Structural Steel Design Notes

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Engineering College
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NAAC Accridated with ‘A’ Grade
Department of Civil Engineering
Design of Steel Structures
III Year B.Tech. (II - Sem)
Prepared by :
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Nishant A Nair, M.Tech (Assistant Professor)
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Unit 1 Materials and Specifications
MATERIALS
1. Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron, carbon and other elements. Because of its high
tensile strength and low cost, it is a major component used in buildings,
infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and
weapons.
2. Structural steel
Structural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials
in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an
elongated beam having a profile of a specific cross section
(a) Types of structural steel
• IS 226 (Standard Quality)
• IS 2062 (Fusion welding Quality)
• IS 961 (High tensile steel)
• IS 8500 (Medium & high strength qualities)
(i) IS 226 (Standard Quality)

• Most commonly used steel for general construction purposes of
buildings, bridges, industrial structures, transmission line towers
etc.
• Riveting, bolting can be done for all thickness but welding is
permitted for thickness ≤ 20mm only
• Carbon content : 0.23 to 0.25%,
Elongation : 23%
• Designated as : Fe 410 – S
(ii) IS 2062 (Fusion welding type)
• Steel commonly used for general construction purpose,
particularly suitable for structure subjected to dynamic loads and
impact such as bridge decking, girders and crane girders.
• Designated as Fe410-WA,Fe410-WB, Fe410-WC.
• Suitable for welding in all thickness.
• Carbon content 0.20% – 0.25%
• Elongation: 23%
AACE Engineering College : Ankushapur, Ghatkesar, Telangana 501301 (EAMCET Code: ACEG)
2 Design of Steel Structures
(iii) IS 961 (High tensile steel) For Micro Notes by the

• Greater strength and atmospheric corrosion resistance Student
• Fe570 – HT: For structure with fabrication by methods other than

fusion welding.
• Fe 540 – W – HT: For structures where fusion welding is involved.
• Carbon content: 0.27 % for Fe 570 – HT
• Elongation : 20%
3. Rolled structural steel sections

Structural steel sections are manufactured in rolling mills and used as
structural members are known as rolled structural steel sections. The steel
sections are named according to their cross sectional shapes. The shapes
of sections selected depend on the types of members which are fabricated
and to some extent on the process of erection. Many steel sections are
readily available in the market and have frequent demand. Such steel
sections are known as regular steel sections. Some steel sections are rarely
used. Such sections are produced on special requisition and are known
as special sections. ‘IS Handbook for Structural Engineers’ gives nominal
dimensions, weight and geometrical properties of various rolled structural
steel sections.
4. Advantages and disadvantages of structural steel sections as a structural

material
Structural steels have numerous advantages as a structural material.
• High strength
Steel members have higher strength, therefore a steel member of a
smaller section which has little self weight is able to resist heavy loads.
• Higher strength to weight ratio
The high strength to weight ratio is most important property for the
consideration for the construction of tall structures, large span buildings
and bridges.
• Excellent ductility and seismic resistance
Structural steel being a ductile material does not fail suddenly, but
gives visible evidence of impending failure by the large deformation
and deflections. It can also resist large number of dynamic loads.
• Rapid construction or erection
Structural steel sections are readily available from rolling mills with
desired strength and due to ease of fabrication and speed of erection,
they can be erected at faster rate.
3 Materials, Specifications
• Longer life For Micro Notes by the

Properly maintained steel structures have longer life. Student
• Elasticity, uniformity of material
The properties of steel do not change with time and close to design
assumption this makes steel most suitable material for structure.
• Easy modification and repair
Additions and alterations can be made easily to steel structures.
• Highest Scrap value
Steel has the highest scrap value amongst all building material and
also the steel can be reused after a structure is disassembled.
• Highest Quality
Structural steel sections are readily available from rolling mills and have
quality maintained while production of various rolled steel sections,
Despite of many advantages, structural steel has few disadvantages
as well.
• Steel structure, when placed exposed conditions are subjected to
corrosion. Therefore they require frequent painting and maintenance.
• Steel structures need fire proof treatment, because they have lesser
fire proof resistant,
• At places of stress concentration in the steel sections under certain
conditions steel may lose its ductility.
5. Where and when to use structural steel sections

Structural steel sections are most useful material and due to numerous
advantages they are popular in building the many of civil engineering
structures , which are
• Long-span structures
• Multi-storey & high-rise buildings
• Buildings of heavy duty plants
• Tower & mast structures
• Portal frames
• Bridges
• Infrastructures
• Deployable structures etc
6. Various types of standard rolled steel sections

i) Rolled steel I-sections (Beam sections)
ii) Rolled steel channel sections
iii) Rolled steel Tee sections
iv) Rolled steel angle sections
v) Rolled steel bars For Micro Notes by the

Student
vi) Rolled steel flats
vii) Rolled steel plates
viii) Rolled steel sheets
ix) Rolled steel strips
x) Rolled steel tubular sections
(a) Rolled steel I – sections (Beam sections)

• Indian Standard Junior Beam (ISJB)
• Indian Standard Light Beam (ISLB)
• Indian Standard Medium weight Beam (ISMB)
• Indian Standard Wide flange Beam (ISWB)
• Indian Standard Heavy Beam (ISHB)
• An I – Section is designated by its depth and weight
Eg: An ISLB 500 at 735.8 N/m means, An I – section is 500 mm deep
and self weight is 735.8 N per meter length.
• Special beam section available from Indian rolling mill is Indian
Column Section (ISC)
(b) Rolled Steel Channel Sections

• Indian Standard Junior Channel (ISJC)
• Indian Standard Light Channel (ISLC)
• Indian Standard Medium Weight Channel with Sloping Flange
(ISMC)
• Indian Standard Medium Weight Channel with parallel flange
(ISMCP)
• Indian Standard Gate Channel (ISGC)
• Designated by its depth and weight
Ex: ISLC 350 at 380.63 N/m
(c) Rolled Steel T – Sections For Micro Notes by the

• Indian Standard rolled Normal Student
T – section (ISNT)
• Indian Standard rolled Deep legged T – (ISDT)
• Indian Standard rolled silt Light weight T – bars (ISLT)
• Indian Standard rolled silt Medium weight T – bars (ISMT)
• Indian Standard rolled silt T – bars from H – section (ISHT)
• Designated by its depth and weight
Ex : ISNT 125 at 274 N/m
(d) Rolled Steel Angle sections

• Indian standard equal angles, Indian standard unequal angles
and Indian standard bulb angles
• Designated by abbreviation ISA along with widths of both legs
and thickness.
• Indian equal angles are designated as ISA or ISEA (Ex. ISEA 100 x
100 x 10 mm), Indian standard unequal angles are designated as
ISA (Ex. ISA 125 x 75 x 10 mm) and Indian standard bulb angles are
designated as ISBA.
7. Steel Structure
A steel structure is an assemblage of organized combination of structural
steel members (or structural steel sections) expected to sustain their share
of applied forces, moments and to transfer them safely from one member
to other and finally to the ground. Depending on the orientation of the
member in the structure and its structural use, the member is subjected
to forces either axial, shear, bending moment or twisting moment or a
combination there of. Which are designed to carry loads, deformations
and provide adequate rigidity.
8. Codes and Standards

• IS800:2007 - Code of practice for use of structural steel in general
building construction.
• IS875:1987- Code of practice for design loads for buildings and
structures.
• IS Handbook No-1(steel tables) - Properties of structural steel rolled
steel sections.
9. Stress Strain curves of structural steels

The stress-strain diagram for different grades of steel may be shown in figure
10. Mechanical Properties of Structural Steel:

Yield strength (fy) (MPa) Elongation
Grade / UTS Gauge
Type of steel Classification (MPa) Thickness (mm)
(fu) 5.65 A o
<20 20-40 > 40
Standard Structural steel E 250 (Fe 410A) 410 250 240 230 23
(Standard Quality steel IS 226 &
Fusion welding Quality IS 2062) E 250 (Fe 410B) 410 250 240 230 23
E 250 (Fe 410C) 410 250 240 230 23
<16 16-40 41 – 63
Micro alloyed high strength steel Fe 440 440 300 290 280 22
IS 8500
Fe 540 540 410 390 380 20
Fe 590 590 450 430 420 20
11. Physical properties of structural steel

For Micro Notes by the
Physical Property IS 800 Student
Specific gravity gs =7.85

Unit mass of steel ρs = 7850 kg/m3
Modulus of Elasticity E = 2 x 105 N/mm2
µ = 0.25 (IS800:1984)
Poisson’s ratio
µ = 0.30 (IS800:2007)
G = 0.8 x 105 N/ mm2
(IS800:1984)
Modulus of Rigidity
G = 0.769 x 105 N/ mm2
(IS800:2007)
Coefficient of thermal expan-
α = 12 x 10-6 /oC
sion
12. Analysis and Design

• Analysis refers to the determination of the axial forces, shear forces,
bending moments, torsional moments etc acting on different members
of a structure due to the applied loads and load combinations
• Design involves the selection of shape and size of the member and
connection details of various members (beam to beam, beam to
column, column to foundation etc) to resist all forces and moments
determined in the analysis safely and economically.
13. Design requirements of steel structure

• To fit for their purpose (Should sustain all anticipate loads expected on
it and Should withstand all deformations during and after construction)
• Should be safe
• Should be economical and durable
14. Uncertainties in design

The uncertainties affecting the safety of a structure are due to
• Uncertainty about loading (unfavorable deviation of the load from
its characteristic value, Inaccurate assessment of the load, improper
assessment of load effect etc)
• Uncertainty about material strength (Unfavorable deviation of material
strength from its characteristic value)
• Uncertainty about structural dimensions (variation member sizes) due
to fabrication tolerances.
• Uncertainty in the calculation of strength of the member.
15. Working Stress Method (WSM) For Micro Notes by the

Student
• IS 800:2007 insists for limit state design and permits working stress
method where ever limit state design is not conveniently adopted.
• In this method stress and strain relation is considered linear till the yield
stress. The member will be designed for different load combinations
and designed for working loads.
• To take care uncertainties in the design, permissible stress is kept as a
fraction of yield stress.
Working stresses due to DL+LL ≤ Permissible stress
Working stresses due to DL+WL ≤ Permissible stress
Working stresses due to DL+LL+WL ≤ 1.33 x Permissible stress (for rolled
steel sections)
(a) Working stresses
• The stresses used in practical design are termed as working stress or
safe working stresses. These should never exceed the permissible
stresses as specified by the code.
(b) Permissible stresses or Allowable stresses

• Permissible stresses are some fraction of yield stress of the material.
It may be defined as ratio of yield stress to factor of safety (FOS)
(Ratio of yield stress to working stress itself known as factor of
safety) (safety norm in working stress method of design).
• IS 800:1984 specifies the permissible (or) allowable stress in its various
sections.
(a) Permissible average shear stress τva= 0.40 fy
(b) Permissible maximum shear stress τvm = 0.45 fy
(c) Permissible axial tensile stress σat= 0.60 fy
(d) Permissible bending tensile stress σbt = 0.66 fy
(e) Permissible bending compressive stress σbc ≤ 0.66fy
(f) Permissible bearing stress σp= 0.75 fy
(g) Permissible combined bearing and bending stress σc= 0.90 fy
where fy = yield stress of steel
(c) Minimum thickness of main steel sections (Serviceability criteria)

The minimum thickness of main steel section should not be less than
i. When main steel section is directly exposed to weather (DEW)
and accessible for painting and cleaning (ACP) is 6mm
ii. When main steel section is directly exposed to weather (DEW)
and not accessible for painting and cleaning (not ACP) is 8mm.
16. Limit State Design (LSD) For Micro Notes by the

• The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirement Student
before failure occurs is called limit state.

