AS/NZS 1664.2:1997 Australian/New Zealand Standard® Aluminium structures Part 2: Allowable stress design nat guaranteed when printed) ‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument o‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) A NZS 1664.2:1997 ‘This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint, Technical Commitice BD/50, Aluminium Structures. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 27 June 1997 and on behalf of the Council of Standards New Zealand on 1 uly 1997, Te was published on 5 September 1997, The following interests are represented on Committee BD/SO: Aluminium Development Council Association of Consulting Engineers, Australia ‘Australian Building Codes Board Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand University of Sydney Review of Standards, To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian! New Zealand Stndards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. Its important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the lafest edition, and any amendments thereto, Full details of all Joint Standards and relaced publications will be found in the Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand Cataloguc of Publications; this infomation is supplemented each month by the megazines “The Australian Standard’ ond "Standards New Zealand’, which subscribing members receive, and which give detwils of new publications, lew editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards Suggestions or improvements to Joint Standards, addressed to the head office of either Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand, are welcomed. Notification of any Inaccuracy or ambiguity found in a Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard should be made without delay in order that the matier may be investigated and appropriate action taken, This Standard was issued in draft form for comment us DR 96165.‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) A NZS 1664.2:1997 ‘This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint, Technical Commitice BD/50, Aluminium Structures. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 27 June 1997 and on behalf of the Council of Standards New Zealand on 1 uly 1997, Te was published on 5 September 1997, The following interests are represented on Committee BD/SO: Aluminium Development Council Association of Consulting Engineers, Australia ‘Australian Building Codes Board Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand University of Sydney Review of Standards, To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian! New Zealand Stndards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. Its important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the lafest edition, and any amendments thereto, Full details of all Joint Standards and relaced publications will be found in the Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand Cataloguc of Publications; this infomation is supplemented each month by the megazines “The Australian Standard’ ond "Standards New Zealand’, which subscribing members receive, and which give detwils of new publications, lew editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards Suggestions or improvements to Joint Standards, addressed to the head office of either Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand, are welcomed. Notification of any Inaccuracy or ambiguity found in a Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard should be made without delay in order that the matier may be investigated and appropriate action taken, This Standard was issued in draft form for comment us DR 96165.‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) AS/NZS 1664.2:1997 Australian/New Zealand Standard® Alum im structures Part 2: Allowable stress design ‘gn in Ania ep of AS 641075 Soy sevited ad dovigntad ASINZS (654 2:1897 Incorporating Anas 199 PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 1 The Crescent Homebush NSW 2140 Australia ‘STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND Level 10, Radio New Zealand House, 155 The Terrace, Wellington 6001 New Zealand IsBN 07397 12843‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA on 25 Feb 2016 (Document curtency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINES 1666. PREFACE This Joint Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee BD/S0, Aluminium Structures, to supersede, in part, AS 1664—1979, Rules for ihe use of aluminium in structures (known as SAA Aluminium Structures Code). This Standard is technically equivalent to The Aluminium Design Manual Specifications and guidelines for aluminium structures. Part 14 Specifications for Aluminium structures allowable siress design issued by the U.S. Aluminium Association Ine, The objective of this Standard is to provide designers of aluminium alloy load carrying members and elements with allowable stress design criteria for use in design applications. Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables and figures are deemed to be requirements of this Standard ‘© Copyright ~ STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND ‘Uses of Standards are reminded tat copiht subsists i all Stunde Ausland Stndaeds New Zealand publications aad ofware. Excopt whee the Copysaht Act allows and sxcopt howe provided for bulow xo fublicatons of sotyare, produced by Sundard Austaln o: Sanands New Zealand may be reproduced ote ia a teicval sytem fn any farm ot tae by oy meant ‘widout prox perasson 10 wig fom Standans Austalie or Standas New Zealand. Person tay be canola, th Tnpoptine nog payment Awl rapes ‘or pvmiskan oa jafomaten on comet softwae oylis sbouhd be dead 0 ‘fo ska ore of stats Atma, New Zowsnd pet shuld he cred Sandee New Zesand Lp ty 10 parson’ of the tachneal content pages of = Stancard may be copie for we exchavsly i-howe BY purchase OF te ‘Slindard without pavment of « royally or aie tb Standards Rusa or Sands New Zenon lucha of copii mil in compu software powrans is as psi without wyehy paymeot proved wich prostans se use cxcauvelyvboune hy he reo of the prosrams. (Cave shoud be ake to ease tha mea used is om the cuenta of be Stand and tha updated whenever he Sandrd SS uended or revood. The number and date of be Seacerd shou tere be lary eared The ate of euler in print fro compute eofwars prozac to bo ted commercials, with without payment, ern comercial ona i abet 10 te pens ofa voychy This pay muy be varied by Stans Atala or Standards New Zealand ato) tins‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) 3 ASINZS 1664.2:1997 CONTENTS Page SECTION | GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE. cet eeee eee 12 MATERIALS .., 7 1.3. SAFETY FACTORS ee tess ono 14 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ......0.0.20.0.0.00e0e 00 SECTION 2 DESIGN PROCEDURE 2.1. PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS ....... . 2.2 PROCEDURE ....... + eeeENS eats ¢ peaeaeemes 9 2.3 LOADING SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN RULES ME INTRODUCTION: sererisa asa suet vices cern a wate 8 3.2 NOMENCLATURE ..........++ 8 33. TABLES RELATING TO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND BUCKLING CONSTANTS 14 3.4 ALLOWABLE STRESSES 20 SECTION 4 SPECIAL DESIGN RULES. 4.1 COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING 45 42 TORSION AND SHEAR IN TUBES " . 46 43 TORSION AND BENDING IN OPEN SHAPES . . 46 4.4 COMBINED SHEAR, COMPRESSION AND BENDING . seeeeeees 46 4.5 HORIZONTAL STIFFENERS FOR WEBS. 47 4.6 VERTICAL STIFFENERS FOR SHEAR WEBS 7 47 4.7 EFFECTS OF LOCAL BUCKLING ON MEMBER PERFORMANCE ....... 48 4.8 FATIGUE 3 52 4,9 COMPRESSION IN SINGLE WEB BEAMS AND BEAMS. HAVING SECTIONS CONTAINING TUBULAR PORTIONS 57 4,10 COMPRESSION IN ELASTICALLY SUPPORTED FLANGES 62 SECTION $5 MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS, 5.1 BOLTED AND RIVETED CONNECTIONS «00.00.0000 0000000 0s eee 63 5.2. METAL STITCHING STAPLI a . 69 53. SELF TAPPING SCREW CONNECTIONS eos 6 SECTION 6 FABRICATION 6.1 LAYING OUT 2 62 GUTTING: ananmunis ers seviaie amis omaoNoIaS metanem ete TE 63 HEATING 2 6.4 PUNCHING, DRILLING AND REAMING 22 65 RIVETING . sc ins aaa errr era 6.6 PAINTING ... B 6.7 CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF METAL SURFACES, "4‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 4 SECTION 7 WELDED CONSTRUCTION TA 12 13 14 18 ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR WELDED MEMBERS, FILLER WIRE MEMBERS WITH LONGITUDINAL WELDS MEMBERS WITH TRANSVERSE WELDS. WELDING FABRICATION ... SECTION 8 TESTING 8 8.2 a3 a4 aS SCOPE AND GENERAL .. 2.0... 0005 TEST REQUIREMENTS ........ 00202 0cee eee TESTS FOR DETERMINING MATERIAL PROPERTIES PROCEDURE ceseeeee REPORTING OF TEST RESULTS Page 78 7s 78 76 76 8 8 8 8 9‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) 5 ASINTS 1664.21997 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND Australian/New Zealand Standard Aluminium structures Part 2: Allowable stress design SECTION 1 GENERAL 11 SCOPE This Standard specifies requirements for the design of aluminium alloy load carrying members and elements. The allowable stress design (ASD) criteria are intended as an alternative to the limit state design (LSD) criteria (sec AS 1664.1). One design specification (ASD or LSD) applies throughout the design of a single structure 1.2. MATERIALS The principal materials to which these specifications apply are aluminium alloys that comply with AS 1734, AS 1865, AS 1866, AS 1867 and AS 2848.1. Those structural members frequently used are listed in Table 3.3(A) 1.3 SAFETY FACTORS 1.3.1, Building type structures Basic allowable tensile stresses for buildings, structural supports for highway signs, luminaires, twaffic signals and similar structures shall be the lesser of the minimum yicld strength divided by a factor of safety of 1.65, or the minimum ultimate tensile strength divided by a factor of safety of 1.95. Other allowable stresses for buildings and similar structures shall be based upon the factors of safety shown in Table 3.4(A). 1.3.2 Bridge type structures Basic allowable tensile stresses for bridge type structures, shall be the lesser of the minimum yield strength divided by a factor of safety of 1.85, or the minimum ultimate tensile strength divided by a factor of safety of 2.2. Other allowable stresses for bridge and similar structures shall be based upon the factors of safety shown in Table 3.4(A). 1.3.3 Other type structures Where it is customary or standard practice to use factors: of safety other than those given in Clauses 1.3.1 or 1.3.2, the general formulas in Table 3.4(C) shall be permitted to be used with the desired factors of safety substituted for m,n, OF ny 1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Standard AS 1170 Minimum design loads on structures (known as the SAA Loading Code) 1170.1 Part 1: Dead and live loads and load combinations 1170.2 Part 2° Wind loads 1170.3. Part 3: Snow loads 11704 Part 4: Earthquake loads 1391 Methods for tensile testing of metals AS/NZS 1664 Aluminium structures 1664.1 Part 1: Limit state design 1664.2 Supplement 1, Part 2: Allewable stress design— Commentary copyRiaT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 AS 1665 1734 1865 1866 1867 2848 2848.1 NZS 4203 ASTM B5S7 D962 F330 Welding of aluminium structures Aluminium and aluminium alloys —Flat sheet, coiled sheet and plate (adopted in New Zealand as NZS/AS 1734) Aluminium and aluminium alloys—Drawn wire, rod, bar and strip (adopted in New Zealand as NZS/AS 1865) Aluminium and aluminium alloys—Extruded rod, bar, solid and hollow shapes (adopted in New Zealand as NZS/AS 1866) Aluminium and aluminium alloys—Drawn tubes (adopted in New Zealand as NZS/AS 1867) Aluminium and aluminium alloys —Compositions and designations. Part 1: Wrought products Code of practice for general structural design and design loadings for buildings (984 edition) ‘Test methods of tension testing wrought and cast aluminium- and magnesium- alloy products Specification for aluminium powder and paste pigments for paints ‘Test method for structural performance of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors by uniform static air pressure difference COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) 7 ASINTS 1664.21997 s ECTION 2 DESIG PROCEDURE 2.1 PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS Properties of sections, such as cross-sectional area, moment of inertia, section modulus, radius of gyretion and torsion constants, shall be determined in accordance with accepted methods of structural analysis. 2.2 PROCEDURE Computations of forces, moments, stresses and deflections shall be in accordance with accepted methods of elastic structural analysis and engineering design. The formulas and methods for determining allowable stresses in this Standard have been simplified in many cases for ease of computation but are not intended to preclude the use of more rigorous analysis. 2.3 LOADING The loads on the structure shall be in accordance with the applicable parts of AS 1170 (Australia) or the applicable parts of NZS 4203:1984 (New Zealand). ‘When computing allowable stresses in Australia, the most adverse load combination from the following shall be used: @) G+O (b) 0.75 (G +O +H) © 075(G+9+F,) @ on(atwy where G dead load Q = live load W, = wind load based on basic wind speed Fa = earthquake load WF, = wind load causing stresses of opposite sign to the dead load G’ = that patt of the dead load that cannot be removed from the structure In the case of wind and ice loads, the form of the structure and any of its exposed components (c.g. increased area exposed to wind duc to icing) shall be considered COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINES 1666.2:1997 SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN RULES 3.1 INTRODUCTION The nomenclature of terms used in developing the allowable stresses given in Clause 3.2. Minimum mechanical properties for cach alloy (non- welded material) included in this Standard are listed in Table 3.3(A). Minimum mechanical properties for welded material are shown in Table 3.3(B). 