 < 𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; FAILED (REDESIGN AGAIN) Other than Top Bars
EXAMPLE:
𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 10.12 √24⁄16  𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 3.0986 MPa or 3.45 MPa
Get the bond stress of the beam:
Choose the lowest one.
DL = 6𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 5. 𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 > 𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡
LL = 7𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 3.0986 > 0.3680 ; PASSED
f’c = 24 MPa 6. Using the second shear:
Wc = 24 𝑘𝑁⁄ 3 64.2971 (10)3
𝑚 𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ⁄
8(𝜋(16)) (0.8792) (341.5)
Grade 60:
𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.5325 MPa
fs = 165 MPa
7. Other than Top Bars
fy = 415 MPa
Es = 200,000 MPa
𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 10.12 √24⁄16  𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 3.0986 MPa or 3.45 MPa
j = 0.8792
Choose the lowest one.
8. 𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 > 𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡
3.0986 > 0.5325 ; PASSED
9. Using the third shear: USD: Singly Reinforced Concrete (ANALYSIS)
46.56 (10)3
𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡 = ⁄ 1. As = No. of bars (area of bars)
8(𝜋(16)) (0.8792) (341.5)
𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.3856 MPa 2. Condition: if f’c ≤ 28 ; β = 0.85
10. Yung third shear, since nasa taas ang tension bars, if f’c > 28 ; β = 0.85 -0.05⁄7 (𝑓𝑦 − 28)
3. Find d. ( 1 LAYER)
𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 7.17 √24⁄16  𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 2.1954 MPa or 2.415 MPa
Without stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
Choose the lowest one. d’ = concrete cover + radius
With stirrup..  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
11. 𝜇𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 > 𝜇𝑎𝑐𝑡
d’ = concrete cover + stirrup + radius
2.1954 > 0.3856 ; PASSED ( 2 LAYER)
W/o stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – diameter – 12.5
THEREFORE: THE BEAM PASSED.
d’ = concrete cover + diameter + 12.5
W/ stirrup  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – diameter– 12.5
d’ = concrete cover + stirrup + diameter + 12.5
METHOD A:
4. 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝑠⁄𝑏𝑑
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽 (600)
5. 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = ⁄𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦)
6. 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙
IF 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 < 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 ; steel yield
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 > 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 ; not steel yield
IF STEEL YIELD:
𝜌 𝑓𝑦
7. 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9 𝜌 𝑓𝑦 𝑏 𝑑2 (1 − ⁄1.7 𝑓𝑐)
8. Find 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 . Where: w = DL + LL + Wc(base)(height)
(base and height is in meters)
2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam
2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam
2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
(pag naka overhang na mag shear and moment diagram ka na. get
mo yung max moment.)
 ANALYZE: IF 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED 18. Find 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 . Where: w = DL + LL + Wc(base)(height)
IF 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 < 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 ; FAILED (base and height is in meters)
2
IF STEEL NOT YIELD: 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam
9. ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 𝑎=βc 2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam
600(𝑑 − 𝑐)⁄
C=T fs = 𝑐 2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
10. Using the condition above, find c, a and fs.
0.85 f’c 𝑎 b = As fs (pag naka overhang na mag shear and moment diagram ka na. get
mo yung max moment.)
0.85 f’c (β c) b = As (600(𝑑 − 𝑐)⁄𝑐) ANALYZE: IF 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED
11. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 .  𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 0.9 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
IF 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 < 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 ; FAILED
12. Find 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 . Where: w = DL + LL + Wc(base)(height) IF STEEL NOT YIELD:
(base and height is in meters) 19. ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 𝑎=βc
2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam 600(𝑑 − 𝑐)⁄
C=T fs = 𝑐
2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam 20. Using the condition above, find c, a and fs.
2 0.85 f’c 𝑎 b = As fs
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
(pag naka overhang na mag shear and moment diagram ka na. get 0.85 f’c (β c) b = As (600(𝑑 − 𝑐)⁄𝑐)
mo yung max moment.) 0.9 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
21. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 .  𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ⁄ 6
ANALYZE: IF 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED 10
22. Find 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 . Where: w = DL + LL + Wc(base)(height)
IF 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 < 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 ; FAILED
(base and height is in meters)
METHOD B: 2
13. ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 ; C = T 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam
2
Find 𝑎.  0.85 f’c 𝑎 b = As fy 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam
14. Find c.  c = 𝑎⁄𝛽 2