• Limit states are basically two categories, strength and serviceability.
• It is basically statistical method and used for determination of load
and material properties with small probability of structure reaching
limit state of strength and serviceability.
(a) Types of limit states:
Limit State of
Limit State of Strength
Serviceability
• Strength • Deflection
(yielding, buckling) • Vibration
• Stability against overturning • Fatigue checks (including repairable
and sway damage due to fatigue)
• Fracture due to fatigue • Corrosion
Plastic collapse • Fire
• Brittle Fracture
(b) Characteristic Strength or Resistance

The characteristic resistance or strength of a material (such as steel)
is defined as that value of resistance below which not more than a 5
percentage of test results may be expected to fall.
(c) Characteristic Load

The characteristic load is that value of the load, which has an
accepted probability (95 %) of not being exceeded during the life
span of the structure.
(d) The safety format used in Limit State Codes is based on probable
maximum load and probable minimum strengths, so that a consistent
level of safety is achieved.
(e) The design requirements are expressed as follows:

Design Action (Sd) ≤ Design Strength (Rd)
Design Action (Sd) = Design value of internal forces and moments
caused by the design or factored Loads (Fd )
Design or factored Loads
(Fd )= γf x Characteristic Loads.
γf = a load factor which is determined on Probabilistic basis
Design Strength (Rd)
Characteristic strength
= γm
γm= a material factor, which is also
determined on a ‘probabilistic basis’
(f) Partial safety factors [Load factors (γf)]
Limit State of Strength Limit state of Serviceability

Combination
DL LL WL / EL DL LL WL/EL
DL+LL 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 −

DL+LL+WL/EL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8
DL+WL/EL 1.5 (0.9)* − 1.5 1.0 − 1.0
* This value is to be considered when stability against overturning or stress reversal is critical
Abbreviations: DL= Dead Load, LL= Imposed Load (Live Loads),
WL= Wind Load, EL= Earthquake Load.
(g) Partial safety factors [Strength or resistance factors (γm)]
Sl. No. Definition Partial Safety Factor
1 Resistance, governed by yielding γmo 1.10
2 Resistance of member to buckling γmo 1.10
3 Resistance, governed by ultimate stress γm1 1.25
4 Resistance of connection γm1 Shop Fabrications Field Fabrications
(i) Bolts-Friction Type, γmf 1.25 1.25

(ii) Bolts-Bearing Type, γmb 1.25 1.25
(iii) Rivets, γmr 1.25 1.25
(iv) Welds, γmw 1.25 1.50
Unit 1 1.2 Riveted & Bolted Connections
Concentric Riveted & Bolted Connections
1. Introduction
One of the important aspects of steel structures is the joining of various
members of a structure so they act as an integral unit. The different
techniques used to join steel members are riveting, bolting and welding.
Riveting is the old practice of connecting metal parts, due to many
internal demerits, which has been to a large extent, replaced by bolting
and welding.
2. Rivets and riveting

A rivet is a ductile steel pin with a manufactured head at one end and a
straight portion known as shank. Riveting is the process of the driving of rivets
into the holes made in the parts so that metal parts are inseparable. Usually
the top surface of the head is round. The round heads of the rivets project
from the surface of the metal parts which be undesirable sometimes. To
overcome this countersunk rivets may be used.
The process of riveting starts with the drilling of holes into the metal parts to
be joined, the diameter of which are slightly greater than the diameter of
the shank of the rivet. The rivet is heated uniformly in a furnace so that it
becomes red hot. Then it inserted into the holes drilled in the metal parts.
The projected portion of the shank is given few rapid blow so that another
head is formed at the other end of shank. On cooling the rivet contracts
in length so that the plates are firmly contact. After this process the shank
diameter increases. Normally, the rivets are driven by the pneumatic
process
3. Rivet hole (d)
Holes are drilled or punched in the connected members to be riveted. The
size of rivet holes are 1.5mm larger than the size of rivet up to 25mm, for
rivets of diameter more than 25mm, the diameter of hole should be 2mm
larger than the diameter of rivets
• Nominal diameter of rivet (φ) is the diameter of shank (Diameter of
rivet before riveting process)
According to the Unwin’s formula the nominal rivet diameter is
assumed as
φ = 6.04 t (when φ and t are in ‘mm’) For Micro Notes by the

Student
φ = 1.91 t (when φ and t are in ‘cm’)
• Gross diameter or effective diameter of rivet (d) is diameter of rivet
hole or diameter of rivet after riveting process
d = φ + 1.5 mm if φ ≤ 25mm
d = φ + 2.0 mm if φ > 25mm
4. Grip length of rivet ( , g ):

Grip of the rivet or bolt is the distance between the undersides of the two
rivet heads (i.e., shank length inside the connection) and grip of rivet should
not be more than 8φ.
5. Classification of rivets
(a) Based on method of heating
• Hot driven Rivets: Rivets are heated red hot before driving
• Cold driven rivets: Driven at atmospheric conditions without
heating.
hh Cold driven rivet has more strength compared to hot driven rivet.
(b) Based on method of placing
• Work shop rivets
• Field driven rivets
hh Work shop driven rivets have more strength than field rivets
(c) Based on method of driving force
• Power driven rivets
• Hand driven rivets
hh Power driven rivets have approximately 20% more strength than
hand driven rivet.
6. Important rivet heads
• Snap head or Round head rivets mostly used for connecting structural
steel member or sections. Flat counter sunk or round counter sunk
head rivets are provided to have flush or flat surface.
13 Bolted and Riveted Connections

7. Bolts and Bolting Student
• A bolt may defined as metal pin with head at one end a shank
threaded at other end to receive a nut. Steel washers are usually
provided under bolt as well as under the nut to distribute the clamping
pressure on the bolted member and to prevent the threaded portion
of the bolt from bearing on the connected pieces.
• Bolts can be used for making end connection in tension and
compression members. They can also be used to hold column bases
in position.
8. Classification of bolted connections

The bolted connections are classified based on geometry and loading
conditions into three types namely
(a) Based on the type of resultant force transferred
• Concentric connections (force transfer in tension and Compression
member)
• Eccentric connections (in reaction transferring brackets) or
moment resisting connections (in beam to column connections in
frames).
(b) Based on the type of force experienced by the bolts:

• Shear connections
• Tension connections and
• Combined shear and tension Connections

Student
(c) Based on force transfer mechanism by bolts

• Bearing type (bolts bear against the holes to transfer the force or
load)
• Friction type (force transfer between the plates due to the
clamping force generated by the pre–tensioning of the bolts).
9. Types of bolts
There are several types of bolts used to connect structural members. Some
of them are listed below
(a) Black bolts or unfinished bolts

• Black bolts are referred to as ordinary, rough or common
bolts. They are least expensive bolts and are made of low
carbon steels (mild steel) with square or hexagonal head. The
diameter of the hole is about 1.0 to 2.0 mm larger than the
bolt diameter for ease in fitting. They are designated as Md× ,
‘d’ – shank diameter of bolt and , – length of the bolt
• They are primarily used in light structures under static loads such For Micro Notes by the
as small trusses, purlins, bracings. They are also used as temporary Student
fasteners during erection where HSFG bolts or welding are used as

permanent fasteners.
• These bolts are not recommended for connections, which are
subjected to impact load, vibration and fatigue.
• For bolt of a grade or property class 4.6 represents the ultimate
tensile strength is 400 N/mm2 and yield strength is 0.6 times 400
which is 240N/mm2.
• Ordinary bolted joints, the force transfer through interlocking and
bearing of bolts and joint is called bearing type joint.
(b) High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) bolts
• High strength friction grip bolts are made from bars of medium
carbon heat treated steel (high tensile steel). The bolt property
class 10.9S and 12.9S are commonly used in steel connections.
• The HSFG bolts are available in sizes from 16mm to 36mm and are
designated as M16, M20, M24 and M30.
• These bolts tightened (by torque wrenches) until they have very
high tensile stresses, so that connected parts are clamped tightly
together between the bolt head and nut, this permits load to be
transferred primarily by friction not by shear.
• These bolts are most suitable for bridges where the stress reversal
may occur or slippage is undesirable also for seismic loading and
for fatigue load.
• High strength bolts have replaced rivets and black bolts are being
used in structures, high raised building, bridges etc.
10. Types of Shear connections

There are two types of riveted (or) bolted connections
(a) Lap connections (b) Butt connections
(a) Lap connections
• The two members to be connected are overlapped and connected
together such a joint is called lap joint (or) connection.
• The load in a lap joint has eccentricity, as the center of gravity of load in
one member and center of gravity of load in second member are not
in a same line, therefore a couple formed which causes undesirable
bending.

Student
(b) Butt connections

• Two members to be connected placed end to end. Additional
cover plate/plates are provided on either one or both sides,
called cover plates are placed and connected to main plate.
• If cover plate is provided on one side it is called single cover butt
joint (or) butt connection.
• If cover plate is provided on both sides of main plate, it is called a
double cover butt joint (or) connections
• Double cover butt joint, eccentricity of a force doesn’t exist and
hence bending is eliminated, where as it exists in the case of lap
joint (or) connections.
• The shear capacity of bolt in double cover butt joint is double that
of a bolt in a lap joint (or) connections.
• For single cover butt joint, cover plate thickness required is 1.25 times
the main plate.
• For double cover butt joint, each cover plate thickness is 5/8 x thickness
of main plate.