3.2, NOMENCLATURE A consistent set of units shall be used throughout these specifications, as follows: a a a; bA BDC detail dimension parallel to the direction of stress, equivalent width of rectangular panel shorter dimension of rectangular panel Jonger dimension of rectangular panel area detail categories for fatigue area of compression element (compression flange plus 1/3 of area of web between compression flange and neutral axis) ross area of cross-section of horizontal stiffener area of the stiffener the portion of area of eross-seetion 4 lying within 25 mm of a weld width of section or element width of clement with an intermediate stiffener as shown in Figure 3.4.10.3 effective width of flat plate element to be used in deflection calculations width to thickness ratio of a rectangular element of a cross-section buckling formula constams, with the following subscripts: «compression in columns —compr ion in flat plates compression in round tubes — bending in round tubes te— bending in rectangular bars -—shear in flat plates distance from neutral axis to extreme fibre coefficient which depends on serew location coefficient which depends on moment gradient 0.6 ~ O.AUMYM,) for members whose ends are prevented from swaying; or 0.85 for members whose ends are not prevented from swaying correction factor torsional warping constant of the cross-section COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) 1664.21997 sin 80.46F, + 0.02 EF 5 +R, (1 —¢08 @) 140 m; or coefficient defined in Clouse 4.9.5 33 mm; or coefficient defined in Clouse 4.9.2 lo mm depth of section or beam clear distance from the neutral axis to the compression flange length of lip stiffener shown in Figure 3.4.10.2(A) diameter nominal hole diameter nominal dead load defined in Figure 3.4.10.2(A) nominal washer diameter larger of the nominal washer diameter and the screw head base for natural logarithms = 2.72 compressive modulus of elasticity (See Table 3.3(A)) calculated stress average stress on cross-section produced by axial load maximum bending stress produced by transverse loads or bending moments, or both shear stress caused by torsion or transverse shear loads allowable stress allowable compressive stress for a member considered as an axially loaded column according to Clouses 3.4.8 to 3.4.11 allowable compressive stress of axially loaded member considered as a short column according to Clause 4.7.2 allowable bending stress for members subjected to bending only bearing ultimate strength bearing ultimate strength within 25 mm of a weld bearing ultimate strength of member in contaet with the serew head bearing ultimate strength of member not in contact with the screw head bearing yield strength bearing yield strength within 25 mm of a weld bearing yield strength of member in contact with the screw head bearing yield strength of member not in contact with the screw head allowable compressive stress local buckling stress for element from Clause 4.7.1 compressive yield strength COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 F Fr. F, Fy F, wo compressive yield strength across a butt weld (0.2 percent offset in 250 mm gauge length) elastic buckling stress divided by n, RE mn (ELIry? allowable clastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled WE ‘mean value of the fabrication factor allowable stress for cross-section 25 mm or more from weld allowable stress for cross: 25 mm of a weld section, part of whose area lies within allowable stress for beam with buckled elements allowable stress for column with buckled elements allowable shear stress for members subjected only to torsion or shear allowable stress according to Clause 3.4.10.2 ot Clause 3.4.19 shear ultimate strength shear ultimate strength within 25 mm of a weld shear yield strength shear yield strength within 25 mm of a weld allowable tensile stress for the member considered loaded only axially according to Clause 3.4.2 1 fag. BEC Ar; LY tensile ultimate strength tensile ultimate strength across a butt weld tensile yield strength tensile yield strength across a butt weld (0.2 percent offset in 250 mm gauge length) tensile ulti ate strength of member in contact with the screw head tensile ultimate strength of member not in contact with the screw head allowable stress according to Clause 3.4.10.2 or Clause 3.4.19 either F, or F,,, whichever is smaller allowable stress on cross-section if entire area were to lie within 25 mm of weld distance from shear centre to the point of application of load COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ye gor pr Peta s S <8 u ASINZS 16642:1997 spacing of rivet or bolt holes perpendicular to direetion of load shear modulus atip of rivet or bolt clear height of shear web ‘moment of inertia required moment of inertia of bearing stiffener moment of inertia of compression flange about web ‘moment of inertia of horizontal stiffener moment of inertia of the stiffener about the centroidal axis of the stiffener parallel to the flat plate element that is stiffened ‘moment of inertia of transverse stiffener to resist shear buckling ‘moment of inertia of a beam about axis perpendicular to web moment of inertia of a beam about axis parallel to web ‘moment of inertia of compression element about axis parallel to vertical web parameter defined by Equation 4,9.4(3) or (4) torsion constant the effective length factor. k is taken as larger than or equal to unity unless rational analysis justifies a smaller value coefficient for compression members effective length coefficient for torsional buckling. k, is taken as larger than or equal to unity unless rational analysis justifies. a smaller value coefficient for tension members effective length coefficient for buckling about the x-axis effective length coefficient for buckling about the y-axis coefficient for determining slenderness limit $; for sections for whieh the allowable compressive stress is based on ultimate strength coefficient for determining allowable compressive stress in sections with slenderness ratio above S, for which the allowable compressive stress is based on ultimate strength constant to be determined from Table 4.8.2 unsupported length in the plane of bending unbraced length for bending nominal live load length of tube between circumferential stiffeners unbraced length for twisting constant determined from Table 4.8.2 bending moment applied to the member COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 M, 2 allowable bending moment for the member if bending moment alone is applied to the member absolute value of moment at quarter-point of the unbraced beam segment absolute value of moment at mid-point of the unbraced beam segment absolute value of moment at three-quarter-point of the unbraced beam segment elastic critical moment bending strength of member with intermediate thickness mean value of the material factor absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced beam segment bending strength of member of thinnest material bending strength of member of thickest material zatio of end moments where M, is the larger of the two end moments and M.(M, is positive when the member is bent in reverse curvature, negative when bent in single curvature number of tests factor of safety on appearance of buckling factor of safety for screw connections factor of safety om ultimate strength factor of safety on yield strength number of cycles to failure length of bearing at reaction or concentrated load number stress ranges in the spectrum concentrated load on bearing stiffener allowable shear force per screw allowable tensile force por screw allowable reaction or concentrated load por web pull-out force per screw pull-over force per screw nominal shear strength per screw ‘nominal tensile strength per serew applied interior reaction or concentrated load per web for flat webs uniform design load radius of gyration Wer Fy Eat Ye radius of gyration of the stiffener radii of gyration of the cross-section about the centroidal principal axes COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) SR 3 ABINZS 1664.2:1997 radius of gyration of a beam (about axis parallel to web). (For beams that are unsymmetrical about the horizontal axis, r, shall be calculated as though both flanges were the same as the compression flange) effective radius of gyration ratio defined in Clauses 3.4.10,2 and 3.4.19 mid-thickness radius of curvature of curved plate and tubular beam elements ‘bend radius at juncture of flange and web measured to inside surface of bend mid-thickness radius of round tubular column or maximum mid- thickness radius of oval tubular columa outside radius of round tube or maximum outside radius of oval tube average value of failure loads in all tests transition radius, the radius of an attachment of the weld detail spacing of transverse stiffeners (clear distance between stiffeners for stiffeners consisting of a pair of members, one on each side of the web, centre-to-centre distance between stiffeners consisting of a member on one side of the web only); spacing of rivet or bolt holes parallel to direction of load 12s |= Fy stress ratio, the ratio of minimum stress 1 maximum stress the applied stress range allowable stress range equivalent stress range the ith stress range in the spectrum standard deviation of the test results slenderness limits thickness of flange, plate, web or tube (for tapered flanges, 1 is the average thickness) thickness of the intermediate thickness material tested thickness of member in contact with the screw head thickness of member not in contact with the screw head parameter defined by Equation 4,9.4(5) shear force on web at stiffener location coefficient of variation of the fabrication factor coefficient of variation of the material factor coefficient of variation of the ratio of the observed failure loads divided by the average value of all the observed failure loads coefficient of variation of the loads x-coordinate of the shear centre COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guarantoed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 “4 de = strength at which 99 percent of the material is expected to conform at 2 confidence level of 95 percent = mean of the test results = y-coordinate of the shear centre section modulus of 2 beam, compression side Z, = section modulus of « beam, tension side = a factor equal to unity for a stiffener consisting of equal members on both sides of the web and equal to 3.5 for a stiffener consisting of a member on one side only a = number of eyeles in the spectrum of the ith stress range divided by the total number of eycles B = 1-(ir)? B — the target reliability index B spring constant (transverse force applied to the compression flange of the member of unit length divided by the deflection due to the force) a, = equivalent slendemess ratio for an intermediate stiffener a = angle between plane of web and plene of bearing surface (8S 90 degrees) 3.3. TABLES RELATING TO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND BUCKLING CONSTANTS Formulas for determining allowable stresses. and constants and coefficients needed for these formulas are given in Tables 3.3(A), 3.3(B), 3.3(C) and 3.3(D). COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) MINIMUM MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR ALUMINIUM ALLOYS. TABLE 3.3(A) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 ‘Compressive Alley Thickness | T™*" | Compression | SRY | Bettint | nodules of a Product oe Toele| ' [nlalmpa| set mors] ea] mea | mira | rapa [sre | mre Treo Tear pa ai) se |e = =] a [rs | as | 0 cne a Ronkdrot @tar_| ai_| nro | 96 0 éo_| ss [220 | 14s | 0.000 Ton Sch, pte drawn | <3] 9 | 13 oo ee pas [ioe | ies | 9 a ana Steet pst dram | sas | tio | a 0 oo | ss fan | uas | oe 20S ‘Sheet ross | ss] ao] 407 | ae | aa7 | ev | ow | 8000 181 Plate seso far | a7 | aon | 276 | asa | 7s | ote | 75 000 1, T6510, TESI1 | Extrusions au fain | ses] 350 | an | 213 | 195 | sue | 75.000 6, T6S1 cola tnehed rod | a | aax | 379 | 36s | 262 | 220 | x55 | 608 | 75.000 ar cow ib Alclad 2014-15 Sheet ost | 434) am] 306 | 22 | 220 | 427 | 60s | 74.000 8 Sheet iss | aa | a3 | aon | 269 | 227 | a0 | sx | 74 000 1551 Pave os-ia7 | aa | sos | sae | 269 | 327 | ean | 627 | 74000 3005-112 Sheet & plats oso fu | 8 oo © | a [ae [ist | roc i Sheet & plats o2as fase | 117 9% ss | 6 | 275 | 122 | ro.000 ae Sheet oasa aes | ues] aan | oe | a3 | 517 | ats | 70000 3005-412 Drawn tobe an fur] 6 re | as | asa | ist | 70.000 Mia Drawn tube au fase} | on | as | ee far |i | 0000 ane Drawn ude ai fuss | tas} at se | a3 | 317 | 218 | r0.000 ns Drawn tube au_|ise | ies | igs | ion | so | sas | 234 | 70.000 ica 3003-4112 Sheet & plate owso | 110 | 75 0 e9 | as | 20 | 128 | r0.000 Hi Sheet & plate oras | 131 | 110 0 m2 | @ | 202 | 195 | s0000 a6 Sheet oisa fase] ise] iz | g@ | a3 | 303 | 207 | 70000 me Sheet oasaz | 179 | uss} ist | 03| 60 | 324 | 220] 0000 Alclad 3003-114 Drew tube ees [ast | uo] ios | a2 | a | 22] 16s | 70.000 ans Dive tube o2127 | 179 | isu | ise | 102 | so | 524 | 220 | 70000 300-12 Skeet & plats vaso [isa | ids} ize | 17 | @3 | 386 | 2a | 70 G00 134 Sheet & plate o2as | 0] 172] sx | ast | 96 | ast | 276 | 70 c00 36 Sheet oasis | 2m] is} im | ak | uo | 482 | 310 | 70.000 13 Sheet oas-s2 | 262 | 21a} 200 | vas | 12a | ans | 310 | 70.000 00-134 Deven tube osare | 20] 172] 16s | ast| ge | an | 276 | 70 000 icles 3004-182 Sheet oases ase | ise] tir | no | 93 | 32 | 234 | 70.000 ro Sheet mes | 2a] ies] 14s | 124 | ve | 427 | 252 | 70 000 136 Sheet oiste | 24] ise | ies | ast | vio | asy | 296 | 0 c00 38 Sheet oasaz | ass | 207} rss | aas | 117 | aes | 308 | 70 c00 m4 Sheet & plate o2a2 | 220] 178] 16s | ast | tos | aan | 269 | 70 c00 Hi6 Sheet asda | at] 207} ass | ass | 17 | ass | 310 | coo M131, H261, 1341 | Sheet ets | aa) is] ise | 14 | wos | 427 | 269 | 70.000 ‘M151, 1261, H361_| Sheet ois | ax | aor] vs | ast | 7 | 455 | 310 | 70.000 3005-125 Sheet oxt3 | i9 | st] 138 | 10x | #5 [sae | 21 | 70 000 12k Sheet oso | 24 | ie | ire | 7 | to | sas | 202 | 70.000 3005-187 Sheer 213 | 24 [ise [iss | 138) 110 | ata [30s | 70-000 3105-425 ‘Steet oa20 [15k | 1) uit [ #26 [aos | 198 | 0000 3203-114 ‘Sheet, pate si 17 a ws | 69 [ars | 2 | 696s a6 Steet st [aso fase | usr | or | a3 [50s | 20 | oes (consid) COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINES 1666.2:1997 TABLE 3.3(A) (continued) sx. | irs |__| | at [ad th COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) TABLE 3.3(A) (continued) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 wing | Compressive Alley Thickness Compression | nudahas of a Procect w laelae| fe pla pas | tastiest nt | Fe rm | fe | Fe | e am jora| mrs] Mes | vrs | otra [oars (ses | re Oo Exiisione Ue |i} uo} i | «| @ | afi | woo rs Exton over 12 | 14s | 03 | aos | as | se | 508 | 15s | 70-000 15 Exinsions @ pise | att | 207 | 172 | 2 | ast | 96 | asa | 27] 70000 Te Dawn tube an_[ ars | aes | 24s | res | 3a | 79 | 503 | oo a ats Fainisions Upto 2s | 262 | 281 | 24—| as) ise | ssi | 386 | Toco 16, Famssions siso_| 299 | ass | ass | ie | as | oor Laer | 9 9 Tana Fare minimum specified vaes (xeepl F, for 1100-HT this column. COPYRIGHT Ta CoH Finca vo ard Bar and dram ae, Alina SOD3-HTR shoot ang S050-1132, 104 cold Finished oe snd bet which aro minimum expected vslues; ether siength properties are corresponding minimum expected Values, + typical values, Yor deflection calelstions aa average modulus of elattiity i weed; numerically shi 700 Me lower ta values i‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 ® TABLE 3.30 B) MINIMUM MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR WELDED ALUMINIUM ALLOYS Fipiie ‘Tension | CmPFEIEM | Sheae Bearing Aley . Foxt ad thickness T temper range Fant | Fact Foe Pow | Fa 0 spa | ra | ra | irs | ira | wpa | ora po-ii2, wi ‘AL 7a mT 3 sot [ise [ss 300312, HLA, HIG