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
𝐸𝑠1⁄ 0.003⁄
15. Find 𝐸𝑠1 .  𝑑−𝑐 = 𝑐 (pag naka overhang na mag shear and moment diagram ka na. get
𝑓𝑦⁄ mo yung max moment.)
16. Find Ey.  𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑠 ANALYZE: IF 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 > 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; PASSED
IF 𝐸𝑠1 > Ey ; Steel Yield
IF 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 < 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 ; FAILED
IF 𝐸𝑠1 < Ey ; Steel Not Yield
IF STEEL YIELD:
REDESIGN:
0.9 𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2)
17. Find 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 ..  𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ⁄ 6 1. Revise the given if you want. You can use grade 60 for it was easier
10
0.9 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑎⁄2) and mostly used. You can use:
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ⁄ 6
10 Grade 60 f’c = 24 MPa Wc = 24 kN/𝑚3
 2. Find t. (it depends on the given support.) d’ = concrete cover + stirrup + diameter + 12.5
 Simply supported beam = 𝐿⁄16 8. Find 𝑀𝑤𝑐 . Where: w = 1.2(Wc (base)(height)) b & h is in meters.
2
 One-end continuous beam = 𝐿⁄18.5 where: L is in mm 𝑀𝑤𝑐 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam
2
 Both end continuous beam = 𝐿⁄21 𝑀𝑤𝑐 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam
2
 Cantilever beam = 𝐿⁄8 𝑀𝑤𝑐 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever
(Yung t na makukuha mo dito will be your minimum height. So (pag naka overhang na mag shear and moment diagram ka na. get
pede mong gamitin ito as your height or you can assume a higher mo yung max moment.)
value.) 9. Find the ∑ 𝑀.  ∑ 𝑀 = 𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝑀𝑤𝑐
3. Find 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 .  𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.4⁄𝑓𝑦 10. Find the 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 .
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽 (600) 𝜌 ′ 𝑓𝑦
4. Find 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 .  𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75( ⁄𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦) ∑ 𝑀 (106 ) = 0.9 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝑏 𝑑2 (1 − 𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑑 ⁄1.7 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 )
𝜌 + 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛⁄ I clear mo muna yung calcu mo, para lumabas yung tamang sagot.
5. Find the 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 .  𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 Minsan kase malaki ang nalabas dyan.
DUE TO LOADS:
11. Find the As.  As = 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 b d
1. Find 𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 . Where: w = 1.2(DL) + 1.6(LL)
2 12. Find the No. of bars.  No. of bars = 𝐴𝑠⁄𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄2  cantilever beam
2 13. Find the Clear Spacing.
𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄8  simply supported beam Without stirrup:
2
𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑤𝐿 ⁄12  fixed fixed cantilever 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄
2(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
𝑐𝑠 = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄
(pag naka overhang na mag shear and moment diagram ka na. get 2−1
mo yung max moment.) With stirrup
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄
𝜌 ′ 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒−2(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)−2(𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝)− 2(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
6. Find d.  𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (106 ) = 0.9 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝑏 𝑑 2 (1 − 𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑑 ⁄1.7 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ) 𝑐𝑠 = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠⁄
2−1
ASSUME TRY: It must comply with the following conditions:
7. Find d. ( 1 LAYER) 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 25𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
Without stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 4
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 3 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
d’ = concrete cover + radius
If PASSED; Therefore it was redesigned.
With stirrup..  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
If FAILED; Proceed to another trial.
d’ = concrete cover + stirrup + radius
New assumption of layers, base and height.
( 2 LAYER)
14. Draw the beam.
W/o stirrup…  d = height – concrete cover – diameter – 12.5
d’ = concrete cover + diameter + 12.5
W/ stirrup  d = height – stirrup - concrete cover – diameter– 12.5
EXAMPLE: USING ANOTHER METHOD:.
1. ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 ; C = T
Can a beam shown carry a uniform dead load of 5𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 and a uniform 0.85(20.7)𝑎(250) = 402.1239(227)  𝑎 = 20.7518
load of 6𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚? If not, redesign. 2. c = 20.7518⁄0.85  c = 24.4137
𝐸𝑠1⁄ 0.003⁄
f’c = 20.7 MPa 3. 252 − 24.4137 = 24.4137  𝐸𝑠1 = 0.2797
Wc = 23.4 𝑘𝑁⁄ 3 4. 𝐸𝑦 = 227⁄200,000  Ey = 0.0011
𝑚
Es = 200,000 MPa 𝐸𝑠1 > Ey ; Steel Yield
Grade 33:
0.9(24.4137)(252 − 20.7518⁄2)
fy = 227 MPa 5. 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = ⁄
106
fs = 138 MPa
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 19.8504𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(5 + 6 + 23.4(0.25)(0.3))(7)2⁄
6. 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 8)
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 78.1244 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