11. Tacking rivets of bolts (Stitch rivets or bolts) Student
Used to make two sections act together and in compression members to
prevent buckling when two sections are in contact. These bolts are not
subjected to the calculated stress or loads
12. Specifications for Riveted and Bolted connections:

• Diameter of rivet hole (d) and diameter of bolt hole (do)
• Pitch (p)
• Gauge (g)
• End distance (e)
• Edge distance (e)
(a) Pitch (p):

Distance between centers of two consecutive rivets or bolts measured
parallel to the direction of the force in the member lying on the same
rivet or bolt line. It is also defined as C/C distance of rivets measured
along the length of the member or connection in case of wide plates.
When rivets or bolts are placed staggered the pitch will be referred to
as staggered pitch
Minimum pitch is ensured for the following reasons
• To prevent bearing failure of connected member between two
rivets or bolts
• To permit efficient installation of rivets or bolt, prevent overlapping
of steel washers etc
• Minimum pitch (pmin)= 2.5 × nominal diameter of rivet or shank
diameter of rivet (≮2.5φ) or 2.5 × shank diameter of the bolt
(≮2.5d)
Maximum pitch is ensured for the following reasons
• To reduce the length of the connection and gusset plate i.e to
have a compact joint.
• To have uniform stresses in the rivet of bolt
• Maximum pitch (pmax)= 16t or 200mm whichever is less for tension
members
• Maximum pitch (pmax) = 12t or 200mm whichever is less for For Micro Notes by the
compression member (Where t = thickness of thinner connected Student
member)
• 32t or 300mm, whichever is less for tacking or stitch rivets or bolts
(when plates are not exposed to weather)
• 16t or 200mm whichever is less for tacking or stitch rivets (when
plates are exposed to weather)
• In case of two angles, channels or tee section maximum pitch of
tacking rivets (In which tacking or stitch rivets are to be provided
along length to connect each of them)
Not exceeding 600mm for compression members
Not exceeding 1000mm for tension members.
(b) Gauge (g): Distance between adjacent rivet lines or C/C distance between
two consecutive rivets or bolts measured at right angles to the direction of
the force. It is also defined as c/c distance between two consecutive rivets
measured along the width of member.
(c) Rivet or Bolt line (or gauge line): Line along which rivets or bolts are placed.
(d) End distance: It is the distance between the center of rivet hole or bolt
hole to the nearest edge of main member of cover plate edge measured
parallel to the direction of a load in member.
(e) Edge distance: It is the distance between the center of rivet hole or bolt
hole to the nearest edge of main member of cover plate edge measured
perpendicular to the direction of a load in member
• Minimum end/edge distance (emin)

emin ≈ 1.5 x Gross diameter of rivet in case of rolled, machine flame cut
edges (1.5 d)
• Minimum end/edge distance (emin)

emin≈1.7 x Gross diameter of rivet for sheared or hand flame cut edges
(1.7 d)
• Maximum end/edge distance
e = 37mm + 4t (IS800:1984)
• Maximum edge distance (emax) to nearest edge of bolt hole to an
edge of un stiffened part should not exceed 12tε where ε = c 250 m

fy
& 40mm+4t where t is thickness of thinner outside plate (for corrosive
Environments) (IS800:2007)

Design of Concentric Riveted Connections Student
Working Stress Method Concepts
13. Failure of riveted connections

A riveted connection is subjected to axial load, it may have chance to fail
by six possible ways
(a) Shear failure of rivets

The failure may occur when the shear stress in the rivet exceeds the
working shear stress in the rivet. Shear stresses are generated because
plates slip due to applied forces.
(b) Bearing failure of rivets: The rivet crushed half circumference. The plate
may be strong in bearing and heaviest stress plate may crush the rivet
shank. This failure may not occur in practice except plate may strong
in bearing.
(c) Bearing failure of plates: The plate may be crushed when the bearing
stress in the plate exceeds working bearing stress
(d) Shear failure of plates: The internal pressure of over driven (shank length
is more than grip) rivets are placed at a lesser edge distance than
specified cause this failure. This failure can be checked by providing
proper edge distance between center of rivet hole and end of the
plate.

Student
(e) Tearing failure of plates: The tensile stress in the plate at net cross
section may exceeds the working tensile stress. Tearing failure may
occur when rivets are stronger than the plates under tensile force.
(f) Edge cracking or splitting failure of plates

Rivets may have been placed at lesser edge distance than required
causing plates to be split out or shear.
14. Assumptions in design of riveted connections

• A load is assumed to be uniformly distributed among all the rivets.
• Shear stress is assumed to be uniformly distributed over its gross area of
rivet.
• Bending stress in rivets is neglected.
• Friction between plates is neglected.
• Rivet hole is assumed to be completely filled by the rivet.
• Bearing stress distribution is uniform and contact area is d x t where ‘d’
is gross diameter of rivet and ‘t’ is thickness of the plate
• The tensile stress is uniformly distributed on the portion of plate between
rivets.
15. Permissible stresses in work shop rivets
Axial
Shear Bearing
Type of rivet tension
(MPa) (MPa)
(MPa)
Power driven 100 100 300
Hand driven 80 80 250
• For field rivets, the permissible stresses in rivets are reduced by 10%
• The permissible stresses in rivets and bolts may be increased by 25%, if
the effect of wind or earth quake load is considered.
16. Strength of riveted connection or Joint (Pc or PJ) For Micro Notes by the
(a) Strength of rivet in shear (Ps) Student
Strength of one rivet in single shear (Ps)
πd 2 #
Ps = τ vf
4
Strength of one rivet in double shear (Ps)

πd 2 #
Ps = 2 # τ vf
4
τvf = Permissible shear stress in rivet.
Strength of riveted joint in single shear

πd 2 #
Ps = n # τ vf
4
Strength of riveted joint in double shear

πd 2 #
Ps = 2 # n # τ vf
4
Where,
τvf = permissible or allowable shear stress in rivet
d = gross or effective diameter of rivet
n = number of rivets in a lap joint
(b) Strength of rivet in bearing (Pb)
Strength of one rivet in bearing
Pb = d # t # σ pf
Strength of riveted joint in bearing
Pb = d # t # σ pf # n
σpf = Permissible bearing stress in rivet.
t = thickness of thinner plate in lap joint
= thickness of main thinner plate or sum of cover plates thickness,
Whichever is minimum in case of a double cover butt joint.
(c) Rivet value or strength of rivet (Rv)
Minimum of strength of rivet in shear (Ps) and strength of rivet in
bearing (Pb).
Rv = Smaller of Ps and Pb
(e) Strength of plate in tension (Pt), For Micro Notes by the

Student
Tearing strength of plate (Pt)
P = A × σ = (B −n×d) ×t×σ
t net at at
Where,
Anet = Net effective sectional area of plate
B = width of the plate
n = Number of rivets at the section
t = Thickness of thinner plate
σat = Permissible axial tensile stress in plate
= 0.6×fy
fy = yield stress of a plate
(f) Strength of riveted connection (Pc) : It is minimum strength of riveted

connection is based on strength of rivets in shear (Ps), strength of rivets in
bearing (Pb) and strength of plate in tension (Pt)

17. Efficiency of rivited connection (or) percentage strength of rivited
connection(η)
Strength of riveted connection or Joint

η= # 100
Strength of solid plate
= Pc # 100
Psp
18. Axial strength of solid plate Psp= Ag × σat

Where,
Ag= Gross sectional area of the plate = B×t
B = Width of the plate
t = Thickness of the plate
t = Thickness of thinner plate
Q. Chain pattern of riveting vs Diamond pattern of riveting: For Micro Notes by the
(a) Diamond pattern of riveting is more efficient than chain riveting. Student
(b) Cover plate material may be saved using diamond pattern of
riveting.
(c) width of main plate required for diamond pattern of riveting may be
lesser` as compared with chain pattern of riveting.
Objective Class Room Practice Questions
01. Efficiency of a riveted joint having the minimum pitch as per IS: 800,
is______%
02. For the same number of rivets have been used in the joint, then which of the
following yield the highest efficiency?
(a) Chain pattern of riveting.
(b) Staggered pattern of riveting.
(c) Diamond pattern of riveting.
(d) Zig Zag pattern of riveting.
03. Which of the following riveted joint is efficient in transferring the load
without causing eccentricity?
(a) Lap joint
(b) Single cover butt joint
(c) Double cover butt joint
(d) Eccentric joint
04. In a diamond riveting, for a plate of width ‘b’ and rivet diameter d, the
efficiency of the joint is given by
(a) ^b − dh (b) ^b − 2dh
b b
(c) ^b − dh (d) ^b − 2dh

d d
05. An angle ISA 50×50×6 is connected to a gusset plate 5 mm thick, with M16
bolts. What is the bearing strength of the bolt when the hole diameter is 18
mm and the allowable bearing stress is 250 MPa?
(a) 8.0 kN (b) 20 kN
(c) 22.5 kN (d) 24 kN
06. A 12mm thick plate is connected to two 8mm plates on either side through For Micro Notes by the
a 16mm diameter power driven field rivets as shown in the figure below. Student
Assuming permissible shear stress as 90 MPa and permissible bearing stress

as 270 MPa in the rivet, the rivet value of the joint is__________kN
07. Mild steel plate subjected to a tensile force of 200 kN is connected to a

another plate by lap connection using rivets. The strength of each rivet in
double shear is 80kN and strength of each rivet in bearing is 60 kN then the
number of rivets required is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
08. Match List – I (Failure mode) with List - II (Reason) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists
List – I
A. Shear failure of plates
B. Bearing failure of plates
C. Tearing failure of plates
D. Splitting failure of plates
List - II
1. Insufficient edge distance
2. Strength of plate is less than that of the rivets
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 1 1 2 1
(b) 2 1 2 1
(c) 1 2 1 2
(d) 1 1 1 2
09. Which one of the following is not a mode failure in a double riveted double
cover butt joint is subjected to axial shear force
(a) Shear failure of rivet (b) Tearing failure of rivet
(c) Bearing failure of plate (d)Tearing failure of plate

10. The centre to centre distance between two adjacent consecutive rivets Student
in a line for plates of 10mm thickness under axial compression

(a) 300 mm (b) 200 mm
(c) 160 mm (d) 120 mm
11. For field rivets, the permissible stresses are reduced by _______ percentage?
(a) 10% (b) 20%
(c) 25% (d) 33%
12. The permissible stresses in rivets under combined wind load conditions
as per IS:800-1984 can be exceeded by about
(a) 15% (b) 25%
(c) 33% (d) 50%
KEY for CRPQ

01. (60) 02. (c) 03. (c) 04. (a) 05. (b)
06. (43.25) 07. (d) 08. (a) 09. (b) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b)
Design of Concentric Bolted Connections

(Limit State Design Concepts)
20. Failure of bolted Connections

The failure of connections with bearing type bolted connection in shear
involves either bolt failure or the failure of the connected plates.
• Shearing failure of bolt
• Bearing failure of bolt
• Tension failure of bolt
• Bearing failure of plate
• Tearing failure of plate
• Block shear failure
21. Design strength of bearing type bolted connection (Vdc)

(a). Design shear strength of bolts (Vdsb):
Design shear capacity of the bolt (Vdsb)
Where, For Micro Notes by the

Vnsb = Nominal shear capacity of a bolt Student
Where,
fub = Ultimate tensile strength of the bolt

nn = Number of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane
ns = Number of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear
plane
Asb = Nominal plain shank area of the bolt
π 2
=
4d
Anb= Net tensile area at threads, (area corresponding to root diameter
at the thread ≃ 0.78 Asb)
γmb = Partial safety factor for bearing type
bolt
= 1.25 (for workshop and site bolting)
For bolts in single shear, either nn or ns is one
For bolts in double shear the sum of nn and ns is two.
The nominal shear capacity of bolt for long joint, long grip bolt & thicker
packing plate is lesser and modified as