HS ALL 96_[ 4s a [a7 [207s ‘clad 3003-112, HLA, He, His AL oo_| a a os | 24 | 7 | 16 SODa-H32, HSA, H36, HBS ‘l isz_| 76 7 96 [4s [7 ase Alclad 3004-192, HB, HAG, HO al us | 76 36 so_|_4s | a0 ‘005-112, HUG, HR, Hae Al 96 fae nn a | 5050-H32, H34 Al ia 3 [ai 5052-4052, HB All 1m uio| 2 SOR-HITT Exiusions | 269 ise | 8 “HUNG, H321 Shoot & plate 38 | 276 las | 96 ; H321 Plate 3-76 | 269 is | 0 213231 Shoot 276 uss | 06 ToaeALIAT Trirusions | 24 Tas | 6 “HIN Plate 6-12 | 240 us | vite izas | 2a | iio us | “412 pias 25-31 | 2a | 96 us | 55 32, M34, 116 sheet a plate | 24 | a3 us | 76 SISa-H3e Shest 207_[ 108 i | 59 454-1111 Txtrsioss | 24 | 10 i | 6s “HI etmsioas | 21 | 83 i | as 132, 34 sroot pls | 214 | s10 uo in | 6s SH5GHIIL xisions [283 | 165 152 ls | 86 sia Exwosions | 283 | 131 aL us | 76 “116, 121 Sheet & plate s-38] 200 | 179 55 in | 08 116, H321 vistese=76 | 263_| 6s 38 im 5005-15 Exons ope | iss [117 1 a 6061-16, 16ST, Tés0, TSU ALL ves | ane 13 tos 76, T6S!, T6SL0, TSSLI8 Over iés_| 0s 03 Lo. wets. 6 ‘AIL nr _|_76 76 76 SSSI-TSE Exinsions ves | 38 38 168 “154 Over 16s_| ios os ios | a 203 + 0.2 possont of offet in 250 mm gx fod with $183, 8 + Walser when rage Length verse a batt weld 6 oF 5556 alloy filler wits, 9 5 Values when welded with 4043, S1S4, 52S, oF $554 alloy fire wire, Filler wives ae recommended i Table 72(A), Valucr OFF, ave ASME weld qualification values rdless of thickness. Velues also apply fo thickness less than 10 min, whee welded with 4043, 5134, $294, or 3S94 alloy filer mire 2(C) tm the specifcstion sacton are applied to welded stuctmes, the tensile wltinate [ASME wold guliffeaon tsi values of wlimste COPYRIGHT Fe sul be 90% of the Fy valves given in the above table whieh a‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) 9 TABLE 3.3(©) ASINZS 1664::1997 FORMULAS FOR BUCKLING CONSTANTS FOR PRODUCTS WHOSE TEMPER DESIGNATION BEGINS WITH -0, -H, -T1, -T2, -T3, or -T4 ‘Type of member und stress Intercept, MPa Slope, MPa ‘Compression in columns and beat flanges ‘Compression in Mai plaes ‘Compression in round tubes under axial end load ‘Compressive bending strese olid rectangular bars ‘Compressive bending strese in round tubes ‘Shear stress in flat plates Ultimate strength of fat plates in compression or ending 4h, ~0.50, k,~ 2.04 = G, can be found from a plot of curves of allowable siress based on elastic and inclastic buckling or by {rial and error soltion. COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 2» TABLE 3.3(D) FORMULAS FOR BUCKLING CONSTANTS FOR PRODUCTS WHOSE TEMPER DESIGNATION BEGINS WITH -TS, -T6, -T7, -T8 or -T9 “Type of member ra Intercept, MPa Slope, MPa Anterseetion Compression in columns and beam flanges ‘Compression in ar plates Compression in round tubes under axial end load Compressive bending stress in solid rectangular bers Compressive bending stress in round lubes ‘Shear stress in Fa plates Ultimate srength of fat plates in | g, = 035, 45-227 compression Ultimate sirenat of fat plates in | &,~0,50, 4, - 204 bending * , can be Tound fiom & plot of curves oF allowable stress based on elastic and inelasiic buckling or by trial and enor soliton 3.4 ALLOWABLE STRESSES 3.4.1 General Allowable stresses for aluminium alloy members shall be determined in accordance with provisions of Clauses 3.4.2 to 3.4.25, In the formulas of Clauses 3.4.2 to 3.4.25, note the following: (a) When more than one formula is given, the smallest of the resulting stresses should be used. (b) The factors n,, », and 7, shall be taken from Table 3.4(A). (©) Values of coefficients &, and &, shall be taken from Table 3.4(B). (@) Values of k, and &, ate given in Tables 3.3(C) and 3.3(D) The formulas are also listed in Table 3.4(C). The allowable stresses for casting alloys for bridge type structures are given in Table 3.4(D). COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guarantoad when printed) a TABLE 3.4(A) FACTORS OF SAFETY ASINTS 1664.21997 ne 198 2.20 ss 1.65 185 NOTE! Oiher factors of safely are given throughout this Standard TABLE 3.4(B) VALUES OF CORFFICIENTS k, AND &, * ‘Non-welded or regions farther than Alley and temper 25 mm from 4 weld i K k At 2014-76, -T6513 Alelad 2014-76, -T651 bes Me = (6005-75, 6061-16, T5S1f, (6063-15, -T6, -T83 7 aa 7 = 6105-15, 6351-15 All others listed in Table 330A) | 10 110 10 16 These coefficients are used in the formulas in Table 8.4(C), + If the weld compressive yield strength exceeds 0.9 times the parent material compressive yield strength, the allowable corp sive stess within 25 mm of a weld shall be taken as equal to the allowable compressive stress for non-welded snaterial 4 Values also apply to -T9S10, -T6S11 extrusion tempers COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA on 25 Feb 2074 (Document currency net guerenteed when printed} ASINZS 164.2197 2 TABLE 3.4(C) GENERAL FORMULAS FOR DETERMINING ALLOWABLE STRESSES FROM CLAUSE 3.4 wpe | an ee aaa l-ne ae Wop star it cance * aaa Mee one eles LEH |,,, E+EF a co Conta COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA on 25 Feb: 2014 [Document currency nat guarantaed whan printed) 28 ASINZS 1664.2:1997 TABLE 3.4(C) (continued) COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA on 25 Feb 2014 (Document currency net guaranteed when printed)‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) 2 ASINTS 1665.21997 TABLE 3.40) ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR BRIDGE TYPE STRUCTURES CASTING ALLOYS, Product Permanent mold castings Sand castings Alloy and temper ‘Aaaa.0-T4 | 3560-16 | 3560-07 | Aas60-T61 | 356076 | 3560-17 Type of stress Allowable stress, MPa Tension oF compression® a 5 8 @ a a (cither axial loading or = beading} m us uM um ” ™ 28 3 al ey 28 Sheart 2 2 2 2 2 a 2 7 86 10 2 7 Bearing on rivets or bolts 55 5 5 5 Bj 35 Bearing on flat surfaces and | 48 6 35 R # 8 pins 38 ae 34 38 8 8 Valuas given for compression and shear apply to parts that are sufficiently thick so that the slendemess is less than the slenderness limit §, for alloy 6061-76, ATlowable compressive and shear stresses Tor parts with §> 5, may be determined fiom the allowable stresses for highway structures of alloy 6O61-T6 by means af the following formu: ers “ 117 Figg): silva coniteativa or dear teat um dendrite tating Fon ~ sorosponding sllowable tess for alloy 6060-16 Cade = allowable tensile or compressive stess for cating ftom above table apply to nomwelded members and to welled apply within WITTE | Members at fcations farther than 25 mn IA 28 mm of weld ROWS | fom a weld ° Rows NOTE: For welding castings using 4043 filler metal for the alloys in Table 3.4(D), for some applications 4047 filler metal may he used, 3.4.2, Tension, axial, net section Calculation is as follows: F>Fyn, 2 3421) or P= Fy) 2.3.4.2) Values of k, are listed in Table 3.4(B). Values of n, and n, are listed in Table 3.4(A). 3.4.3 Tension in extreme fibres of beams—structural shapes bent about strong axis, rectangular tubes Calculation is as follows: F= Fyn, 3.4.3(1) or P= Full) ++ 3.4.3Q) 3.4.4 Tension in extreme fibres of heams—round or oval tubes Calculation is as follows: F=117 Fyn, 34a) or F=124 Allin) 3.4.42) 3.4.5. Tension in extreme fibres of beams—shapes bent about weak axis, rectangular bars, solid round bars and plates Calculation is as follows F=130 Fin, 3.4.50) or P= 1.42 Fyltkn) 3.450) COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 6 3.4.6 Bearing on rivets and bolts Calculation is as follows: F=Fyln, 34.6(1) or P=Ff12n) 3.4.62) This value shall be used for a ratio of edge distance to fastener diameter of 2 or greater. For smaller ratios this allowable stress shall be multiplied by the ratio: (edge distance)(2 » fastener diameter). Edge distance is the distance from the centre of the fastener to the edge of the material in the direction of the applied load and shall not be less than 15 times the fastener diameter to extruded, sheared, sawed, rolled or planed edges, 3.4.7. Bearing on flat surfaces and pins and on bolts in slotted holes Calculation is as follows: F=F/f(15n,) 34.71) or P=Ff(18n,) 34.70) 3.4.8 Compression in columns, axial, gross section, 3.4.8.1 General Calculation is as follows: P p= Fe 348.1(1 @ Ag © for ™ ‘elow slenderness limit 5, oF, a(. e | 2 3.4.8.1) for jpetwreen 8) md 5 F- EO 3.4.8.1) 7 (J for shove 8, r In Equations 3.4.8.1(1) to (3): nF A = the effective length factor by rational analysis. k shall be taken lorger than or equal to unity unless rational analysis justifies a smaller value L_ = the unsupported length 7 = the radius of gyration of the column about the axis of buckling 3.4.8.2 Sections not subject to torsional or torsional-flexural buckling For closed cross-sections and other sections that are not subject to torsional or torsional-flexural kL buckling, = shall be the largest slenderess ratio for flexural buckling of the column. COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) a ASINZS 16642:1997 3.48.3 Doubly or singly symmetric sections subject to torsional or torsional-flexural buckling For doubly or singly symmetric sections subject to torsional or torsional- flexural buekting 4 shall be the larger of the largest slendemess ratio for Mexural buckling and the equivalent slendemess ratio determined for torsional-flexural buckling as follows: (| -]z 3.48301) rh \F whore F, is the elastic critical stress determined as follows: For torsional buckling F.= Fy + 3:4.8.3(2) For torsional-flexural buckling: 1| (a FEEL . Fo Lue + ey - (> Bl + 34.8308) oo plhen * Fa) — Va Fad = ABR Fy 30) Alternatively, for torsional-flexural buckling, a conservative estimate of F, shall be permitted to be obtained as follows: FP, Fee 34830) In Equations 3.4.8.3(1) to (4) x-axis is the centroidal symmetry axis A = full cross-sectional area C, = torsional warping constant of the eross-section E = compressive modulus of elasticity (See Table 3.3(A)) a WE 1 mEC, Py = Jes Ar,| CLF G = shear modulus = 3/8 E J = torsion constant k, = effective length coefficient for buckling about the x-axis k “effective length coefficient for torsional buckling. £, shall be taken larger than or equal to unity unless rational analysis justifies a smaller value 1 unbraced length for twisting I, = unbraced length for bending about the x-exis , aye polar radius of gyration of the cross-section about the shear centre COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 8 ToT = radii of gyration of the cross-section about the centroidal principal axes x, = x-coordinate of the shear centre = (lr? 3.4.8.4 Nonsymmetric sections subject to torsional or torsional-flexural bucking For kL honsymmetrie section subject to torsional or torsional-flexural buckling “4 shall be determined by rational analysis, 3.4.9 Uniform compression in components of columns—buckling axis 3.4.9.1 Uniform compression in components of columns whose buckling axis is an axis of symmetry—flat plates supported along one edge Calculation is as follows: @ #7 3.4.9.1) for b/t less than stenderness limit S, w) 5 10,2) 6 34.9.10) for b/t between S, and S, ©) F, ky8 3.4.9.1(3) oF ~ SE 42. (sb) “ for b/1 greater than S;. In Equations 3.4.9(1) to (3): Ss = b= distance from unsupported edge of clement to toc of the fillet or bend, except if the inside corner radius exceeds 4 times the thickness; then the inside radius shall be assumed equal to 4 times the thickness in calculating 6. Plate width A is illustrated in Figure 3.4.9.2. 3.4.9.2 Uniform compression in components of columns whose buckling axis is not an axis of symmetry—flat plates supported along one edge Calculation is a8 follows. ) fo 3.4.9.2) i Fn, * for b/t less than slenderness limit S,, ® £,-4 (2,-s10,4) 3.4.9.22) for B/t between S, and S, COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) 2» ASINTS 1664.2:1997 @ -#- PF _ 3.4.9.2) (5.1 iO? for b/t greater than S,, In Equations 3.4.9.2(1) to (3): = s, - b= distance from unsupported edge of element to toe of the fillet or bend, except if the inside corner radius exceeds 4 times the thickness; then the inside radius shall be assumed equal to 4 times the thickness in calculating . Plate width 6 ig illustrated in Figure 3.4.9.2 NOTE: If the inside commer radius exceeds 4 times the thickness then the inside radius shell be assumed to be ‘equal te 4 times the thickness in cafoulating FIGURE 3.4.9.2 FLAT PLATES SUPPORTED ALONG ONE EDGE copyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 20 3.4.10 Uniform compression in components of columns, gross section —flat plates 3.4.10.1 Uniform compression in components of columns, gross section—flat plates with both edges supported Calculation is as follows: BS. 34.10.11 @ F, kn, a) for b/t less than slonderness limit §, OR ze 0,2] ++ 34.10.12) for bf between S, and 5 o) se 3.4.10.1(3) © 7AU6BI @ for b/t greater than S,. In Equations 3.4.10.1(1) to (3) Ss, kB Ss ‘3 TéD, b= distance between the te of the fillet or bends, If the inside comer radius exceeds 4 times the thickness then the inside radius shall be assumed equal to 4 times the thickness in calculating b. Plate width is illustrated in Figure 3.4.10.1 3.4.10.2 Uniform compression in components of columns—flat plates with one edge supported and other edge with stiffener ‘The following shall apply when D/b © 0.8: F, Fy 3.4.10.2(1) ‘ ee . OR = Fat (Pr FR SFr os 3.4.10.2(2) For a simple straight lip stiffener of constant thickness, F, shall not exceed the allowable stress for the stiffener according to Clause 3.4.9.1. In Equations 3.4.10.2(1) and (2) D, is as defined in Figures 3.4.10.2(A) and (B) Fa, = allowable stress according to Clause 3.4.9.1, neglecting the stiffener Fe, = allowable stress according to Clause 3.4.10.1 R= ratio to be determined as follows: R10 for A/t < SI3 34.10.20) 1.0 for S/3< BASS 2 3.4.10.2(4) coPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNNVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ey ASINZS 1664.:1997 £10 for 28> ha>S ++ 3.4.10.2(5) NOTE: If the inside comer radius exceeds 4 times the thickness then the inside radius shall he assumed to be equal 10 4 times the thickness in ealeulating h FIGURE 3.4.10.1 FLAT PLATES WITH BOTH EDGES SUPPORTED where = radius of gyration of the stiffener determined as follows + for simple straight lip stiffeners of constant thickness similar to that shown in Figure 3.