ANALYZE: 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 < 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 ; FAILED

SOLUTION:
𝜋 162 REDESIGN:
1. As = 2 ( )  As’ = 402.1239 𝑚𝑚2
4
2. Since f’c <28 ; we’ll use: β = 0.85 15. For redesign; use Grade 60.
3. d = 300 – 40 – 8  d = 252 Given: f’c = 20.7 MPa Wc = 23.4 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 b = 250 mm
using METHOD A: Grade 60 ; fs = 165 Mpa fy = 415 MPa
1. 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 402.1239⁄250(252)  𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 0.0064 16. t = 7000 ⁄16  t = 437.5 mm

2. 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)⁄227(600 + 227) 17. 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.4⁄415  𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034

(20.7)(0.85)(600)
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 0.0478 18. 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.85 ⁄415(600 + 415)
3. 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 (0.0478)  𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0359 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.016
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 < 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 ; steel yield
(0.0064)(227)
19. 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 0.016 + 0.0034⁄2  𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 0.0097
0.9(0.0064)(227)(250)(2522 )(1− ⁄1.7(20.7))
4. 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = DUE TO LOADS:
106
2. Find 𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 . Where: w = 1.2(6) + 1.4(5)  w = 14.2
𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 19.9012 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(14.2)(7)2⁄
5. 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
(5 + 6 + 23.4(0.25)(0.3))(7)2⁄ 𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 8  𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 86.975
8)
20. 86.975 (10 ) = 0.9(0.0097)(415)(250)𝑑 2
6
𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 78.1244 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
(0.0097)(415)
ANALYZE: 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 < 𝑀𝑐𝑎𝑝 ; FAILED (1 − ⁄1.7 (20.7))
 d = 329.2678 mm
ASSUME TRY: (250 x 400 ) 20 mm dia.
21. d = 400 – 40 - 20⁄2  d = 350
22. Find 𝑀𝑤𝑐 . Where: w = 1.2(23.4(0.25)(0.4))  w = 2.808 NOTES IN CONCRETE
(2.808)(7)2⁄
𝑀𝑤𝑐 = 8  𝑀𝑤𝑐 = 17.199 Good luck me friend kai! Kaya mo this. Ajaness. XD
23. ∑ 𝑀 = 86.975 + 17.199  ∑ 𝑀 = 104.174 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
24. 104.174 (10 ) = 0.9𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 (415)(250)(350)2
6

𝜌 ′ (415)
(1 − 𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑑 ⁄
1.7(20.7))
𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞′ 𝑑 = 0.0104 NOTES TO REMEMBER IN CONCRETE:
25. As = (0.0104)(250)(350)  As = 910
1. Sa tinuro samin, laging 40 mm ang value ng concrete cover and 10
26. No. of bars = 910⁄𝜋(20)2  No. of Bars = 2.8966 ≈ 3 bars mm naman lagi ang length/thickness nung stirrups.
⁄
4 Saka ang value lagi ng Es is 200,000 Mpa
250−2(40)−3(20)
27. 𝑐𝑠 =  cs = 55 mm 2. Here are the values nung sa mga Grade kemes..
3−1
It must comply with the following conditions: GRADE: 33 40 50 60
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 25𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑠 ≥ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 fy 227 MPa 276 MPa 345 MPa 415 MPa
4 fs 138 MPa 138 MPa 138 MPa 165 MPa
𝑐𝑠 ≥ 3 𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Pede mo din gawin tong equation na to
If PASSED; Therefore it was redesigned.
fy = 6.9(Grade)
28. Draw the beam.
3. Para ma knows mo kung ano yung tension bars sa compression
f’c = 20.7 MPa bars, mag moment diagram ka. Kung nasa positive ang max
Wc = 23.4 𝑘𝑁⁄ 3 moment, nasa baba ang tension bars, nasa taas ang compression
𝑚
Es = 200,000 MPa bars. Kung nasa negative naman, nasa taas ang tension bars, nasa
Grade 60: baba ang compression bars.
fy = 415 MPa Pero just remember na pag cantilever, nasa baba ang tension bars.
fs = 165 MPa Pag naman simple support, nasa taas ang tension bars.
4. Pag mag reredesign ka, much better kung mag trial ka ng 2 layers
agad. Kase mas pumapasa sya agad sya sa clear spacing. 😍