βlj = reduction factor for long joints,

In long joints, the distance between the first and the last bolt exceeding
15d in the direction of load, the nominal shear capacity
Vnsb, shall be reduced by the factor, βlj,
li
β lj = 1.075 − (0.75≤ b≤1.0)
200d
lj is the length of joints (Distance between extreme end bolts measured
parallel to direction of connection)
βlg is reduction factor for long grip lengths,
When grip length of bolts increases (if the grip length exceeds five times
the nominal diameter), the bolt subjected to greater bending moment
due to shear force acting on its shank
8d
β lj =
3d + ,g
,g = grip length ( ,g should not greater than 8d)
βpkg = reduction factor for packing plates For Micro Notes by the
When packing thickness is more than 6mm thick the shank of the bolts is Student
subjected to bending which affects the nominal shear capacity of the bolt
β pkg = 1.0 − 0.0125 t pkg
tpkg= Thickness of thicker packing plate in mm
(b). Design bearing strength of bolts and Plate (Vdpb):

A bolt bearing on any plate subjected to a factored shear force
where γmb = 1.25
Vnpb = Nominal bearing strength of a bolt,
Where, do = diameter of the bolt hole
do = Diameter of the bolt hole

e & p = End and pitch distances of the fastener respectively along bearing
direction
fub = Ultimate tensile stress of the bolt
fu = Ultimate tensile stress of the plate
f′u = Smaller of the ultimate tensile stress of the bolt and the ultimate tensile
stress of the plate
d = Nominal diameter of the bolt in mm
t = Summation of the thicknesses of the connected plates experiencing
bearing stress in the same direction.
(c). Design Tensile Strength of bolts (Tdb):

The nominal tensile capacity of bolt in tension is given by

fub = Ultimate tensile stress of the bolt

fyb = Yield stress of the bolt
The bolt safe in tension if the factored tension force
(d). Design Tensile strength of plate (Tdp): For Micro Notes by the
Student
The tensile strength of plate by net section rupture is given by

Net Area = An = (b - n x do)x t for chain bolting

The tensile strength of solid plate by gross section yielding is given by
22. Design strength of bolt (Vdb)

It is least value of design strength of bolt in shear (Vdsb), design strength of
bolt in bearing (Vdpb).
• It exists, design tensile strength may also be considered in case of tensile
loading.
23. Number of bolts (n)

If the connection is subjected to concentric design axial load (P), the
number of bolts (n) required to support design axial load is
Design or Factored axial load

n = P
Design strength of one bolt Vdb
24. Design strength of bolted connection (Vdc) For Micro Notes by the
It is a minimum design strength of bolted connection is based on design Student
strength of bolts in shear (Vdsb), design strength of bolts and plate in bearing
(Vdpb), design strength of bolts in tension (Tdb) (if exists) and minimum design
strength of connected member or plate against gross section yielding or
net section rupture (Tdp).
25. Efficiency of the bolted connections or percentage strength of bolted

connections (η)
Efficiency of the bolted joint (η) also called percentage strength of the
joint is the ratio of design strength of joint to the design strength of main
member expressed as percentage.
Desingn strength of bolted connection ]Vdcg

η=
Design strength of solid plate ^Tsph
Objective Class Room Practice Questions
01. Which one of the following bolt is desirable when structural bolted connection
is subjected to dynamic or impact loads?
(a) Unfinished bolt
(b) Close tolerance bolts
(c) High strength friction grip bolt
(d) Ordinary bolt
02. When the distance between centers of two adjacent bolts connecting
the members subjected to either compression or tension exceeds the
maximum pitch, then the additional bolts which are not subjected to the
calculated stresses are known as
(a) Packing bolts (b) Long-grip bolts
(c) Tacking bolts (d) Auxiliary bolts
03. Bolt of grade 4.6 has nominal yield stress of

(a) 460 N/mm2 (b) 400 N/mm2
(c) 360 N/mm2 (d) 240 N/mm2
04. Which one of the following failure can be eliminated by providing minimum For Micro Notes by the
Student
end distance and pitch distance as per IS 800 provisions?
(a) Tearing failure of plate
(b) Block shear failure of plate
(c) Shearing failure of bolt
(d) Tearing failure of bolt
05. In triple bolted double cover butt joint, the design strength of connection per
pitch length in shearing the bolt is _______ times the design strength of one
bolt per pitch in single shear, where n is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
06. Mild steel flat subjected to a design axial force of 240 kN is joined to a gusset
plate by lap connection using bolts. If the design forces required per each
bolt (i) to shear the bolt, (ii) to crush the bolt and (iii) to tear the bolt are 40
kN, 50 kN and 30 kN respectively, then the number of bolts required is
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10
07. The tension and shear force (both in kN) in each bolt of the joint, as
shown below, respectively are
4
3 Pu = 250 kN
5
(a) 30.33 and 20.00 (b) 30.33 and 25.00

(c) 33.33 and 20.00 (d) 33.33 and 25.00
08. The design tensile strength of M16 bolt of grade 4.6 is______ kN
(a) 50.24 kN (b) 45.16 kN
(c) 51.13 kN (d) 43.86 kN
09. The hanger connection is subjected to design axial load is 180 kN. The design
strength of each bolt in shear, bearing and tension respectively 30 kN, 60
kN and 45 kN respectively. The number of bolts are required for the hanger
connection is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
10. The design strength values of a lap bolted connection between plates For Micro Notes by the
are 180,000 N against tearing, 160,000 N against shearing and 1, 50,000 N Student
against bearing. If the design strength of the solid plate is 2, 40,000 N; the
efficiency of the connection is_______%
(a) 55.0% (b) 62.5%
(c) 66.6% (d) 75.0%
11. The maximum longitudinal pitch of bolted joint subjected to tensile force,
where ‘t’ is thickness of plate and ‘D’ is diameter of bolt is
(a) 32 D (b) 16 D
(c) 32 t (d) 16 t
12. A member of a truss consists of two angles ISA 100 × 100 × 6 placed back
to back. It carries an ultimate load of 150 kN and is connected to a
gusset plate 8 mm thick placed in between two connected legs. Assume
Fe410 grade of steel. End distance and pitch distance to bolt holes are
respectively are 30 mm & 40 mm. Partial factor for bearing type bolt is 1.25.
The number of full threaded M16 bolts of grade 4.6 required for this joint is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
KEY for CRPQ

01. (c) 02. (c) 03. (d) 04. (b) 05. (d)
06. (b) 07. (d) 08. (d) 09. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b)
Conventional Questions
01. Two ISA 90×90×8mm carry a load of 180 kN and are placed back to back
through 10mm thick gusset plate. The permissible shear stress in rivet is 80 N/
mm2 and permissible bearing stress in rivet is 250N/mm2. Design the riveted
connection and show the arrangement with a neat sketch.
02. Two Fe410 plates of size 200mm × 10mm are to be joined by using bolts of
grade 4.6. Design a suitable bolted connection and also check the strength
of connected members as well as efficiency of bolted connection. The
bolted connection is supposed to carry a service load of 300 kN. The partial
safety factor governed by bearing type bolts is γmb=1.25 and load factor
γf =1.50
Unit 1 1.3 Welded Connections
WELDED CONNECTIONS
1. Introduction to welding or welding process

• Welding is the process of joining two pieces of metal by creating
a strong metallurgical bond between them by heating (fusion) or
pressure or both. It is distinguished from other forms of mechanical
connections, such as riveting or bolting, which are formed by friction
or mechanical interlocking.
• For steel structures metal or electric welding is generally used

• In all modern are welding processes, the arc is shielded (flux coating)
for the following reasons
To protect the molten or liquid metal from air, either with gas
vapor.
To control the melting of electrode for more effective use of are
energy
To add alloying elements
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of welded connections

Welding offers many advantages over bolting and riveting.
• Welding enables direct transfer of stress between members
eliminating gusset and splice plates necessary for bolted structures.
Hence, the weight of the joint is minimum.
• In the case of tension members, the absence of holes improves
the strength and efficiency of the section.
• It involves less fabrication cost compared to other methods due to
handling of fewer parts and elimination of operations like drilling,
punching etc. and consequently less labor leading to economy.
• Welding offers air tight and water tight joining and hence is ideal for oil
storage tanks, ships etc.
33 Welded Connections
• Welded structures are more rigid compared to structures with riveted For Micro Notes by the
and bolted connections. Student
• A truly continuous structure is formed by the process of fusing the
members together.
• Generally welded joints are as strong or stronger than the base
metal, thereby placing no restriction on the joints.
• Stress concentration effect is also considerably less in a welded
connection. Some of the disadvantages of welding are that it requires
skilled man power for welding as well as inspection.
• Also, non-destructive evaluation may have to be carried out to detect
defects in welds (Defects like internal air pockets and incomplete
penetration, cracks, porosity).
• Welding in the field may be difficult due to the location or environment.
Welded joints are highly prone to cracking under fatigue loading
(Welded joints are more brittle and their fatigue strength is less)
• Large residual stresses and distortion are developed in welded
connections.
3. Assumptions in the analysis of welded connections

The following assumptions are made in the analysis of welded connections
• The welds connecting the various parts are homogeneous, isotropic
elements
• Only stresses due to external loads are considered. Effects of residual
stresses, stress concentrations of welds are neglected.
• The parts connected by the weld are rigid and their deformations are
neglected
4. Classification of welded connections

Welds can be classified as follows
(a) Classification based on type of weld

(i) Butt or Groove weld
(ii) Fillet or lap weld
(iii) Slot weld
(iv) Plug weld

It was seen that welded connections are continuous and more rigid when Student
compared to bolted connections. It was also pointed out that fillet welds
and butt welds constitute respectively 80% and 15% of all welds in the
construction industry; the balance 5% is made up by plug, slot and spot
welds.
(b) Classification based on position

(i) Flat weld
(ii) Horizontal weld
(iii) Vertical weld
(iv) Overhead weld
(c) Classification based on type of joint

(i) Butt or groove weld
(ii) Lap or fillet weld
(iii) Tee weld
(iv) Corner weld

5. Design of Butt (Groove) weld
• Butt welds are used to connect structural members that are aligned in
the same plane. Edge preparation becomes necessary for plates over
10mm thickness for manual welding.
• A square groove weld used to connect plates up to 8mm thickness.
• Butt weld is usually designed for direct tension and compression and
shear also in some special cases.
(a) Reinforcement
• It is very difficult to maintain flush surface during welding with parent
member
• Reinforcement is extra weld metal (0.75mm – 3mm) which makes
throat dimension at least 10% greater than the thickness of the weld
material. The reason for providing reinforcement is to increase the
efficiency of the connection.
• Reinforcement makes the butt weld stronger for static loads. However
the reinforcement effect is neglected in design strength calculations.
(b) Types of butt weld For Micro Notes by the