¢.10,2(A), r, shall be ealeulated as— sin ne 34.10.26) va + for other types of stiffeners, such as shown in Figure 3.4.10.2(3), 7, shall be caleulated about the mid-thickness of the flange being stiffened s = 19 |= 3.4.10.2(7) b= distance from unsupported edge of the element to toe of the fillet ot bend. If the inside comer radius exceeds 4 times the thickness then the inside radius shall be assumed equal to 4 times the thiekness in calculating 6. Plate width b is illustrated in Figures 3.4.10.2(A) and (B) copyricHt‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 2 NOTE: If the inside comer radius exceeds 4 times the thickness thea the inside radius shall be assumed ta be equal to 4 times the thickaess in ealeulating b FIGURE 3.4.10.2(A) EDGE STIFFENED ELEMENTS Stiftener is | cross-hatched for column for beam NOTE: If the inside comer radius excoeds 4 times the thickness then the inside radius shall be assumed to be ‘equal to 4 times the thickness in calculating 6 FIGURE 3.4.10.2(B) EDGE STIFFENED ELEMENTS 3.4.10.3 Uniform compression in components of columns supported and with an intermediate stiffener Calculation i @ #+ae 3.4.10.3(1) -flat plates with both edges is follows: for A, less than slenderness limit 5, F,- 1jz,-pa) «3.4,10.32) for A, between 5, and S,. COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) 2 ASINZS 1664::1997 @ - TE +. .3.4.1038) age for values of A, greater than 8}, The allowable stress F, obtained above shall not be more than the allowable stress accordingly to Clause 3.4.10. for the component plate elements of the intermediately stiffened element. The allowable stress F, obtained above shall not be less than that determined according to Clause 3.4.10.1 ignoring the intermediate stiffener In Equations 3.4.10.3(1) to (3): A, = area of the stiffener J, = moment of inertia of @ section comprising the stiffener and one half of the width of the adjacent plate elements and the transition comers between them taken about the centroidal axis of the section parallel to the flat plate clement that is stiffened (Figure 3.4.10.3). 3.4.10.3(4) 3.4.10.3(8) Ay a ++ 34.10.36) 10.677, ar 3.4.11 Uniform compression in components of columns, gros section—curved plates supported on both edges, walls round or oval tubes Calculation is as follows: F. F, 34.111) OO aa, for Rt below slenderess limit S, 34.112) for R,,'f between S, and 5, COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 ™ NOTES: 1 Line 0-9 is the neutral axis of the stiffener and plate of width 5/2 on each side of the stiffener. J, is the ‘moment of inet af the portion shown in the partial section. 2 Ifthe inside corner radias exceeds 4 times the thickness then the inside radius shall be assumed to be equal to 4 times the thickness in caleulating & FIGURE 3.4103 PLATE ELEMENTS WITH INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS © 34.113) 16m, for R,/t greater than 8, In Equations 3.4.11(1) to (3) Ry mid-thickness radius of round tubular column or maximum mid- thickness radius of oval tubular column nF, ) Kn, caPvRIONT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) Fa ASINZS 1664.2:1997 S = © For tubes with circumferential welds, the equations of this Clause apply for &,/ < 20. 3.4.12 Compression in beams, extreme fibre, gross section—single web beams bent about strong axis: Calculation is as follows F, @ F-2 34.121) My for Ly/r, below slenderness limit S,. DAL, ® F- fn pe) 2+ 34.1202) for Ly/r, between S, and S;, for Ly/7, greater than S,. In Equations 3.4.12(1) to (3) 3.4.12) 1.208, ~ F, se (B,~ F) Do % 12¢, = radius of gyration of a beam (about axis parallel to web). (For beams that are unsymmetrical about the horizontal axis, r, shall be calculated as though both flanges were the same as the compression flange) 1, = length of the beam between bracing points or between a brace point and the free end of a cantilever beam, Bracing points are the points at which the compression flange is restrained against lateral movement or ovisting ‘The effect of the variation of the moment in the span is accounted for by replacing Z, by L,{YG, in the equations and limits specified in this Clause 4.9.5.1 ‘A mote accurate value of F, is obtained by replacing », by the effective value denoted r,, given in Clause 4.9.1 Clause. ‘The values of Cy a given in 3.4.13 Compression in beams, extreme fibre, gross scction—round or oval tubes Calculation is as follows LIE, @ Fo 3.4.13(1) for R,/t below slendemne: 3.4.13) for Rit between S, and S, COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 26 (©) For Rt values greater than S,, the allowable bending stress shall be determined from the formulas for tubes in compression in Clouse 3.4.11 using the formula that is appropriate for the particular value of Ry! In Equations 3.4.13(1) and (2) R, ~ mid-thickness radius of curvature of tubular elements 5 = (Boo bIPy Dy For tubes with circumferential welds, the equations of this Clause apply for Ry/t < 20. 3.4.14 Compression in beams, extreme fibre, gross section—solid rectangular and round section beams Calculation is as follows: 130F, @ F- o 3.4.14(1) alk for solid round seetion beams of any length end for retanguler seetion with © | > below slenderness limit ©) 3.4.14) d |b for rectangular sections with 2 | “© between S, and 5,. 7 © f+ 3.4.14) Ta 5.29n{4 ela ¥ a4, for reotongulor svetions with 2 | —* values greater than S;, Na In Equations 3.4.14(1) to (3): d= depth of section or beam Ly = length of the beam between bracing points or between a brace point and the free end of a cantilever beam. Bracing points are the points at which the compression flange is restrained against lateral movement or twisting 4, 1K, 23D, oe ee COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) 7 ASINZS 1668.2:1997 The effect of the variation of the moment in the span is accounted for by replacing L, by L(G, in the equations and limits specified in this Clause, The values of G, are given in Clause 4.9.5 3.4.15 Compression in beams, extreme fibre, gross section—rectangular tubes, box seetions and beams having sections containing tubular portions Calculation is as follows: F. @ Ao 22-3415) tO) 3.4.13(2) © 3.4.15) LE, for “SX greater than S; osyts In Equations 3.4.15(1) to G) 1, ~ moment of inertia of a beam about axis parallel to web J = torsion constant L, = length of the beam between bracing points or between a brace point and the fice end of a cantilever beam, Bracing points are the points at which the compression flange is restrained against lateral movement or iwisting s+ Prax] [3] ‘The effect of the variation of the moment in the span is accounted for by replacing L,, by L(G, in the equations and limits specified in this Clause, The values of G, are given in Clause 4.9.5 ‘A more accurate value of F, is obtained by using the equations in Clause 3.4.12 and replacing r, by the effective value denoted r,. given in Clause 4.9. {LJ is permitted to be replaced by £, For narrow rectangular tubes 0.5 COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guarantoad when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 38 3.4.16 Compression in components of beams (component under uniform compression), gross section—flat plates supported along one edge Calculation is as follows: 3.4.16(1) 3.4.16(2) for b/t between S, and Sy, or - Se 34.1603) 27 GIB -- 34166) for b/t greater than S, In Equations 3.4.16(1) to (3): 3, = 5S; 4 = distance from unsupported edge of clement to toc of the fillet or bend, except if the inside corner radius exceeds 4 times the thickness; then the inside radius shall be assumed equal to 4 times the thickness in calculating 5. Plate width h is illustrated in Figure 3.4.9.2. 3.4.17 Compression in components of beams (component under uniform compression), gross section—flat plates with both edges supported Calculation is as follows: @® A 34.1701) for b/t below slenderness limit 5, m Re ta vo (*] 34.1702) for b/t between S, and 5, i) F ABE 3.4.173) oe NE wo 7, (165) “ for b/¢ greater than S,. In Equations 3.4.17(1) to (3): COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) & = distance between the te of the fillets or bends. If the inside corner radius exceeds 4 times the thickness then the inside radius shall be assumed equal to 4 times the thickness in calculating h. Plate width 6 is. illustrated in Figure 3.4.10.1. 3.4.18 Uniform compression in components of beams—curved plates with both edges supported Calculation is as follows LITE, @® Fe oo 34,180) for R,/ below slenderness limit R, 3,-D, 3.4.18(2) for Ry/1 between S, and S,, @ F-—_7F 34.183) lf F for Ry/t greater than 5). In Equations 3.4,18(1) to (3): R, = radius of curvature to mid-thickness of section 5, : ee C, can be found from a plot of the curves of allowable stress for values of R/b less than, and greater than 5, or by a trial and error solution. For tubes with circumferential welds, the equations of this Clause apply for R,!b < 20. 3.4.19 Uniform compression in components of beams—flat plates with one edge supported and other edge with stiffener The following shall apply when D/b < 0.8: = 3.4.19(0) or Po= Foy + Boy — Pur SF, 34.192) For a simple straight lip edge stiffener of constant thickness, F, shall not exceed the allowable stress for the stiffener according to Clause 3.4.9. In Equations 3.4,19(1) to (3): D, = defined in Figures 3.4.10.2(A) and (B) Fy, = allowable stress according to Clause 3.4.16, neglecting the stiffener Fs. to Clause 3.4.17 R allowable stress accordit ratio to be determined as follows: R=10 for hit <8i3 COPYRIGHT ° ASINZS 1664::1997‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 40 R=" 10 for Si bess 15S 45 s r, = Radius of gyration of the stiffener determined as follows: * for simple straight lip stiffeners of constant thickness similar to that shown in Figure 3.4.10.2(A), r, shall be calculated as dsin® ne v3 + for other type stiffeners, r, shall be calculated about the mid-thickness of the flat plate clement being stiffened Ss =ta- (2 N Fy 4 = distance from unsupported edge of clement to toe of the fillet or bend, except if the inside corner radius exceeds 4 times the thickness; then the inside radius shall be assumed equal to 4 times the thickness in calculating 6. Plate widih b is illustrated in Figure 3.4.10.1 3.4.20 Uniform compression in components of beams—flat plates with both edges supported and with an intermediate stiffener Calculation is as follows (a) ~ 34.200) for A, less than slenderness limit 5, (b tera) - 3.4.20(2) for Ay a S, and S, © R- #E 3.4.20(3) ae for , greater than S,. The allowable stress #, obtained above shall not be more then the allowable stress according to Clause 34.17, for the component plate elements of the intermediately stiffened element The allowable stress F, obtained above shall not be less than that determined according to Clause 3.4.17, ignoring the intermediate stiffener or component elements of the stiffener In Equations 3.4.20{1) to (3) A, ~ area of the stiffener J, ~ moment of inertia of @ section comprising the stiffener and one half of the width of the adjacent plate clements and the transition comers between them taken about the centroidal axis of the section parallel to the flat plate element that is stiffened (Figure 3.4.10.3) capyRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) 41 ASINTS 1668.2:1997 3.4.20(4) 3.4.20(5) 3.4.20(6) arn OP Vo ae 3.4.21 Compres components of beams (component under bending in own plane), gross section—flat plates with compression edge free, tension edge supported Calculation is as follows: 13Fy @ Fe 3.4.21(1) for b/t below slenderness limit S, (be) R= [a. -3 so,(*] 3.4.21(2) for b/t between §, and 5, () Fe 3.42103) nBSbIF for b/t greater than 5, In Equations 3.4.21(1) to (3) B,, ~ 13F. 5, a 33D, c. 5 oe a5 3.4.22 Compression in components of beams (component under bending in own plane), gross section—flat plates with both edges supported Calculation is as follows: 13K, (a) = wi 3.4.22(1) % for h/t below slenderess limit 5). b) = ‘fa.-os0,(4] 2244222) 2, for h/t between S, and S,. Ky BE ) F.- = 3.4.22(3) (0-67 hit) for h/t greater than S,, COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 2 In Equations 3.4.22(1) to (3): fk = clear web height (shown in Figure 3.4.2) B, -13Fy TD, - FB ~ W67D, FIGURE 3.4.22 DIMENSIONAL NOTATION 3.4.23 Compression in components of beam (component under bending in own plane), gross section—flat_ plates with horizontal stiffener, both edges supported The following shall apply for stiffeners located at 0.4 d; from the flange as shown in Figure 3.4.23. 13F, @ Fe 3.4.23(1) for h/t below slenderness limit 5, w A= thoaso sana) 7 for Iv between S, and S,. KBE © + Ter 3.4.23(3) for ivt greater than S, In Equations 3.4.23(1) to (3) 5 k= clear web height (shown in Figure 3.4.23) d, ~ clear distance from the neutral axis to the compression flange (shown in Figure 3.4.23) COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) 48 ASINZS 1668.2:1997 FIGURE 3.423 DIMENSIONS h AND d, 3.4.24 Shear in wobs—unstiffened flat webs Calculation is as follows: @ 3.4.24(1) for h/t below slenderness limit 5 w A -2 [s,-1250, (] 3.4.24(2) 7 for h/t between S, and S, Bi- —PE _ 3.4.24(3) mf 25 Aly for h/t greater than S,, In Equations 3.4.24(1) to 3 (e) h clear web height (shown in Figure 3.4.23) @ F,=— 3.4.25(1) for a/t below slenderness limit 5, | [ } - 1)a,- 1.250, 3.4.25(2) 5 7 for a/t between 5, and S, () Fee. _ 3.4.25) ) 8 nasa COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 “# for a,jt greater than S, In Equations 3.4.25(1) to GB) a 4, = shorter dimension of rectangular panel 4, = longer dimension of rectangular panel ny 5 “ 1.25D, = & Ts COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) 45 ASINTS 1664.21997 SECTION 4 SPECIAL DESIGN RULES 4.1 COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING 4.1.1 Combined compression and bending A member subjected to axial compression and bending moment loads shall be proportioned in accordance with the following two formulas (both equations must be checked): F nln _ + Sots ig 1.0 4110) Fy AIF) FyO- FTF) A fate e100 + 411Q) When fF, < 0.15, the following Equation 4.1.1(3) shall be permitted to be used in lieu of Equations 4.1.1(1) and 4.1.1(2): fay fas So 1.0 4.1.18) Fy Fy. Ff, In Equations 4.1.1(1), (2) and (3), the subseripts x and y, combined with subscripts b, m and ¢, indicate the axis of bending about which a particular stress or design parameter applies, and the following apply: f, = average compressive stress on cross-section produced by the compressive load f, = maximum compressive bending stress produced by the transverse loads and/or end moments = allowable compressive stress for member considered as axially loaded column according either to Clauses 3.4.8 to 3.4.11 or to Clause 4.7.2 F, = allowable compressive stress for member considered as @ beam according either to Clauses 3.4.12 to 3.4.23 or to Clause 4.7.2 Cy = 0.6 = 0.4(M,/M,) for members whose ends are prevented from swaying; or 0.85 for members whose ends are not prevented from swaying M\/M, = ratio of end moments where M, is the larger of the two end moments and M)M, is positive when the member is bent in reverse curvature, negative when bent in single curvature F,, = allowable compressive stress of an axially loaded member considered as a short column according 10 Clause 4.7.2 without consideration of Clause 3.4.8 F, = elastic buckling stress divided by n, = _€E KLE 7 = radius of gyration about the bending axis ZL = unsupported length in the plane of bending k = effective length factor in the plane of bending, COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 46 4.1.2. Combined tension and bending A member subjected to axial tension and bending shall be proportioned in accordance with the formula: fs tay for eio 641.200) F oe Py In Equation 4.1.2(1), the subseripts x and y, combined with the subscript b, indicate the axis of bending about which a particular stress or design parameter applics, and— J, = average tensile stress on cross section produced by the tensile load A. = maximum tensile bending stress produced by the transverse loads or end ‘moments, or both = allowable tensile stress for the member considered as a beam according to Clauses 3.4.3 to 3.4.5 and 4.7.3, F, = allowable tensile stress for the member considered loaded only axially according to Clause 3.4.2 4.2 TORSION AND SHEAR IN TUBES Allowable shear stresses in round or oval tubes due to torsion or transverse shear loads shall be determined from Clause 3.4.24 with the ratio h/t replaced by the equivalent It given by the following ; if 14 Equivalent = 2.9 |" 42) 1 R, = outside radius of round tube or maximum outside radius of oval tube 1 = thickness of tube where L, ~ length of tube between circumferential stiffeners 4.3 TORSION AND BENDING IN OPEN SHAPES. ‘The stresses in open sections caused by torsion due to twisting moments applied directly or due to lateral loads or supports not in the plane of the shear centre of open sections shall inelude shear, flexural and warping stresses. The stresses thus computed plus those due to bending shall not exceed the appropriate allowable stress for the type of stress in the element considered. 4.4 COMBINED SHEAR, COMPRESSION AND BENDING Allowable combinations of shear, compression and bending shall be determined from either of the following formul: (a) For wall of curved surfaces or round tubular members: 440) (b) For webs of rectilinear shapes, plates of built-up girders or similar members: fk “ In Equations 4.4(1) and (2): f, = average compressive stress produced by axial compressive load F, ', = allowable compres ive stress for members subjected to compression only copyRiaHt‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) a ASINZS 1664::1997 maximum bending stress (compression) produced by applied bending moment F, = allowable bending stress (compression) for members subjected to bending only J, = shear stress caused by torsion or transverse shear loads allowable shear stress for members subjected only to torsion or shear > 1 4.5 HORIZONTAL STIFFENERS FOR WEBS If a horizontal stiffener is used on @ beam web, it shall be located so that the distance from the toc of the compression flange to the centroid of the stiffener is 0.4 of the distance from the toe of the compression flange to the neutral axis of the beam. The horizontal stiffener shall have a moment of inertia, about the web of the beam, not less than that given by the expression = o.020fth} 1). SATIS) yg 45a soap] “sy Ay, = gtoss area of cross-section of horizontal stiffener 7 = compressive stress at toe of flange A = clear height of web between flanges J, = moment of inertia of the horizontal stiffener. For a stiffener consisting of equal members on both sides of the web, the moment of inertia J, shall be the sum of the moments of inertia about the centreline of the web. For a stiffener consisting of a member on one side only, the moment of inertia shall be taken about the face of the web in contact with the sti 5 = distance between vertical stiffeners 1 = thickness of web = 1, for stiffener consisting of equal members on both sides of the web = 3,5, for stiffener consisting of member on only one side of web 4.6 VERTICAL STIFFENERS FOR SHEAR WEBS _Stiffeners applied to beam webs to resist shear buckling shall have a moment of inertia not less than the value given by the following expressions AGH, Vi?/ 6 450) Eh 5 0.0730, Vi S04, Ao fas 4. Frosh a) 6(2) f= clear height of web ” 04, = moment of inertia of stiffener nn, = factor of salety on appearance of buckling from Table 3.4(A) 5 = stiffener spacing V = shear foree on wah at stiffener location COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 4 When a stiffener is composed of a pair of members, one on each side of the web, the stiffener spacing s shall be the clear distance between the pairs of stiffeners. When a stiffener is composed of a member on one side only of the web, the stiffener spacing s shall be the distance between rivet lines or other connecting lines. For a stiffener composed of members of equal size on each side of the web, the moment of inertia of the stiffener shall be computed about the centreline of the web. For a stiffener composed of a member on one side only of the web, the moment of inettia of the stiffener shall be computed about the face of the web in contact with the stiffener. In the determination of the required moment of inertia of stiffeners, the distance A shall always be taken as the full clear height of the web regardless of whether or not a horizontal stiffener is present. Stiffeners shall extend from flange to flange but need not be connceted to either flange. Unless the outer edge of a stiffener is continuously stiffened, its thickness shall not be less than 1/12th the clear width of the outstanding leg. Vertical stiffeners shall, where possible, be placed in pairs at end bearings and at points of support of concentrated loads. They shall be connected to the web by cnough rivets, or other means, to transmit the load. Such stiffeners shall be fitted to form a tight and uniform bearing against the loaded flanges, unless welds, designed to transmit the full reaction or load, are provided between flange and stiffener, Only that patt of o stiffener cross-section which lies outside the fillet of the flange angle shall be considered as effective in bearing, The moment of inertia of the bearing stiffener shall be not less than that given by the following expression: Phin, h=1+ 4.603) we where E_ = compressive modulus of elasticity A = clear height of web between flanges J, = required moment of inertia of bearing stiffener J, = moment of inertia required to resi shear buckling in. = factor of safety P= concentrated load on stiffener 4.7. EFFECTS OF LOCAL BUCKLING ON MEMBER PERFORMANCE 4.7.1, Local buckling stresses Local buckling stress shall be calculated, using the critical stresses, F,, given in Table 4.7.1. For eases not covered in Table 4.7.1, the value of F,, shall be determined using the expression for F, in the appropriate subclause of Ctawe 24 fr the ase > 8, wit norm taken 81.8 COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ” TABLE 4.7.1 LOCAL BUCKLING STRESS Local buckling stress, Ctanse 3A9.1 and 3.4.16 ae Sin 34.101, 34.17 ee Wane 34.1022 and 3.4.19 an F-_*e Tata aaxs ne ee "wane 4.7.2 Weighted average allowance compressive stress 4.7.2.1 Compression members The allowable compressive siress for the section 2s a whole shall be the weighted average allowable stress for the individual elements, where the allowable stress for cach clement is weighted in accordance with the ratio of the arca of the clement to the total area of the section. The allowable stress in the elements being stiffened shall not exceed the allowable stress, in an intermediate stiffener or an edge stiffener. The allowable compressive stress for the section as a whole used as a column shall not exceed that given by Clause 3.4.8 4.7.2.2 Beams The allowable compressive stress for a beam flange shall be the weighted average allowable compressive stress of the compression flange, where the allowable stress for cach element of the compression flange is weighted in accordance with the ratio of the area of each element to the area of the compression flange, ‘The beam flange shall be considered 10 consist of the actual flange plus the flange edge or intermediate stiffener if either is present and one third of the compression portion of the web or webs. ‘The allowable stress in the elements being stiffened shall not exceed the allowable stress in an intermediate stiffener or an edge stiffener The allowable compressive stress for the section as a whole used as @ beam must not exceed that given by Clause 3.4.12 or 3.4.15, 4.7.3. Weighted average allowable tensile stress The allowable tensile stress for a beam flange shall be the weighted average allowable tensile stress of the tensile flange where the allowable stress for cach clement of the tensile flange is weighted in accordance with the ratio of the area of each element to the area of the tensile flange. The beam flange shall be considered to consist of the actual flange plus the flange edge or intermediate stiffener if either is present and one third of the tension portion of the web or webs. COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 50 4.7.4 Effect of local buckling on column strength An additional limitation shall be placed on the allowable stress for columns in which local buckling of the eross-section occurs at a stress that is less than the calculated flexural buckling stress of the column, assuming that the clements are not buckled. The allowable stress shall not excced the value given by: p= Fd, a 474(1) for Fin, < F, 4.7412) where F, = allowable stress for column given in Clause 3.4.8 F,, = element local buckling stress given in Clause 4.7.1 Fp, = RE Lie F,. = allowable stress for column with buckled elements The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress for the section given in Clause 4.7.2. 4.7.5 Effect of local buckling on beam strength The allowable compressive bending stress shall be reduced for single web beams whose flanges consist of thin, flat clements, supported on one edge and in which local buckling of the cross-section occurs at a stress that is less than the lateral buckling stress of the beam, calculated assuming that the elements are not buckled. The allowable stress shall not exceed the value given by = FNtea 4750) for —£ < F, + 47.5) n, where F, = allowable stress for beam given in Clause 3.4.12 or Clause 4.9 F,, = clement local buckling stress given in Clause 4.7.1 F, = elastic lateral buckling stress of beam calculated using Equation 3.4.12) and Clause 4.9 with », = 1.0 F = allowable stress for beam with buckled elements The allowable stress also shall not exceed the allowable stress for the section given in Clause 4.7.2. 4.7.6 Effective width for calculation of bending deflection Where deflection at design loads needs to be calculated, the effective width concept shall be used to determine an effective section for the moment of inertia in deflection calculations, For seetions containing elements covered in Clauses 3.4.16, 3.4.17, 3.4.22 and 3.4.23 with bit or h/t values exceeding 1.65 S, and elements covered in Clauses 3.4.19 and 3.4.20 with F, R, 2 150 mm © 8 150 mm > R, > 50 mm D a Base metal at dotall atacbed by groove welds or fillet ‘welds subject to longitudinal loading, with transition radi i any, less than $0 mms: 50/mm Sas 124 o¢ 100 mm D 4 > 12h or 100mm B 14, 19, 20 where 4= detail dimension parallel t the ditection of stress ‘b= detail dimension normal to the direction of sess and the surface of the base metal Base metal at 2 detail of any Tength alached by fillet welds ‘or partial-peneiration groove welds ia the direction perallet to the stress, when the detail embodies @ transition radius, Rot les thas 50 mm ard weld termination ground stiooth: R260 mm B 6 610 mam >, 2 150 mm c 16 30 mm > &, 2 $0 mm D 6 ase metal a s detail attached hy groove welds ar fillet © 19 welds, where the detail dimension parallel 10 the ditection of sitess, a, i less than $0 me * Sco Table 482, All stresses are T and Rev., where ‘T” signifies range in tensile sess only; “Rev signifies {range involving reversal of tensile or compressive stress; excep! Category F where stress range is in shear including shear siness reverse! 4 Sce Figure 4.8.1. These examples are provided as guidelines and are not intended to exclude other reasonably similar situations + Tensile stresses are considered to be positive and compressive stresses are considered to be negative COPYRIGHTASINZS 164.2197 10 1 1 (impart) FATIGUE DESIGN DETAILS wy 4 ep j 6 FIGURE 4.8.1 (powud uoyw peowevens you fovaurs juoundeq) $402 40 52 US VINYASVL 40 ALSYSAINN fa possosoy copyRicHt‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 25 Feb 2014 (Document curency net guaransed wien printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 56 ye. weld Z ~~ sy V | ‘a cre so mm \\ x Do 7 a. Y > £ mf | 8 16 Sf Groove or filet weld FS 2 Vf SSE v FIGURE 4.8.1 (in part) FATIGUE DESIGN DETAILS copyRicHt‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 (Document currency nat cuarantoad when printed) 3 TABLE 48.2 CONSTANTS FOR S-N CURV! Detail K ™ Fatigue limit, * 5, category} MPa MPa MPa x 65 58s 0 B 300 484 7 € 120 364 2 D 1080 BB 7 E noo 3A a FE 1200 3a B * Fatigue limit is based on N= 5 * 10% + See Table 4.6.1 Variable amplitude fatigue extension ) Constant amplitude fatigue limit 108 5 x 106 CYCLES (Mt FIGURE 4.8.2 SCHEMATIC FATIGUE CURVE 4.9 COMPRESSION IN SINGLE WEB BEAMS AND BEAMS HAVING SECTIONS CONTAINING TUBULAR PORTIONS 4.9.1 General The value of r, in Clause 3.4.12 shall be permitted to be replaced by an effective r, denoted r,, given in Clauses 4.9.2 to 4.9.4. Sections with the tension flange partially or fully braced and with the compression flange laterally unbraced shall be permitied to be designed using 2 rational method of analysis 4.9.2 Doubly symmetric sections and sections. symmetric about the bending axis For checking beam séctions at brace or support points or between brace or support points of beam spans subjected to end moment only or to transverse loads applied at the neutral axis of the beam, the following shall apply: 149.201) coPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 s For checking beam spans between brace or support points of beams subjected to transverse loads applied on the top or bottom flange (where the load is free to move laterally with the beam if the beam buckles), the following shall apply AL, 1.28 + 0,152 2] 4.9.22) Za The minus sign in front of the term ‘0.5” shall be used when the load is on a flange acting towards the shear centre; the plus sign shall be used when the load is on a flange acting away from the shear centre. Tn Equations 4.9.2(1) and (. y-axis is the centroidal symmetry or principal axis such that the tension flange has a positive coordinate and bending is about the x-axis C, = bending coefficient dependent on moment gradient. The values of C, are given in Clause 4.9.5 ra 7 effective radius of gyration J, = moment of inertia of beam about axis parallel to web Z, = section modulus of beam, compression side J = torsion constant of beam. For non-tubuler open sections an approximate value of J shall be calculated by assuming the section to be composed of rectangles and letting J equal the sum of the terms 6/3 for each rectangle where b is the larger dimension. The term for each rectangle whose b/t radio is less than 10 shall be computed by the expression (1/3 ~ 0.24) bt? For sections containing open parts and tubular portions, J shall be taken as the sum of J for the open parts and the tubular parts = effective length coefficient for compression flange about the y-axis, k, shall be permitted to be taken as 1.0. If k, less than 1.0 is used then G, shall be taken as 1.0 L, ~ length of the beam between bracing points or between a brace point and the free end of a canlilever beam. Bracing points are the points at which the compression flange is restrained against lateral movement or twisting d= depth of beam 4.9.3 Singly symmetric seetions unsymmetric about the bending axis For 2 beam that is unsymmetrical about the bending axis, the 7,, in Clause 4.9.2 is calculated by taking /,, Z, and J as though both flanges were the same as the compression flange with the overall depth remaining the same, 4.9.4 Singly symmetric sections symmetric or unsymmetric about the bending axis, doubly symmetric sections and sections without an axis of symmetry For a loading that docs not cause torsion or lateral bending a more accurate value of 1,. is determined according to this Clause. If the loading causes torsion and/or lateral bending, warping stress and/or lateral bending flexural stress, the provisions of Clause 4.3 shall apply. 