Based on throat dimension butt welds may be following types Student
Square butt weld, Single V butt weld, Double V butt weld, Single Bevel
butt weld, Double bevel butt weld, Single U butt weld, Double U butt weld,
Single J butt weld and Double J butt weld etc.
(c) Size of butt weld or Throat thickness (te)

• The size of butt weld is specified by throat dimension and also called
effective throat thickness (te)
• te = 5/8th thickness of thinner member in case of single V, Single U and
single bevel butt joint (i.e for partially penetrated butt welds).
• te = Thickness of thinner member in case of Double V, Double U and
Double bevel butt joints (i.e for fully penetrated butt welds)
d) Effective sectional area of butt weld (Ae)

• The effective area of butt weld is the product of effective throat
thickness and the effective length of the butt weld.
Design of Concentric Butt Welds

(Limit State Design Concepts)
(i) Design axial strength of butt weld (Tdw)

The design strength of butt weld in tension
or compression is governed by yield
L w # t e # f y'
Tdw = γ mw

fy′ = smaller of yield stress of the weld (fyw) and parent metal (fy) in MPa
Lw = Effective length of weld in mm
te = Effective throat thickness of weld in m
= 5/8 × Thickness of thinner connected member in case of single butt
weld (t)
= Thickness of thinner connected member in case of fully penetrated
butt weld (t) (or) Double butt weld
gmw=Partial safety factor against weld strength For Micro Notes by the
gmw=1.25 for work shop welding and Student
gmw=1.50 for site (field) welding
(ii) Design shear strength of butt weld (Vdw)

The design strength of butt weld in shear is governed by yield
fyw1 L w t e
Vdw = γ mw
fyw1 = smaller of shear stress of the weld

(fyw/ 3 ) and parent metal (fy/ 3 ) in MPa
Example: 3.1
Two 16mm thick plates are joined in the workshop by (i) a single ‘U’ butt weld
(ii) a double butt weld. The effective length of weld is 300mm. Determine
the design strength of welded joint as per limit state design of IS800:2007.
The yield and ultimate tensile strength of weld and steel are 250 MPa and
410 MPa respectively.

6. Design of Concentric Fillet Welds (or) Lap Welds For Micro Notes by the
• The fillet weld is done for members which overlap each other or used Student
to connect structural members that are aligned in the two different
planes, for such welded joints shear stress are critical. Usually convex
or concave shape fillet welds are provided depending upon situation.
They are approximately triangular in cross section and they don’t
require edge preparation which are cheaper than butt welds
I. Specifications of fillet weld

(a) Size of fillet weld (S): It is minimum leg length of cross section of fillet
weld (it is distance from root to the toe of the fillet weld).
(b) Minimum size of fillet weld (Smin): The size of a fillet weld should not be
less than 3 mm or more than the thickness of the thinner part joined.
Thickness of thicker part Minimum size of

Over Up to and fillet welds (mm)
(mm) including (mm)
- 10 3
10 20 5
20 32 6
32 50 8 (First run)
& 10
(c) Maximum size of fillet weld (Smax)

• Fillet weld is provided to square edges, the weld size should be at least
1.5 mm less than the edge thickness (i.e Thickness of thinner member
– 1.5mm)
• For the rounded toe of a rolled section, the weld size should not
exceed 3/4 thickness of the section at the toe (i.e = 3/4th thickness of
rolled section at toe)
(d) Effective throat thickness (tt)

• It is perpendicular distance from right angle corner of fillet weld to the
hypotenuse.
• Minimum throat thickness of fillet weld not less than 3mm (IS800:2007
Specification only) Student
• tt = K x Size of the weld (S) (K= constant depends on angle between
fusion faces
• Fillet welds are normally used for connecting parts whose fusion faces
form angles between 60° and 120°.
Angle be-
60°– 91°– 101°– 107°– 114°–
tween fusion
90° 100o 106° 113° 120°
faces
Constant K 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50
(e) Effective length of fillet weld (Lw)

• It is actual length shown on the drawing
• Lw = Overall length of weld – 2× Size of fillet weld = L - 2S
• Minimum effective length not less than four times size of weld (4S) or
40mm whichever is higher.
(i) The stress distribution in the welded joint is complex and non-uniform.
The actual variation of shear stress distribution in the weld from point
A to B depends on the length of weld and also the ratio of the
width of plates being joined. Thus it is seen that there is serious stress
concentration at the edges of the plate.
(ii) In order to control it the length of the longitudinal (side) fillet weld
should not be less than the width of the plate. The uneven stress
distribution increases as the width of the plate increases.
(iii) For this reason the perpendicular distance between the longitudinal
fillet weld is limited to 16 times the thickness of thinner plate joined.
If the plate is wider than this limit slot or plug welds may introduced,
which tend to improve the distribution of stress in the plate.
(iv) It is assumed that the strength of longitudinal and transverse fillet weld
as shown in figure below is same. Actually the strength of transverse
fillet weld is about 30% more than the longitudinal fillet weld, because
transverse fillet weld is stressed more uniformly for uniformly for full For Micro Notes by the
length whereas transverse fillet weld is stressed non-uniformly due to Student
varying deformations along the weld length.
(f) End Returns

• The fillet weld terminating at the end or side of the member should be
returned around the corner when ever practicable for a distance not
less than twice the weld size as shown in figure.
• End returns are made twice the size of the weld to relive the high stress
concentration at the ends
• End returns must be provided for welded joints, which are subjected to
eccentricity, stress reversals or impact loads. This particularly important
on tension end of parts carrying bending loads.
• Most designers neglect the end returns in the effective length
calculations of the fillet weld. End returns must be provided for the
welded joints that are subjected to eccentricity, stress reversals or
impact loads.
Example: 3.2.
Example: 3.2
Two plates of 8mm thick and 12mm thick are to be joined using fillet weld.
Select minimum size of fillet, maximum size of fillet weld and length of end
returns.
Sol:
(g) Minimum overlap For Micro Notes by the

The overlap of plates to be welded in lap joint should not less than four Student
times thickness of thinner member (4t) or 40mm whichever is more.(Note:
IS800:2007 Specification)
II. Intermittent fillet welds

• Intermittent fillet weld: when length of fillet weld required transmitting a
force less than the continuous fillet weld (where t is thickness of thinner
plate)
• Clear spacing between intermediate fillet weld should not more than
• 12t or 200mm whichever is less for compression member
• 16t or 200mm whichever is less for tension member, Where ‘t’ thickness
of thinner connected member
III. Design strength of fillet weld (Pdw)

The design shear of fillet weld fwd = fwn/γmw
fwn = Nominal shear strength of fillet weld
fl
= u
3
The design strength of a fillet weld (based on the throat area).
L w # t t # flu = L w # ]K # Sg # flu
Pdw =
3 # γ mw 3 # γ mw
Lw= Effective length of fillet weld in mm

tt = (K×S)Effective throat thickness in mm
S = Size of weld in mm
f′u= Smaller of ultimate strength of weld and For Micro Notes by the
parent metal in MPa Student
γmw = Partial safety factor
γmw =1.25 for shop welding
γmw =1.50 for site (field) welding
IV. Reduction factor for long Joint ^β ,wh

(Note: IS800:2007 Specification only)
• If the maximum length , j of the side welds transferring shear along its
length exceeds 150 times the throat size of the weld (tt), the reduction
in weld strength as per the long joint.
• The design capacity of weld (fwd) reduced by a factor
lj = Length of joint (or) length of side weld in the direction of force
transfer
tt = Effective throat thickness of the weld
Exam
Example: 3.3
Determine minimum and maximum size length and overlap between plates
of the 6 mm size fillet welded connection to transmit a factored axial load
of 250 kN as per limit state design of IS800:2007 as shown in the figure. The
yield and ultimate tensile strength of weld and steel are 250 MPa and 410
MPa respectively. Assume workshop welding γmw=1.25 and width of the plate
is 100mm.
100 ISF10
100 mm
250 kN
6 mm
Sol:

Student
Example: 3.4
A circular plate, 100mm in diameter is welded to another plate by means of

6mm size fillet weld as shown in figure. Calculate ultimate twisting moment
capacity that can be resisted by fillet welded connection as per limit state
design of IS800:2007. Use steel of grade Fe410 and workshop welding.
100 mm
s = 6mm
Sol:
7. Design of Plug (or) Slot Welds For Micro Notes by the

• Plug and slot welds are used most often to tie two parts together and Student
in particular to reduce the unsupported dimensions of cover plates in
compression. There may also be used for shear transmission.
• Plug and slot welds are used along with fillet weld, when sufficient
welding length is not available along the edges of the members.
• A slot is cut in one of overlapping members and having welding metal
is filled in slot if the slot is small and completely filled with weld metal.
It is known as plug weld
The following specifications are for design of plug on slot weld as per
IS 816 – 1969.
(a) The width and diameter of slot should not be less than three times the
thickness of part which slot is formed or 25 mm which ever is greater.
(b) Corner at enclosed ends should be rounded with a radius not less
than 1.5 times the thickness of upper plate or 12 mm which ever is
greater.
(c) The distance between the edges of the plates and slot between
edges of adjacent slot should not be less than twice the thickness of
the upper plate.
8. Weld symbols
Exa

Objective Classroom Practice Questions Student
01. Which one of the following is the mode of failure in a fillet weld
material?
(a) Tension (b) Shear
(c) Bearing (d) Crushing
02. An angle member is connected to a gusset plate as a strut in a roof truss,

to achieve full strength of weld ensured, if its maximum size for an angle
member is limited to
(a) 1.5mm less than thickness of angle leg
(b) 75% of the thickness of angle leg
(c) Thickness of the angle leg
(d)1.5mm higher than thickness of the angle leg
03. The weakest plane in a fillet weld is

(a) A side parallel to the force
(b) A side normal to the force
(c) The one along the throat
(d) The one normal to the throat
04. The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld depends upon

(a) Angle between fusion faces
(b) Length of weld
(c) Permissible shear stress
(d) Type of weld
05. A fillet weld of size ‘S’ as shown in figure. The effective throat thickness of
fillet weld along throat is (where α is angle between weld faces)

99o
(a) 0.70×S (b) 0.65×S

(c) 0.60×S (d) 0.55×S
06. The effective length of a fillet weld of overall length ‘L’ and size of weld is For Micro Notes by the
‘S’ is given by Student
(a) L − 2S (b) L – 2S
S
(c) L − (d) L
2
07. For field welds, the permissible stresses in weld are reduced by _______
percentage?
08. A fillet welded joint is shown in the figure. The size of the weld is 8
mm. allowable shear stress in the weld is 110 N/mm2. What is the
safe force (to the nearest magnitude) to which the weld can be
subjected?
80 mm

60 mm
(a) 125 kN (b) 130 kN

(c) 140 kN (d) 135 kN
09. Two plates of dimensions 150 mm×16 mm and 150mm × 12 mm at their

welding edges are joined by butt welding as shown in the figure. What is
the maximum tension that this single V-butt weld joint can transmit? The
permissible tensile stress in the plates is 150 MPa.
Taper 1 in 15
(on both faces)
12 mm 16 mm
(a) 168.75kN (b) 270.00 kN