4.9.40) COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) s ASINTS 1668.21997 where M, = the clastic critical moment determined as follows: = " 4.9.4(2) Gar, |u + | ved 1 F M, for cantilever beams shall be determined by rational analysis unless the free end is braced or if the beam loading is covered in Clause 4.9.4. References for rational analysis are given in the Commentary (see AS 1664.2 Supplement 1). In Equations 4.9.4(1) and (2) y-axis is the centroidal symmetry or principal axis such that the tension flange has a Positive y-coordinate and bending is about the x-axis A full cross-sectional area Cy Cand C, = coefficients to be taken from Clause 4.9.5, or, for cases not covered in Clause 4.9.5, determined by rational analysis CG = torsional warping constant of the cross-section Ez compressive modulus of elasticity (see Table 3.3(A)}) by - K - G shear modulus £ distance from the shear centre to the point of application of the load. To be token as + when the load is applied directed avey from the shear centre and — when the load is directed towards the shear centre, Where there is no transverse load (pure moment cases) g= 0 & = moment of inertia of the section about the y axis ae = torsion constant (see definition in Clause 4.9.2) = 1 fs dial j ale dat fy aA\-y, 49.43) For doubly symmetrie I sections, j = 0 For singly symmetric sections j shall be permitted to be approximated as 1 4) osa,|2-2— 1/1 | 25 49MM) In this equation J, is the moment of inertia of the compression flange taken about the y-axis, 1, and J, are the moments of inertia of the entire section about the x- and y-axes and d, is the distance between the flange centroids or for T-seetions d, is the distance between the flange centroid and the tip of the stem copyRiGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 o For singly symmetric 1 sections where the smaller flange is not ess than 80 percent of the area of the larger flange j shall be permitted to be taken as -y, ‘ = effective length coefficient for compression flange about the axis, ky shall be taken as 1.0. If &, less than 1.0 is used then shall be taken as 1.0 % = effective length for twisting. It is taken conservatively as the unbraced length polar radius of gyration of the cross-seetion about the shear centre ity actual radii of gyration of the cross-section about the centroidal principal axes section modulus for the extreme compression fibre for bending about the x-axis v =eg hoy 1 4.9.408) x = x-coordinate of the shear centre Yo = y-coordinate of the shear centre 4.9.8 Lateral buckling coefficients 4.9.5.1 General For cases not covered in Clauses 4.9.5.4 and 4.9.5.5, coefficients C,, C; and C; shall be determined as specified in Clause 4.9.5.2 or Clause 4.9.5.3. 4.9.5.2. Doubly symmetric sections For doubly symmetric sections, coefficients shall be determined as follows: M, 12.5 Myaax D5Myag + 3M, + 4M, + OM 495.1) Myax = absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced beam segment M, = absolute value of moment at quarter-point of the unbraced beam segment My = absolute value of moment at mid-point of the unbraced beam segment Mc = absolute value of moment at three-quarter-point of the unbraced beam segment G, values for doubly symmetric section cantilever beams unbraced at the free end are given in Clause 4.9.5.5. C, values for cantilever beams braced at the free end can be evaluated using Equation 4.9.5.2(1) C,: When the moments vary linearly between the ends of the unbraced segment C, = 0. For some special cases the values of C; are given in Clause 4.9.5.4. For other variations, unless more accurate values are available, C, shall be taken as 0.5 Cy Since j= 0, a value of C, is not needed. COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) or ASINZS 1664::1997 4.9.5.3. Singly symmetric sections For singly symmetric sections, coefficient shall be determined as follows: Gy: For sections with JZ, less than or equal to 0.1 or greater than ot equal to 09G,-10 For sections with /,,//, greater than 0.1 and less than 0.9, the value of C, shall be determined according fo Equation 4.9.3.2(1). When My,x produces compression on the larger flange and the smaller flange is also subjected to compression in the unbraced length, then the member shall be checked at the location of Muay a8 well as at the location where the smaller flange is subjected to its maximum compression. G, at the location of Muy shall be calculated using Equation 4.9.5.2(1). C, for the location where the smaller flange is subjected to its maximum compression shall be taken as 1.67 Cy: When the moments vary linearly between the ends of the unbraced segment C, = 0 For some special cases the values of C, are given in Clause 4.9.5.4. For other cases ; shall be determined by rational analysis. When the moments vary linearly between the ends of the unbraced segment C; For some special cases the valucs of C, are given in Clause 4.9.5.4, For other cases G, shall be determined by rational analysis, 4.9.8.4 Special cases—doubly or singly symmetric sections For simply supported beams with loadings listed as follows, the following C,, C, and C, values shall be used, except for sections with Z/f, less than or equal to 0.1 or greater than or equal to 0.9 where C, shall be taken as 1.0: (a) Uniformly distributed load over the entire span C= 1.13, C, = 0.41 Cy C,=0.47 G, (b) One concentrated loud placed at a distance aZ from one of the ends of span G, = 1.75 ~ 1.6a(1 ~ a) 4.9.5.4(1) sin’ 4.9.54(2) 49.543) (©) Two concentrated loads placed symmetrically at a distance al from each end of span Gy = 14280" »49.5.4(8) C= sina 4.9.54(5) a G, a ae,- 4.9.5.4.(0) z 4.95.5 Cantilever beams For cantilever beams braced at the support and unbraced at the free end C, shall be taken as follows: Concentrated load at free end applied at the centroid G,= 1.28, &, = 1.0 Uniform transverse load applied at the centroid 0.0.0. .e ee. C= 2.08, 6, = 1.0 Uniform bending moment ©,- 0.50, k, = 2.1 COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 o 4.10 COMPRESSION IN ELASTICALLY SUPPORTED FLANGES Allowable compressive stresses in elastically supported flanges, such as the compression flange of a standing scam roof or of a hat-shaped beam loaded with the two flanges in compression, shall be determined from Clause 3.4.12 with the following effective value of L,/r, substituted in the formulas for allowable stress: L, £42) Effetive -2.7] g 24.1000) where A, ~ area of compression element (compression flange plus 1/3 of area of web between compression flange and neutral axis) E = compressive modulus of elasticity J,, = moment of inertia of compression element about axis parallel to vertical web B. = spring constant (transverse force applied to the compression flange of the member of unit length divided by the deflection due to the forec) COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) 6 ASINZS 1664::1997 SECTION 5 MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS 5.1 BOLTED AND RIVETED CONNECTIONS, 5.11 General Aluminium alloys used for bolts and rivets shall be those listed in Tables $.1.1(A) and (B). Nuts for 6.4mm bolts and smaller shall be 2024-T4. Nuts for larger diameter bolts shall be alloy 6061-T6 or 6262-T9. Flat washers shall be Alclad 2024-T4, Spring lock washers shall he alloy 7075-16. When specified by the designer, a minimum 0.005 mm thick anodic coating shall be applied to alloy 2024 bolts for additional corrosion resistance 5.1.2 Allowable loads $.1.2.1 General Allowable loads on fasteners that are not specified herein, shall be based on the minimum strengths for the material, alloy and hardness as in the applicable industry Standard or those recommended by the manufacturer, whichever is lower. The allowable loads shall be the smallest of the following: (a) Values recommended by the manufacturer when available. (b) Specified by the appropriate industry Standard when available. (©) Determined by dividing the minimum strength for that material, alloy and hardness by the factor of safety specified in the appropriate industry Standard or that recommended by the manufacturer, whichever is larger, but in no case shall the factor of safety be less than 2.34 for buildings or 2.64 for bridges. 5.1.2.2 Allowable tension loads The allowable tension load on aluminium bolts shall be the root area of the aluminium bolt times the minimum tensile strength for the bolt material divided by the fastener factor of safety of 2.34 for buildings or 2.64 for bridges. Allowable tensile stresses for aluminium fasteners are given in Tables 5.1.2.2(A) and (B}, 5.1.2.3 Allowable shear loads The allowable shear load on aluminium rivets, screws or bolts shall be the effective shear arca of the fastencr times the minimum shear strength of the fastener material divided by the fastener factor of safety of 2.34 for buildings or 2.64 for bridges. Allowable shear stresses for aluminium fasteners are given in Tables §.1,2.2(A), 5.1.2.2(B), 5.1.2.3(A) and 5.1,2.3(B) 5.1.2.4 Allowable hearing loads The allowable bearing load on a rivet, screw or bolt shall be the allowable bearing stress for the material being joined times the effective bearing arca of the fastener, Allowable bearing stresses are specified in Tables 5.1.2.4(A) and (B). The allowable bearing stresses on bolts shall apply to either threaded or unthreaded surfaces. Minimum edge distances are given in Clauses 3.4.6 and 5.1.12. 5.1.3 Effective diameter The effective diameter of rivets shall be taken as the hole diameter, but shall not excced the nominal diameter of the rivet by 4 percent for cold rivets and by 7 percent for hot driven rivets. The effective diameter of bolts shall be taken as the nominel diameter of bolt. 5.14 Shear area The effective shear area of a rivet, sctew or bolt in any shear plane shall be based on the effective diameter except that for bolts with threads included in the shear plane, the effective shear area shall be based on the root diameter. S15 Bearing area The effective bearing area of rivets, screws or bolts shall be the effective diameter multiplied by the length in bearing except that for countersunk rivets and bolts, half of the depth of the countersink shall be deducted from the length COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 “ 5.1.6 Arrangements and strength of connections As far as possible connections shall be arranged so that the centre of resistance of the connection shall coincide with the resultant line of action of the load. Where eccentricity exists, members and conncetions shall be proportioned to take into account any eccentricities of loading at the connections, 5.1.7. Net section The net section of a screwed, riveted or bolted tension member shall be determined as the sum of the net sections of its component parts, The net section of a part is the product of the thickness of the part multiplied by its least net width. The net width for a chain of holes extending across the part in any straight or broken line shall be obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters of all the holes in the chain and adding s*/4g, for each gauge space in the chain, In the correction quantity $°/4g,, 5 denotcs spacing parallel to the direction of the load (pitch) of any two successive holes in the chain, and g, refers to gauge, the spacing perpendicular to the direction of the load of the same holes, The net section of the part shall be obtained from that chain which gives the least net width. The hole diameter to be deducted shall be the actual hole diameter for drilled or reamed holes and the hole diameter plus 0.8 mm for punched holes. TABLE §.1.2.2(A) ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR BOLTS FOR BUILDING TYPE STRUCTURES, saiimum | ABT | saitmum | owabe aney | tsmeend | 2h | ipecea | “tele ae | Ree | meee) SE | scene wee | ea | om na ae 35 | a7 1 mmern | on ve | ws 200 NOTE: Vater wp to citer tre tle or untied bls in Ble ot sore than 1.6 mm oversiesd, TABLE 5.1.2.2(B) ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR BOLTS FOR BRIDGE TYPE STRUCTURES Minimm | MS" [ otsimum ]_Atowaie any | tweet | tt | Speaea | “lente | SE | eres) Eas | ateaen aint, | kenem | eects | ethan | soe ares wer | owes | owes | ute aT BS 9) iw sosiet6 2 ss | 0 ine Minimum expected strength divided by 264, NOTE: Values apply lo either turned bolts or unfinished bolls im holes not more than 1.6 mm oversized, COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) 65 TABLE §.1.2.3(A) ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR RIVETS FOR BUILDING TYPE STRUCTURES ALL RIVETS LISTED BELOW ARE DRIVEN COLD AS RECEIVED came ‘iowa Designation epee ea oven stent nee ra mira Toma a 3 moir-r4 an 4 mints 19 soseane m aeseT61 bs sooi-r6 im 72 7080-17 26 w Minimum expected shear strength Givided by 234 + Also applies to 6061-T6 pins ALLOWABLE STRESSE TABLE §.1. 3(B) FOR RIVETS FOR BRIDGE TYPE STRUCTURES ALL RIVETS LISTED ARE DRIVEN COLD AS RECEIVED Minimam ‘Tilowable Designation expected shear before shear stress on driving strength effective MPa MPa Trova z = 2017-14 27 7 217-14 179 6 5056-132 m “6 6053-161 13s 32 061-76 1m ast 7050-77 es ie [Minimum expected thear Strength Givided by 264 + Also applies 1o 6061-T6 pins COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 66 TABLE 5.1.2.4(A) ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESSES FOR BUILDING TYPE STRUCTURES "alloy ‘Allowable “Alloy “Allowable and Dearing stress and bearing stress temper MPa temper MPa Too 76 EoeTE] 1s “Ha as “a4 136 2014-75 sheet 365 5083-0111 158 7651 plate wm HI116, H321 (5 to 38 rom)* zal 216, T6510, T6SHT extrusions a8 -HI16, 1321 (38 to 76 mmy* 207 16, T6SI rolled bar 365 “HE25 2a sawn tube 1343 216 Alclad 5086-H111 was 2014-76 sheet (up 19 1 many as “HIT? (610 12 eam) BI “15, TOSt shoet plate 358 H1112 (2 to 76 mma) nt 1115, 122 200 3003-4112 » “IB4 24 od 103 “He 131 5454-4111 4 “His M45 12 100 132 186 Alclad a4 207 3003-H12 6 Ha 100 5456-8111 oy “HG ia “Hud 138 “Hs 1 HI116, 11521 (5 to 32 ray 24 +HI16, H321 (32 t0 38 mmy* 221 2004-4132 152 -HI16, 1321 (38 to 76 mmy* 207 #34 16s #36 186 6008-75, 6105-15 24 Alclad 6051-75, T6SI sheet & plate ral 3004-132 as 76, T651, T8510, TSI ars 138 Other products 2 as 165 6 186 (6063-75 (up to 12. mm) 0 -T5 (over 12 mm)* 100 5005.12 93 16 16s a 103 D2 8 6351-75 24 4 100 5050-432 Ho “14 1 7 Thicknestes are given In millimetres To which the allowable sess applies, Where not listed, bearing. stress applies to all thicknesses, NOTES: 1 The allowable bearing stresses re calculated as F;, {rom Toble 3.3(A) divided by 1.65 factor of safety or Fy, divided by 12 * 1.95 = 2.34, whichever is the lesser. 