(c) 218.00 kN (d) 1350.00 kN
10. A circular shaft of diameter 120 mm is welded to a rigid plate by a fillet For Micro Notes by the
weld of size 6 mm. If a torque of 8 kN-m is applied to the shaft, what is the Student
maximum stress in the weld (to the nearest unit)?
(a) 80 N/mm2 (b) 85 N/mm2
(c) 90 N/mm2 (d) 95 N/mm2
11. Two plates are connected by fillet welds of size 10 mm and subjected to
tension, as shown in the sketch. The thickness of each plate is 12 mm. The
yield stress and the ultimate tensile stress of steel are 250 MPa and 410
MPa, respectively. The welding is done in the workshop (γmw = 1.25). As per
the Limit State Method of IS 800.2007. The minimum length (rounded off
to the nearest higher multiple of 5mm) of each weld to transmit a design
force P equal to 270 kN is
(a) 100 mm P
100 mm
(b) 105 mm
(c) 110 mm
(d) 115mm

150 mm
P

12. Two plates of 8mm thickness each are connected by a fillet weld of 6mm
thickness as shown in the figure. The permissible stresses in the plate and
the weld are 150MPa and 110 MPa respectively. Assuming the length of
the weld shown in the figure to be the effective length. The permissible
load P (in kN) is_______
6 mm
P 50 mm 100 mm P
100 mm
13. The effective length of intermediate fillet weld should not be less than
(a) Size of weld
(b) 1/100th length of fillet weld
(c) 4×size of weld or 40mm whichever is higher
(d) 4×thickness of thinner member
14. When length of side fillet weld is 300 times the effective throat thickness. For Micro Notes by the
Then the design shear capacity of fillet weld as per IS800:007 is Student
(a) Increased by 20% (b) Decreased by 20%
(c) Increase by 40% (d) Decrease by 40%
15. Which of the following statements are correct in respect of welded

connections?
1. Strength of Butt weld is equal to the strength of components joined.
2. Fillet welds carry the loads computed based on the tensile strength
characteristics of fusion material.
3. For effective transmission of load by fillet weld, the fusion faces shall
subtend an angle between 60° and 120°
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
KEY for CRPQ

01. (b) 02. (b) 03. (c) 04. (a) 05. (b)
06. (b) 07. (20) 08. (d) 09. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (60) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d)
Conventional Questions
01. A tie member of a roof truss of ISA 90×90×10mm is connected to a 12mm

thick gusset plate by 6mm fillet weld, if weld is to be done three sides as
shown in the figure below, find the length of the weld in the upper (x) and
lower (y) side
Assume Fe410 grade steel is used
Partial safety factors γmo= 1.10 and
γmw= 1.25
For ISA 90×90×10, assume C/S area =1703 mm2 and Cyy= Czz= 25.9 mm

Student
02. A channel section ISMC300@ N/m is welded to a 16mm thick gusset plate
as a member of truss bridge. Design a workshop fillet weld using limit state
design of IS800:2007, if overlap of fillet weld is limited to 365mm.
The properties of ISMC300@ 351 N/m are
Depth of beam section (h) = 300 mm
Cross sectional area (A) = 4564 mm2
Thickness of flange (tf) = 13.6 mm
Thickness of web (tw) = 7.6 mm
Yield stress of steel (fy) = 250 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile stress of steel (fu) = 410 N/mm2
Partial safety factor (γm0) = 1.10
Partial safety factor (γm1) = 1.25
Partial safety factor (γmw) = 1.25
Previous JNTU - Conventional Questions
01. Enumerate the different limit states as per code. [JNTU-18]

02. List the failure modes that may control the strength of a bolted joint
[JNTU-18]
03. (a) What are the various types of structural steel ? Discuss their mechanical
properties.
(b) Sketch the various types of Bolted connections and Welded
connections. [JNTU-18]
04. A bridge truss diagonal carries a pull of 200 kN. The length of the diagonal
is 3 m. The member is connected to a gusset plate 10 mm thick. Design a
suitable section using.
(a) Single angle section
(b) Double angle section [JNTU-18]
05. (a) What is structural steel ? Write its use in engineering structures. For Micro Notes by the
(b) What is lap joint? What are the different types of lap joints ? Student
[JNTU-17]
06. Calculate the strength of a 20 mm diameter bold of grade 4.6 for the
following cases.
The main plates to be jointed are 12 mm thick.
(a) Lap joint
(b) Single cover butt joint, cover plate being 10 mm thick.
[JNTU-17]
07. A 120 mm diameter and 6 mm thick pipe is fillet welded to a 14 mm plate.
It is subjected to a vertical factored load of 4.5 kN at 1m from the welded
end and a factored twisting moment of 1.8 kN-m. design the joint assuming
shop welding and steel grade Fe410. [JNTU-17]
08. (a) What re the load combinations for design purposes?
(b) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of welded connections.
[JNTU-16]
09. Two plates 10 mm and 18 mm thick are to be joined by a double cover
butt joint. Assuming cover plates of 8 mm thickness, design the joint to
transmit a factored load of 500 kN. Assume Fe 410 plate and grade 4.6
bolt. Assume the thickness of packing plate as 8 mm.
[JNTU-16]
10. (a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of steel as structural
steel.
(b) What do you mean by local buckling ? How local buckling of steel
structural shapes does affects the member strength. How it will be avoided.
[JNTU-15]
11. (a) What are prying forces.
(b) Design a double cover butt joint to connect two plates, each 12 mm
thick and 300 mm wide. The service load to be tansferred is 200 kN.
[JNTU-15]
Previous JNTU - Objective Questions
01. The heaviest I - section for same depth is

(a) ISMB (b) ISLB (c) ISHB (d) ISWB
02. Modulus of Elasticity of structural steel in MPa

(a) 2000 (b) 200000 (c) 20000 (d) 2000000
03. The product from blast furnance is called For Micro Notes by the
(a) cast iron (b) Wrought Iron Student
(c) pig iron (d) steel
04. Diameter of a bold hole is usually taken as

(a) gross diameter of the bolt
(b) nominal diameter of the bolt
(c) nominal diameter +1.5 mm
(d) nominal diameter +2.0 mm
05. In the cross section of the weld, throat is the

(a) minimum dimension (b) average dimension
(c) maximum dimension (d) none
06. The structural steel (standard quality shall conform to)

(a) IS 226 (b) IS 800 (c) Is 1977 (d) IS 2062
07. The percentage of carbon in standard structural steel is ____

(a) 0.23% (b) 0.6% (c) 0.5% (d) 1.5%
08. As per ISI rolled steel beam and web of a beam is known as
(a) ISWB (b) ISHB (c) ISMB (d) ISJB
09. The maximum pitch of riverts, used in steel is limited to ____

(a) 6t (b) 10t (c) 32t (d) 16t
10. A piece of round steel forged in place to connect two or more steel
members is known as ___
(a) bolt (b) rivet (c) screw (d) nail
11. The structural steel (standard quality shall conform to

(a) IS 226 (b) IS 228 (c) IS 220 (d) IS 224
12. Junction between the flange and web of a beam is known as

(a) lap joint (b) butt joint (c) fillet (d) none
13. The relevant code for the design of steel structures is

(a) IS800 (b) IS456 (c) IS1375 (d) Is520
14. The minimum thickness of main steel members directly exposed to weather For Micro Notes by the
and not accessible for painting is Student
(a) plates (b) beams (c) columns (d) footings
15. Poisson’s ratio of steel in the elastic range is

(a) 0.3 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.25 (d) 0.5
16. Load on connection is not eccentric for

(a) lap joint (b) single cover butt joint
(c) double cover but joint (d) none of the above
17. The allowable tensile stresses in power driven MS rivets in MPa is ____
(a) 100 (b) 150 (c) 125 (d) 200
18. The Diameter of bolt hole with respect to nominal diameter (d) of bolt is
(a) d+2mm (b) d+1mm (c) d+3mm (d) d+4mm
19. In bolted/riveted construction, the minimum width of lacing bars shall be

_____ times the nominal diameter of the end bolt/ rivet.
(a) 2 times (b) 3 times (c) 2.5 times (d) 4 times
KEY
01. (c) 02. (b) 03. (b) 04. (c) 05. (a)
06. (a) 07. (a) 08. (a) 09. (d) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b)
Previous JNTU - Objective Questions
01. The effective length of fillet weld should not be less than ____
02. The partial factor of safety for resistance governed by yielding is ____
03. The ability of the material to deform without breaking is called ___
04. Additional tensile force developed in a bolt as a result of the flexing of a
connection component such as a beam end plate or leg of an angle is
called ____
05. ____ is the measure of ability of the steel to absorb energy at high rates of
loading
06. The junction between the flange and web of a beam is known as ____ For Micro Notes by the
07. In steel tables, ISMB is a symbol used for ____ Student
08. Minimum pitch + ___ +nominal diameter of rivet.

09. The type of shear subjected by the rivets in single cover butt joint will be
____
10. The size of the rivet is expressed by _____ of the shank.
11. For the structural members exposed to atmosphere, the most unsuitable
type of weld is ____
12. Riveting and bolting can be done for all thicknesses, but welding is per-
mitted for thickness less than or equal to ____
13. Modulus of elasticity for structural steel is _____
14. The measure of ability of the steel to absorb energy at high rates of load-
ing is called ____
15. The ratio of Young’s modulus to rigidity modulus of standard structural
steel is _____
16. ____ is one of the modes of failure in a fillet weld material
17. Ultimate Tensile stress of grade 5.6 steel _______
18. The minimum edge and end distances from the centre of any hole to
the nearest edge of a plate shall not be less than _______ times the hole
diameter in case of rolled, machine-flame cut, Sawn and planed edges.
19. The size of fillet welds shall not be less than _____ mm
20. Where a fillet weld is applied to the square edge of a part, the specified
size of the weld should generally beat least _____ mm less than the edge
thickness.
21. The maximum pitch allowed in riveted connection is _____ mm
22. nn and ns for double cover Butt joint are _____
23. The distance between the centres of two adjacent fasteners (pitch) in a
line lying in the direction of stress, shall not exceed ______ which ever is
less, in tension members.
24. Efficiency of joint is _____
Answers
01. four times weld size 02. 1.10

03. plasticity 04. prying force
05. Fatigue strength 06. fillet
07. beams 08. 2.5
09. single shear 10. diameter
11. intermittent fillet weld 12. 20 mm
13. 2 × 10 N/mm
5 2
14. impact strength
15. 2.4 16. shear failure For Micro Notes by the

17. 500 N/mm2 18. 1.5 Student
19. 3 20. 1.5

21. 300 22. 1 & 1
strength of jo int
23. 16t (or) 200 mm 24. #
strength of solid plate 100
Previous GATE - Questions
01. Factor of safety adopted by IS: 800-1984 while arriving at the permissible
stress in axial compression is (GATE - 97)
(a) 2.00 (b) 1.00
(c) 1.67 (d) 1.50
02. In section, shear centre is a point through which, if the resultant load
passes, the section will not be subjected to any
(GATE - 99)
(a) Bending (b) Tension
(c) Compression (d) Torsion
03. Rivet value is defined as (GATE - 04)
(a) lesser of the bearing strength of rivet and the shearing strength of the
rivet
(b) lesser of the bearing strength of rivet and the shearing strength of
thinner plate
(c) greater of the bearing strength of rivet and the shearing strength of
the rivet
(d) lesser of the shearing strength of the rivet and the shearing strength of
thinner plate
04. In a steel plate with bolted connections, the rupture of the net section is a
mode of failure under (GATE - 12)
(a) tension (b) compression
(c) flexure (d) shear
05. Prying forces are (GATE –15–Set 2)

(1) Shearing forces on the bolts because of the joints
(2) Tensile forces due to the flexibility of connected parts
(3) Bending forces on the bolts because of the joints
(4) forces due to the friction between connected parts
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Student
06. A 12 mm thick plate is connected to two 8 mm plates, on either side
through a 16 mm diameter power driven field rivet as shown in the figure
below. Assuming permissible shear stress as 90 MPa and permissible bearing
stress as 270 MPa in the rivet, the rivet value of the joint is
(GATE - 09)
P/2 8 mm

12 mm P
P/2 8 mm
(a) 56.70 kN (b) 43.29 kN

(c) 36.19 kN (d) 21.65 kN
07. A double cover butt riveted joint is used to connect two flat plates of
200 mm width and 14 mm thickness as shown in the figure. There are
twelve power driven rivets of 20 mm diameter at a pitch of 50 mm in both
directions on either side of the plate. Two cover plates of 10 mm thickness
are used. The capacity of the joint in tension considering bearing and shear
ONLY, with permissible bearing and shear stresses as 300MPa and 100MPa
respectively, is
(GATE - 10)
50 mm
50 mm 50 mm
50mm
50mm
50mm
50mm
(a) 1083.6 kN (b) 871.32 kN

(c) 541.18 kN (d) 433.70 kN

08. For the fillet weld of size ‘S’ shown in the adjoining figure the effective throat Student
thickness is (GATE - 11)
Fillet weld
99°
S
S

(a) 0.61 S (b) 0.65 S

(c) 0.70 S (d) 0.75 S
09. Maximum size of a fillet weld for a plate of square edge is

(GATE - 97)
(a) 1.5 mm less than the thickness of the plate
(b) one half of the thickness of the plate
(c) thickness of the plate itself
(d) 1.5 mm more than the thickness of the plate
10. ISA 100 × 100 × 10 mm (Cross sectional area = 1903 mm2) is welded along
A and B (Refer to figure in the below question) such that the lengths of the
weld along A and B are l1 and l2 respectively. Which of the following is a
possibly acceptable combination of l1 and l2
(GATE - 02)
A
ISA 100×100×10
B
Gusset plate

(a) l1 = 60 mm and l2 = 150 mm

(b) l1 = 150 mm and l2 = 60 mm
(c) l1 =150 mm and l2 = 150 mm
(d) Any of the above, depending on the size of the weld
11. A fillet-welded joint of 6 mm size is shown in the figure. The welded surfaces

meet at 60 - 90 degree and permissible stress in the fillet weld is 108 MPa.
Student
The safe load that can be transmitted by the joint is (GATE - 05)
100mm
50 mm
F
(a) 162.7 kN (b) 151.6 kN

(c) 113.4 kN (d) 109.5 kN
12. Two plates, subjected to direct tension, each of 10 mm thickness and hav-
ing widths of 100 mm and 175 mm, respectively are to be fillet welded with
an overlap of 200 mm. Given that the permissible weld stress is 110 MPa and
the permissible stress in steel is 150 MPa, then length of the weld required
using the maximum permissible weld size as per IS : 800 – 1984 is
(GATE - 10)
100 mm 175 mm
200 mm

(a) 245.3 mm (b) 229.2 mm
(c) 205.5 mm (d) 194.8 mm
13. Two plates are connected by fillet welds of size 10 mm and subjected to
tension, as shown in the figure. The thickness of each plate is 12 mm. The
yield stress and the ultimate tensile stress of steel are 250 MPa and 410 MPa,
respectively. The welding is done in the workshop (γmw = 1.25).
P
100 mm
150 mm
P

As per the Limit State Method of IS 800: 2007, the minimum length (rounded For Micro Notes by the
Student
off to the nearest higher multiple of 5 mm) of each weld to transmit a force
P equal to 270 kN (factored) is
(GATE – 12 & 16 – Set 1)
(a) 90 mm (b) 105 mm
(c) 110 mm (d) 115 mm
14. Two plates of 8 mm thickness each are connected by a fillet weld of 6 mm

thickness as shown in the figure.
50 mm
P P
100 mm
The permissible stresses in the plate and the weld are 150 MPa and 110
MPa, respectively. Assuming the length of the weld shown in the figure to
be the effective length, the permissible load P (in kN) is_______
(GATE – 17 – Set 2)
KEY
01. (c) 02. (d) 03. (a) 04. (a) 05. (b)
06. (b) 07. (b) 08. (b) 09. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (60)
Previous IES - Objective Questions
01. Consider the following statements:

Aluminum is being increasingly used for structural purposes because
1. Its modulus of elasticity is double that of steel
2. Its coefficient of thermal expansion is half that of steel
3. It requires less maintenance
4. The strength to unit weight ratio of aluminum is high
(ESE – 1995)
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 4 (b) 2 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 3 and 4
02. A ductile structure is defined as one for which the plastic deformation For Micro Notes by the
Student
before fracture (ESE−1996)
(a) is smaller than the elastic deformation
(b) vanishes
(c) is equal to the elastic deformation
(d) is much larger than the elastic deformation
03. Consider the following definitions: (ESE−1996)

1. Collapse load/service load
2. (Collapse load/service load) − 1
3. Ultimate stress/permissible stress
4. (Ultimate stress/permissible stress)−1
Of these definitions, those which relate to ‘margin of safety’ would include
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 alone
(c) 2 and 4 (d) 3 alone
04. Upper yield point in the stress-strain curve in structural steel can be avoided
by (ESE−1997)
(a) Cold working (b) Hot working
(c) Quenching (d) Galvanizing
05. The permissible stresses for main structural steel members under dynamic
loads should be increased by (ESE−1999)
(a) 20% (b) 25%
(c) 30% (d) 33.33%
06. Assertion (A): When a mild steel bar is tested in tension, the stress drops
down from upper yield point to lower yield point without elongation.
Reason (R): The boundaries of grains of mild steel are composed of brittle
material. (ESE−2000)
07. Match List-I (Properties) with List-II (stress points labelled 1,2,3 and 4) in the
stress strain figure and select the correct answer using the codes given be-
low the lists: (ESE−2001)

List-I
A. Yield Point
B. Proportional limit
C. Rupture Strength
D. Ultimate strength
List-II For Micro Notes by the

Student
STRESS 3 2
1
4
STRAIN
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 4 1 2 (b) 4 3 1 2
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 4 3 2 1
08. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched? (ESE−2001)

(a) Truss : Bending (b) Beam: Twisting
(c) Column : Buckling (d) Shaft : Shortening

Assertion (A): In the working stress design method the internal stresses at a
section of member are computed for factored loads.
Reason (R): In the working stress design method it is ensured that the inter-
nal stresses due to working loads are less than the allowable stresses.
Of these statements (ESE− 2002)

10. The order of elongation which a specimen of mild steel undergoes before
fracture is (ESE−2003)
(a) 0.1 % (b) 1%
(c) 10% (d) 100%
11. Which of the following conditions are to be satisfied by an ideal plastic

material? (ESE−2003)
1. It should follow Hooke’s law upto the limit of proportionality.
2. Strains up to the strain hardening in tension and compression are to
be the same.
3. The material property should be different in tension and compression.
4. The values of yield stress in tension and compression should be differ-
ent.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 4
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 2, 3 and 4

12. Some steels do not show yield plateau and show continuous curve. For
Student
such steel, how is the yield strength obtained? (ESE-2004)
(a) By drawing 0.2% offset of the strain
(b) By drawing 0.5% offset of the strain
(c) By drawing initial tangent
(d) By drawing initial secant modulus
13. The stress strain diagram for mild steel subjected to tensile load is given
below. Now consider the following statements: (ESE-2004)
D
A
Stress C
B
Strain
1. The diagram represents average stress strain diagram

2. The diagram represents actual stress strain diagram
3. A represents upper yield point
4. B represents lower yield point
(a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 1, 3 and 4
(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 3
14. In a situation where torsion is dominant, which one of the following is the
desirable section? (ESE-2005)
(a) Angle section (b) Channel section
(c) I-section (d) Box type section
15. A reduction in the allowable stress in steel chimney construction is neces-

sary if the temperature exceeds (ESE-2007)
(a) 75 C (b) 100 C
o o
(c) 200oC (d) 300oC
16. Consider the following statements: (ESE-2008)

Compared to mild steel, aluminum has
1. Lesser ductility
2. Lesser value of Young’s modulus
3. Lesser tensile strength For Micro Notes by the

Student
4. No definite yield point
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1,2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4 only
17. Which one of the following is correct? (ESE-2008)

Steel structures are ideally suitable for impact loads because they have high
(a) Toughness value (b) Elastic modulus
(c) Design stress (d) Plastic modulus
18. Assertion (A): In the case of mild steel, the tensile strength (expressed as
per unit area) of smaller diameter bars are more than that of larger diam-
eter bars.
Reason (R): In the case of smaller diameter mild steel bars, the ratio of
outer hard core to total area (outer hard core + inner soft core) is more.
(ESE-2010)
19. Which of the following steel sections should preferably be used at places
where torsion occurs? (ESE-2011)
(a) Box-type section (b) Channel section
(c) Angle section (d) any of the above
20. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. A steel structure designer can guarantee the safety of the structure.
2. Working stress method of design of steel structures offers a safe and
economical structure.
3. Strength and serviceability of a structure cannot be predicted on
account of several unforeseen factors. (ESE−2013)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 3 only
(c) 2 only (d) 1 only
21. When designing steel structures, one must ensure that local buckling in
webs does not take place. This check may not be critical when using
rolled steel sections because (ESE – 2014)
(a) quality control at the time of manufacture of rolled sections is very
good
(b) web depths available are small
(c) web stiffness is built-in rolled sections
(d) depth to thickness ratio of the web is always appropriately adjusted
22. The carbonation process is demonstrated more by (ESE – 2016)