2 Values are bated on edge distanceifastener diameter 22.0 COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) o TABLE §.1.2.4(B) ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESSES FOR BRIDGE TYPE STRUCTURES ‘Allowable bearing sirese Alley and temper ee 3005-2 7 “Hu 93 “16 47 “Hg 124 Alclad 3004-4 14s sns2-t192 145 “aM 165 3083-HILL vas +H16, 1321 (8 10 38, mmy* 200 -HIL6, H321 G8 to 76 mm) 179 “1523 214 “Ha 288 S86-HI18, H32 19 SIS4-H38 207 5456-HII1 138 “H112 was +16, #321 (8 10 32 mm)* 207 -H1016, 1324 2 t0 38 mm) 200 -HIL6, 1321 GS to 76 mm) 19 6003-1, 5103-15 207 6041-76, TOSI sheet & plate 21s 16, T651, T6510 other products 207 6063-15 132 6351-75 207 7 Thicknewcs are given in millimetres to which the allowable Sirs applies. Where not listed, bearing stress applies tall thicknesses, NOTES | The allowable bearing stroscs are ealeulated as F,, from Table 3.3(A) divided by 1.85 factor of safety or, divided by 1.2 ¥ 2.2 ~ 2.64, whichever isthe loser, 2 Values are based on edge distance/fastener diameter 22.0, COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 “ For angles, the gross width shall be the sum of the widths of the legs less the thickness. The gauge for holes in opposite legs shall be the sum of the gauges fram the back of the angles, less the thickness, For splice members, the thickness shall be only that part of the thickness of the member that has been developed by rivets or bolts, beyond the section considered, 5.1.8 Effective sections of angles If a discontinuous angle (single or paired) in tension is connected to one side of a gusset plate, the effective net section shall be the net section of the connected leg plus one-third of the section of the outstanding leg unless the outstanding leg is connected by a lug angle. In the latter case, the effective net section shall be the entire net section of the angle. ‘The lug angle shall be designed to develop at least one-half the total load in the member and shall be connected to the main member by at least two fasteners. For double angles placed back-to-back and connected to both sides of © gusset plate, the effective net section shall be the net section of the connected legs plus two-thirds of the section of the outstanding legs. For intermediate joints of continuous angles, the effective net area shall be the gross seetional area less deductions for holes. 8.1.9 Grip of rivets, screws and bolts If the grip (total thickness of metal being fastened) of rivets, screws or bolts carrying calculated stress exceeds four and one-half times the diameter, the allowable load per rivet, screw or bolt shall be reduced. The reduced allowable load shall be the normal allowable load divided by [1/2*G/(D)] in whieh G, is the grip and D is the nominal diameter of the rivet or bolt. If the grip of the rivet exceeds six times the diameter, special care shall be taken to ensure that holes will he filled completely. 5.1.10 Spacing of rivets, serews and bolts Minimum distance between rivet centres shall be 3 times the nominal rivet diameter; minimum distance of bolt or serew centres shall be 2% times the nominal diameter. In built-up compression members the piteh in the direction of stress shall be such that the allowable stress on the individual outside sheets and shapes, treated as columns having an effective length equal to one half the rivet, screw or bolt pitch, exceeds the calculated stress. The gauge at right angles to the direction of stress shall be such that the allowable stress in the outside sheets, calculated from Clause 3.4.10.1 exceeds the calculated stress. In this case the width 6 in Clause 3.4.10.1 shall be permitted to be taken as 0.8 of the gauge. 5.1.11 Spacing of stitch rivets, screws and bolts in webs Where two or more web plates are in contact, there shall be stitch rivets, serews or bolts to make them act in unison. In compression members, the pitch and gauge of such rivets or bolts shall be determined as outlined in Clause $.1.10. In tension members, the maximum pitch or gauge of such rivets, serews ot bolts shall not excced a distance, equal to 76+ 20r (in millimetres) in which ris the thickness of the outside plates. 5.1.12 Edge distance of rivets, screws or bolts The minimum distance from the centre of rivet, serew or bolt under computed stress to the edge of the sheet or shape toward which the pressure is directed shall be twice the nominal diameter of the rivet, screw or bolt when using the allowable bearing stress shown in Tables 5.1.2.4(A) and (B). When a shorter edge distance is used, the allowable bearing stress shall be reduced by the ratio: actual edge distence/twice the fastener diameter (Sce Clause 3.4.6). The edge distance shall not be less than 1.5 times the fastener diameter to extruded, sheared, sawed, rolled or planed edges. 5.1.13 Blind rivets Blind rivets shall not be used unless the grip lengths and rivet-hole tolerance are ax recommended by the respective manufacturers. COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) “ ASINZS 1668.2:1997 5.1.14 Hollow-end (semi-tubular) rivets If hollow-end rivets with solid cross-sections for a portion of the length are used, the strength of these rivets shall not be taken equal to the strength of solid rivets of the same material, unless the bottom of the cavity is at least 25 percent of the rivet diameter from the plane of shear, as measured toward the hollow- end, ond further provided that they are used in locations where they will not be subjected to appreciable tensile stresses. 5.1.15 Steel rivets Steel rivets shall not be used in aluminium structures unless the aluminium is to be joined to steel or where corrosion resistance of the structure is not requitement, or where the structure is to be protected against corrosion (see Clause 6.6.2). 5.1.16 Lockbolts Lockbolts. shall be permitted to be used when installed in conformance with the lockbolt manufacturer's recommended practices and provided that the body diameter and bearing arcas under the head and nut, or their equivalent, are not less than those of @ conventional nut and bolt 5.1.17. Steel bolts Hot-dip galvanized, clectro-galvanized and aluminized steel bolts and 300 series stainless steel bolts shall be used as an alternative to aluminium bolts. Plating thickness on steel bolts must be adequate to provide corrosion protection for the anticipated environment and serviee Life, Hot-dipped galvanized A490 bolts shall not be used. Coated steel fasteners shall be installed with a lubricant to climinate galling and assure adequate preload. 5.2 METAL STITCHING STAPLES Allowable strength values for metal stitehes in Joints carrying calculated loads shall be established on the basis of tests in accordance with Section 8, 5.3 SELF TAPPING SCREW CONNECTION 5.3.1 Notation The following notation applies in this Clause: C= coefficient which depends on screw location = nominal serew diameter D, = nominal hole diameter D, = nominal washer diameter larger of the nominal washer diameter and the screw head = bearing ultimate strength of member in contact with the screw head bearing ultimate strength of member not in contact with the screw head = bearing yield strength of member in contact with the serew head ~ bearing yield strength of member not in contact with the serew head = tensile ultimate strength of member in contact with the screw head = tensile ultimate strength of member not in contact with the screw head n, = factor of safety = 3.0 P= allowable shear force per screw P,, = nominal shear strength per sctew P, = allowable tensile foree per serew Pz = nominal tensile strength per serew Pq = pull-out force per serow Puy = pulleover force per screw h thickness of member in eontaet with the serew head , = thickness of member not in contact with the serew head copyRicHt‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 0 All the requirements of this Clause shall apply to self-tapping serews with diameter D~2mm to 6.4mm. The serews shall be thread-forming or thread-cutting, with or without a self-drilling point, Alternatively, design values for a particular application shall be permitted to be based on tests according 19 Section 8. Screws shall be installed and tightened in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. The tensile stress on the net section of each member joined by a screw connection shall not exceed the allowable stress from Clauses 3.4.2 to 3.4.5. The net section shall be determined according to Clause 5.1.7. 8.3.2. Shear 8.3.21 General The shear force shall not exceed the allowable bearing force for a serew according to Clause 3.4.6 nor the allowables according to this Clause. 5.3.2.2 Connection shear The shear force per screw shall not exceed P., calculated as follows: Pam Palm, 2+ 5.3.2.2) where Pa, shall be the least of P > DF ty Pag LDP ale n Pa Pah Tan, 2 ~ —_DB af 8 a Fe For t/t, £ 1.0, P,, shall not also exceed Pi, 4.2(03D)"F » RR) 5.3.2.3 Shear in screws ‘The ultimate shear capacity of the screw shall be determined by multiplying the allowable shear capacity determined according to Clause 5.1.2 by the factor of safety used or by test zecording (o Section 8. The ultimate shear capacity of the sorew shall not be less than 1.25 P,.. 5.3.3. Tension $.3.3.1 General For screws which carry tensile loads, the head of the screw or washer, if a washer is provided, shall have a diameter D, not less than § mm, Washers shall be at least 1.3 mm thick, The tension force shall not exceed P,, calculated as follows: Pu = PalNe 5.3.3.1 P, shall be taken as the lesser of P,, and P,,, determined in Clauses $.3.3.2 and 5.3.3.3. 5.3.3.2 Pull-out The pull-out force, P,,, for pulling out the threaded shank of the screw through the connected plate, shall not exceed: Pros = 0.851, D Fy 53.32 COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) " ASINZS 164.1997 where 1, is the lesser of the depth of the penetration of serew threads in the member or sheet not in contact with the screw head not including the self-drilling point, and the thickness 53.3.3 Pull-over The pull-over foree, P,,,, for pulling out the head of the serew through the connected plate, shall not excee P, Fu, Oy, — DY) 533.3 where C is a coefficient that depends on screw location (1.0 for valley fastening and 0.7 for crown fastening), D,, is the larger of the screw head diameter or the washer diameter, and shall be taken not larger than 13 mm, 5.3.3.4 Tension in screws The ultimate tensile capacity of the serew shall be determined by multiplying the allowable tensile capacity determined according to Clause 5.1.2 by the factor of safety used or by tests according to Section 8, The ultimate tensile capacity of the screw shall not be less than 1.25 P,, COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 2 64 @ ) 62 @) tb) co} @ 63 @) 64 SECTION 6 FABRICATION LAYING OUT Laying out shall be as follows Hole centres shall be centre puriched and cutoff lines shall be punched or seribed. Centre punching and scribing shall not be used where such marks would remain on fabricated materia! ‘A temperature correction shall be applied where necessary in the layout of critical dimensions. The coefficient of expansion shall be taken as 0.000023 per degree Centigrade. CUTTING Cutting shall be as follows: Material shall be permitted to be sheared, sawed, cut with a router, or are cut. All edges which have been cut by the are process shall be planed to remove edge cracks. Cut edges shall be true and smooth, and free from excessive burrs or ragged breaks. Re-entrant cuts shall be avoided wherever possible. If used, they shall be filleted by drilling prior to cutting, Oxygen cutting shall not be used on aluminium alloy HEATING Structural material shall not be heated, with the following exceptions: Material shall be permitted to be heated to a temperature not exceeding 200°C for a period not exceeding 30 minutes. Such heating shall be done only when proper temperature controls and supervision are provided to ensure that the limitations on temperature and time are carefully observed. If structural material is subjected to elevated temperatures or times in excess of the foregoing, the allowable stresses shall be reduced consistent with mechanical properties specified for the material after the heating process, For SXXX series alloys with magnesium contents greater than 3 percent, holding, within the temperature range from 56°C to 230°C must be avoided in order to minimize the risk of creating a stress cotrosion sensitive metallurgical structure, The length of time at temperature is a critical factor in determining the degree of sensitization, Hot forming techniques must include quick heat up to a temperature not to execed 290°C to minimize loss of mechanical properties. Forming must be completed before the metal cools below 230°C. The metal shall then be fan cooled, to drop the metal temperature from 230°C to 66°C in the minimum time possible to prevent sensitization Some clevated temperature processes, such as factory paint curing or firing of porcelain enamel coatings, can reduce the mechanical properties of the metal. Since the amount of the reduction will vary with the alloy and temper used, as well as with the elevated temperature exposure, the supplier shall be consulted for mechanical property specifications for the processed material. PUNCHING, DRILLING AND REAMING The following rules for punching, drilling, and reaming shall be obscrved: @) Rivet or bolt holes shall be permitted to be cithcr punched or drilled. Punching shall not be used if the metal thickness is greater than the diameter of the hole. The amount by which the diameter of a sub-punched hole is less than that of the finished hole shall be at least 1/4 the thickness of the piece and in no case less than 0.8 mm. COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) n ASINZS 16642:1997 {b) The finished diameter of holes for cold-driven rivets shall be not more than 4 percent greater than the nominal diameter of the rivet. (©) The finished diameter of holes for hot-driven rivets shall be not more than 7 percent greater than the nominal diameter of the rivet. (d) The finished diameter of holes for bolts shall be not more than 1.6 mm larger than the nominal bolt diameter. (©) If any holes must be enlarged to admit the rivets or bolts, they shall be reamed Poor matching of holes shall be cause for rejection, Holes shail not be drilled in such @ manner as to distort the metal. All chips lodged between contacting surfaces shall be removed before assembly 653 RIVETING 65.1 Driven head The driven head of aluminium alloy rivets shall be of the flat or the cone-point type, with dimensions as follows: (a) Flat heads shall have a diameter not less than 1.4 times the nominal rivet diameter and a height not less than 0.4 times the nominal rivet diameter, ()Cone-point heads shall have a diameter not Tess than 1.4 times the nominal rivet diameter and a height to the apex of the cone not less than 0.65 times the nominal rivet diameter. The included angle at the apex of the cone shall be approximately 127°, 6.5.2. Hole filling Rivets shall fill the holes completely, Rivet heads shall be concentric with the rivet holes and shall be in proper contact with the surface of the metal 6. Defective rivets Defective rivets shall be removed by drilling, 6.6 PAINTING 6.61 General Structures of the alloys covered by these specifications are not ordinarily painted (with the exception of the 2000 series alloys when exposed to cortosive cnvironments), Surfaces shall be painted where the following apply: (a) The aluminium alloy ports are in contact with, or are fastened to, steel members or other dissimilar materials, (b) The structures are to be exposed to extremely corrosive conditions, or for reason of appearance. Painting procedure is covered in Clauses 6.6.2 and 6.6.3, and methods of cleaning and preparation are given in Clouse 6.7 6.6.2 Contact with dissimilar materials Where the aluminium alloy parts are in contact with, or are fastened to, stecl members or othet dissimilar materials, the aluminium shall be kept from direct contact with the steel or other dissimilar material by painting as follows: (a) Steel surfaces to be placed in contact with aluminium shall be painted with good quality non-lead-containing priming paint, such as zinc molybdate, alkyd type primer, followed by two coats of paint consisting of 200 g. of aluminium paste pigment (ASTM D 962, Type 2, Class B) per litte of vamish, Where severe corrosion conditions are expecied, additional protection can be obiained by applying, a suitable sealant to the faying surfaces, capable of excluding moisture from the joint during prolonged service in addition to the zine molybdate, alkyd type primer Aluminized, hot-dip galvanized or electro-galvanized steel placed in contact with aluminium need not be painted. Stainless steel (300 series) placed in contact with aluminium need not be painted except in high chloride containing environments. COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1664.2:1997 4 (b) Aluminium shall not be placed in direct contact with wood, fibreboard or other porous material that absorbs water and causes corrosion. When such contacts cannot be avoided, an insulating barrier between the aluminium and the porous material shall be installed. Aluminium surfaces shall be given @ heavy coat of alkali resistant bituminous paint or other coating providing equivalent proteetion before installation. Aluminium in contact with concreie or masonry shall be similarly protected in cases where moisture is present and corrosives will be entrapped between the surfaces. (©) Aluminium surfaces to be embedded in conerete ordinarily need not be painted, unless corrosive components are added to the concrete or unless the assembly is subjected for extended periods to extremely corrosive conditions. In such eases, aluminium surfaces shall be given one coat of suitable quality paint, sueh as zine molybdate primer or a heavy coating of alkali resistant bituminous paint, or shall be wrapped with a suitable plastic tape applied in such a manner as to provide adequate protection at the overlaps. Aluminium shall not be embedded in concrete to which corrosive components such as chlorides have been added if the aluminium will be electrically connected to steel () Water that comes in contact with aluminium afier first running over a heavy metal such as copper may contain trace quantities of the dissimilar metal or its corrosion product, which will cause corrosion of the aluminium, Protection shall be obtained by painting or plastic coating the dissimilar metal or by designing the structure so that the drainage from the dissimiler metal is diverted away from the aluminium. (©) repainted aluminium generally does not need additional painting even in contact with other materials such es wood, conerete or steel. Under extremely corrosive conditions, additional protection shall be provided ax described in the preceding, paragraphs. 6.6.3 Over-all painting Structures of the alloys covered by these specifications are either not ordinarily painted for surface protection (with the exception of the 2000 scries alloys when exposed to corrosive environments) or are made of prepainted aluminium components, NOTE: For applications where the siructures are to be exposed to extremely corrosive conditions over-all painting may be specified. 6.7 CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF METAL SURFACES Prior to field painting of structures, all surfaces to be painted shall be cleaned immediately before painting, by a method that will remove all dirt, oil, grease, chips, and other foreign substances. posed metal surfaces shall be cleaned with a suitable chemical cleaner such as a solution of phosphoric acid and organic solvents. Abrasion-blasting shall not be used on aluminium less than or equal to 3 mm thick. COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ” ASINTS 1664.21997 SECTION 7 WELDED CONSTRUCTION 7.1 ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR WELDED MEMBERS Allowable stresses for welded members shall be determined from the same formulas that are used for nonwelded members. These formulas are given in Table 3.4(C). The buckling formulas for nonwelded members apply only to those cases in which welds are at the supports of beams and columns, and at the edge of platcs. In applying these formulas to welded structures, the ‘maximum strengths ate limited to those given in Table 3.3(B). An exception is the case of welded tubes (Clauses 3.4.11, 3.4.13 and 3.4.18), for which the buckling coefficients are determined from the formulas in Table 3.3(C), using the 250mm gauge length compressive strength F.,. from Table 3.3(B), For alloy 6005 up through 6 mm thick which are welded in the -T1 temper with filler alloy 4043 and precipitation heat treated (artificially aged) to the -TS temper, by an approved method after welding, the allowable stresses within 25 mm of the weld shall be 85 percent of the values for nonwelded alloy 6005-T5. For alloy 6063 up through 10 mm thick, which are welded in the -T4 temper with filler alloy 4043 and precipitation heat treated (artificially aged) to the -T6 temper, by an approved method after welding, the allowable stresses within 25 mm of the weld shall be 85 percent of the values for nonwelded alloy 6063-16. 7.2 FILLER WIRE The choice of filler metal for general purpose welding shall be those alloys listed in AS 1665; the allowable shear stresses in fillet welds shall be those listed in Tables 7.2(A) and 7.2(B). For filler wires not shown on Tables 7.2(A) and 7.2(B) minimum mechanical properties shall be determined by test in accordance with Seetion 8 7.3. MEMBERS WITH LONGITUDINAL WELDS If less than 15 percent of the area of a given member cross-section or beam flange lies within 25 mm of a weld, regardless of material thickness, the effect of welding may be neglected and allowable stresses calculated as outlined in Section 3. If A, is equal to or greater than 15 percent of 4 the allowable stress shall be calculated from: 4 Fy 6, - FD 73 z 4 where = allowable stress on cross-section, part of whose area lies within 25 mm of a weld F, = allowable stress for cross-section 25 mm or more from weld F, = allowable stress on cross-section if entire area were to lie within 25 mm of weld. Strengths across a groove weld shall be as given in Table 3.3(B). For yield strengths (Fy. Fy.) the allowable siress is based upon a calculated yield strength equal to 0.75 times the as-welded strength given in Table 3.3(B). A, = the portion of area of erossesection A lying within 25 mm of a weld. A = net area of cross-section of a tension member or tension flange of a beam, or gross area of cross-section of a compression member or compression flange of a beam. A beam flange is considered to consist of that portion of the member further than 2c/3 from the neutral axis, where c is the distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fibre COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINZS 1666.2:1997 6 The column buckling formulas for the reduced strength material are calculated using the buckling coefficients given in Table 3.3(C) regardless of alloy and temper. 7.4 MEMBERS WITH TRANSVERSE WELDS The allowable stresses in Section 3 apply to members supported at both ends with welds at the ends only (not farther than 0.05 L from the supports) For columns and beams with transverse welds at locations other than the supports, and/or cantilever columns and cantilever beams with transverse welds at or near the supported ends, the strength shall be calculated assuming that the entire column or beam has a yield strength F.,,, as given in Table 3.3(B). The buckling coefficients given in Table 3.3(C) shall be used to develop the buckling formulas 7.8 WELDING FABRICATION All welding shall be done in ac AS 1665, dance with COPYRIGHTa TABLE 7.2(A) ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESSES IN FILLET WELDS FOR BUILDING TYPE STRUCTURESMPa Titeratye | im | aus | aun | SS | ae | sess Fara ay Shear ss Ma rio e T= |= )=7= 0s »|ofofo] = Aino 300 Spo fos | w fae fo un = fou fos fw foe | ow sos Sy) ffs | ® fos | o sons -]) oc fs | we fe | a sist =} i]s | «|» | a st - s fo |» | = wuss ~ fo fs fw fw | o cuszomos | — | om | ss fw foo | o es = [ow foe Lae foe | = NOTE: Shear virews is considered to be equal wo the load divided by the throat area TABLE 7.2(8) ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESSES IN FILLET WEI FOR BRIDGE TYPE STRUCTURES—MPa Ds* ‘Accessed by UNIVERSTY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) viteraleyt | 100 | ane sims | 28° ] sso | sass Taveat aay Bear ress Mra TE eS = = Akad 3004 — | oo fw fa fa | sos =] oo fiw foe foe fon 50s — | —- | #» fw foe fH 5ose =] = fw fos fa fH sas — |» fw fw foo | — iss - ] - fw foe foe foo sms.cosast} — | x0 f aw f oa foo foo ove = [oso | ae | oat | oe | gf iy Ee wilh Paley gad pond maaan allie bela, al igen) in sockst type base asscmblies for alloy 6063 lighting poles through 10 mm wall thickness, when welded in T tersper and artificially aged to 6 tsrper following welding. 41 MPa for lighting pole 6063 tubuler joints other than socket type. + Values conttoiled by the shear strength of the parent metel Minimum expected shear stengths of filler alloys are Shear strengi Tr ‘Shear strength, fr Alloy Alloy MPa MPa Tra Ea 30a 117 404s 8 5556 138 sis 27 5654 8 5356 17 NOTE: Sheer stress i considered to be equal to the load divided by the thraat area copyRiGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Dacument currency nat guaranteed when printed) ASINES 1666.2:1997 ” SECTION 8 TESTING 8.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 8.1.1 General Testing is an acceptable method for substantiating the design of aluminium alloy load carrying structures, members, or connections, whose strengths cannot otherwise be determined in accordance with Sections 1 to 7 of this Standard, 8.1.2. Scope of Section The method of test given in this Section is applicable to complete structures, sub-structures, and individual members of connections. Other Standards are referred to for the determination of material properties, and for testing of specific structural assemblies, The method of this Section is not applicable to the testing of structural models, nor to the establishment of general design data. 8.2 TEST REQUIREMENTS The actual in-service conditions shall be simulated as closely as possible in the construction of the test specimens, their support during testing, and the application of the test loads. Loading devices and data acquisition equipment shall be calibrated, and no artificial restraints shall be applied by the loading systems The test load shall be determined in accordance with Clause 8.4, A preload, equal to the long-term serviceability design load, shall be applied to the specimen for a period of | minute, and then removed, The test load shall then be applied to the specimen at a rate as uniform as practicable. Deformations shall, es a minimum requirement, be recorded at the following times: (a) Prior to the application of the test load, (b) After the test load has been applied. (©) After the removal of the test load. Sufficient additional readings shall be made to cnable a plot of a load/deformation curve to be made, 8.3 TESTS FOR DETERMINING MATERIAL PROPERTIES Material properties for alloys and products not included in Tables 3.3(A) and 3.3.{B) may be established by tests carried out in accordance with AS 1391. 8.4 PROCEDURE 8.4.1 Application ‘This Clause applies to the testing of a structure, sub-structure, member or connection to determine whether that particular clement complies with the requirements for strength or deflection as appropriate, 8.4.2. Test load The test load shall be equal to the permissible load as determined from Clause 2.3, multiplied by 2 for dead and live loads, 1.5 for combination of loading including wind and 2.6 where the stresses are produced entirely by wind. 8.4.3. Criteria for acceptance Criteria for acceptance shall be as follows: (a) Acceptance for strength The test structure, sub-structure, member or connection shall be deemed to comply with the requirements for strength if it is able to sustain the test load for at least 15 minutes. It shall than be inspeeted to determine the nature and extent of any damage incurred during the test. The effects of the damage shall be considered and, if necessary, appropriate repairs to the designed parts carried out COPYRIGHT‘Accessed by UNIVERS TY OF TASMANIA on 26 Feb 2014 [Document currency nat guaranteed when printed) (b) 85 ” ASINZS 16642:1997 Acceptance for serviceability ‘The maximum deformation of the structure or member under the permissible load shall be within the serviceability limits appropriate to the structure. REPORTING OF TEST RESULTS The report of the test on each specimen shall contain the following: @ (by © id) © ‘The test results A statement of the conditions of testing, including the method of loading and of measuring deflection. Any other relevant data A statement as to whether or not the structure or part tested satisfied the acceptance criteria, Reference to this Australian/New Zealand Standard, i.e, AS/NZS 1664.1 COPYRIGHT