(a) Atmospheric corrosion (b) Chloride corrosion Student
(c) Stress corrosion (d) Hydrogen embrittlement
23. Statement (I): In recent practice, sponge iron replaces pig iron in large
foundries.
Statement (II): Sponge iron can be produced in small plants using no-cok-
ing coal. (ESE – 2017)
24. Statement (I): Aluminum alloy with less than 6% copper is used in making
auto-mobile pistons.
Statement (II): Duraluminium containing 4% copper has a high tensile
strength and is well usable wherever alkaline environment is not present.
(ESE – 2018)
KEY
01. (d) 02. (d) 03. (c) 04. (b) 05. (d) 06. (a) 07. (a) 08. (c) 09. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b)
Riveted and Bolted Connection
01. A steel plate is 30 cm wide and 10 mm thick. A rivet of nominal diameter 18

mm is driven. The net sectional area of the plate is
(ESE–1995)
(a) 18.00 cm2 (b) 28.20 cm2
(c) 28.05 cm2 (d) 32.42 cm2
02. The common assumption that, ‘all rivets share equally a non-eccentric
load’ is valid at a load (ESE–1995)
(a) Below the working load (b) Equal to the working load
(c) Above the working load (d) Equal to the failure load
03. A mild steel flat subjected to tensile force of 84 tonnes is connected to

a gusset plate using rivets. If the forces required to shear a single rivet, to
crush the rivet and to tear the plate per pitch length are 5000 kg, 8000 kg
and 6000 kg respectively, then the number of rivets required is
(ESE−1996)
(a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 17

04. Assertion (A): In structural bearing type joints, each connection is assumed
Student
to transmit its proportional share of the applied load.
Reason (R): Applied load passes through the centroid of the connector
group. (ESE−1996)

1. To insert a 28 mm nominal diameter rivet, 29.5 mm rivet hole is made.
2. Provision is made to allow temperature expansion of the bolt.
Which of these statements are correct? (ESE−1997)
(a) Both 1 and 2 (b) 1 only
(c) 2 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2
06. In a diamond riveting, for a plate of width ‘b’ and rivet diameter ‘d’, the
efficiency of the joint is given by (ESE−1997)
^b − dh ^ b − 2dh
(a) (b)
b b
^b − dh ^ b − 2dh
(c) (d)
d d
07. In a double-riveted double-covered butt joint, the strength of the joint

per length in shearing the rivets is n times the shear strength of one rivet in
single shear, where ‘n’ is equal to (ESE−1998)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
08. A structural member carrying a pull of 700 kN is connected to a gusset

plate using rivets. If the pulls required to shear the rivet, to crush the rivet
and to tear the plate per pitch length are respectively 60 kN, 35 kN and
70 kN, then the number of rivets required will be (ESE−1999)
(a) 22 (b) 20 (c) 18 (d) 12
09. The permissible stresses in rivets under wind load conditions as per IS: 800
can be exceeded by about (ESE−2000)
(a) 15% (b) 25% (c) 33% (d) 50%
10. In a truss girder of a bridge, a diagonal consists of mild steel flat 400 ISF
and carries a pull of 800 kN. If the gross diameter of the rivets is 26 mm,
then the number of rivets required in the splice is (ESE−2000)
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
11. Load on connection is not eccentric for (ESE−2001) For Micro Notes by the
Student
(a) Lap joint
(b) Single cover butt joint
(c) Double cover butt joint
(d) All the joints mentioned in (a), (b) and (c) of the question
12. Two steel plates each of 12 mm thickness are connected by a double

cover butt joint by rivets shown in the given figure. If the rivet diameter is
22 mm with rivet force value of 53150N and permissible stress in tension of
plate is 142 N/mm2, which one of the following section is the most critical
section? (ESE−2001)

1 23
30 cms
1 23
(a) Section1 − 1
(b) Section 2 − 2
(c) Section 3 − 3
(d) Both section 1− 1 and section 2 − 2
13. Match List-I (Failure mode) with List-II (Reason) and select the correct an-
swer using the codes given below the lists: (ESE− 2003)
List-I
A. Shear failure of plates B. Bearing failure of plates
C. Tearing failure of plates D. Splitting failure of plates

List-II
1. Insufficient edge distance
2. Strength of plate is less than that of the rivets
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 1 2 1 (b) 2 1 2 1
(c) 1 2 1 2 (d) 1 1 1 2
14. The centre to centre maximum distance between bolts in tension mem- For Micro Notes by the
ber of thickness 10 mm is (ESE−2003) Student
(a) 200 mm (b) 160 mm

(c) 120 mm (d) 100 mm
15. In a riveted joint, failure will occur due to which one of the following?
(ESE− 2003)
(a) Shear failure of rivet
(b) Bearing failure of rivet
(c) Tearing failure of plate
(d) Minimum load value of shearing, Bearing or tearing failure
16. When the effect of wind or earthquake load is considered in the design of
rivets and bolts for steel structures, by what percentage the permissible
stresses may be exceeded? (ESE-2004)
(a) 15% (b) 25%
(c) 33.33% (d) 50%
17. A 6 mm thick mild steel plate is connected to an 8 mm thick plate by 16

mm diameter shop rivets. What is the number of rivets required to carry an
80 kN load? (ESE-2004)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
18. Consider the following statement:

1. The gross area of a rivet is taken as the cross-sectional area of the
rivet hole.
2. The distance between the centers of the rivets should not be less than
2.5 times the gross diameter of the rivet.
3. In no case shall fewer than two bolts or rivets be used for attaching
the lug angle to the gusset.
(ESE-2004)
(a) 1and 2 (b) 1and 3
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1,2 and 3
19. What is the ratio of the yield stress in power driven shop rivets relative to
the permissible bearing stress of mild steel? (ESE-2007)
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.8
(c) 0.6 (d) 0.4
20. What is the maximum permissible longitudinal pitch in staggered riveted For Micro Notes by the
compression joints? (ESE-2007) Student
(a) 500 mm (b) 400 mm
(c) 300 mm (d) 100 mm
21. How are structural members composed of two angles back to back con-
nected throughout their length? (ESE-2008)
(a) By locking rivets (b) By spacing rivets
(c) By gripping rivets (d) By tacking rivets
22. For field rivets, the permissible stresses are reduced by what percentage?
(ESE-2008)
(a) 10% (b) 15% (c) 25% (d) 33 %
23. A steel plate is 300 mm wide and 10 mm thick. A rivet of nominal diameter
of 16 mm is driven into it. What is the net sectional area of the plate?
(ESE-2009)
(a) 2600 mm2 (b) 2760 mm2
(c) 2830 mm2 (d) 2840 mm2

1. When wind load is the primary load, no increase in the allowable
stresses is provided for in members or fasteners.
2. Due to wind load acting along with dead and live loads, increase in
allowable stress upto 33.33% can be provided for.
3. Due to wind load acting along with dead load, increase in allowable
stress of 25% in foundation bolts can be provided for.
Which of these statements is/are correct? (ESE-2009)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 only (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only
25. A steel plate is 300 mm wide and 10 mm thick. A rivet of nominal diameter
18 mm is driven. The net sectional area of the plate is (ESE-2010)
(a) 1800 mm2 (b) 2805 mm2
(c) 2820 mm2 (d) 3242 mm2
26. The maximum longitudinal pitch allowed in bolted joints of tension mem-
bers is (ESE-2010)
(a) 16 times the diameter of the bolt
(b) 32 times the diameter of the bolt
(c) 16 times the thickness of the plate
(d) 32 times the thickness of the plate

27. A bolt designated as Hex bolt M 16 × 70 NL will have (ESE-2010) Student
(a) Diameter of 16 mm
(b) Diameter of 70 mm
(c) Length of 16 mm
(d) Cross-sectional area of 16 × 70 cm2
28. A structural member carrying a pull of 700 kN is connected to a gusset

plate using rivets of 20 mm diameter. If the pull required for shearing the
rivets, to crush the rivets and to tear the plate per pitch length are 60 kN,
35 kN and 70 kN respectively, then the number of rivets required is
(ESE-2010)
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 22
29. When the distance between centers of two adjacent rivets connecting
the members subjected to either compression or tension exceeds the
maximum pitch, then the additional rivets which are not subjected to the
calculated stresses are known as (ESE-2011)
(a) Packing rivets (b) Long-grip rivets
(c) Tacking rivets (d) Auxiliary rivets
30. The maximum longitudinal pitch in bolted joints, subjected to tensile forc-
es, where in
t = thickness of the plate and
D = diameter of bolt, is (ESE-2011)
(a) 32 D (b) 16 D
(c) 32 t (d) 16 t
31. When the effect of wind or earthquake load is taken into account in the
design of a rivets connection, the permissible stresses in rivets may be ex-
ceeded by (ESE-2012)
(a) 16.66% (b) 33.33% (c) 25% (d) 20%
32. A mild steel flat subjected to a tensile force of 840 kN is connected to a

gusset plate using rivets. If the permissible forces required per pitch length
(i) to shear a single rivet, (ii) to crush the rivet and (iii) to tear the plate are
50 kN, 80 kN and 60 kN respectively, then the number of rivets required is
(ESE-2012)
(a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 17
33. When the load line coincides with the centroid of the rivet group, the riv- For Micro Notes by the
ets are subjected to (ESE-2012) Student
(a) Shear only (b) Tension only
(c) Bending only (d) Shear as well as tension
34. An angle ISA 50 × 50 × 6 is connected to a gusset plate 5 mm thick, with

16 mm bolts. What is the bearing strength of the bolt when the hole diam-
eter is 16 mm and the allowable bearing stress is 250 MPa? (ESE – 2014)
(a) 8 kN (b) 20 kN (c) 22.5 kN (d) 24 kN
35. A mild steel structural section is an unsymmetrical I-section, with the great-
er width at the top and the smaller width at the bottom. The overall depth
of the beam is 300 mm, and the flange stresses at the top and the bottom
of the beam are 150 N/mm2 and 50 N/mm2, respectively. What is the
height of the neutral axis of the beam from its bottom? (ESE – 2015)
(a) 125 mm (b) 100 mm (c) 75 mm (d) 50 mm
36. What is the maximum number of 20 diameter bolts that can be accom-
modated in a single row on a 140 mm wide flat strip used as one of the
structural elements involved in the process? (ESE – 2015)
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5

1. When analyzing by the Ultimate Load Method, the eccentrically
loaded fastener group rotates about an instantaneous centre.
2. The rivet which is the farthest from the centre of gravity of the rivet
group and may also be the nearest to the applied load line is the
most ‘critical, one.
3. The deformation at each rivet is not proportional to its distance from
the centre of rotation.
Which of the above statements are correct? (ESE – 2015)
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
38. The block shear failure of a bolted joint in tension occurs because of
1. Use of high shear strength bolts
2. Use of plates with higher bearing strength
(ESE – 2016)
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
39. As per IS code, the maximum longitudinal pitch allowed in bolted joints of For Micro Notes by the
tension members is nominally (ESE – 2016) Student
(a) 12 times the thickness of the plate
(b) 12 times the diameter of the bolt
(c) 16 times the thickness of the plate
(d) 16 times the diameter of the bolt
40. A single angle of thickness 10 mm is connected to a gusset by 6 numbers

of 18 mm diameter bolts, with pitch of 50 mm and with edge distance of
30 mm. The net area in block shear along the line of the transmitted force
is (ESE – 2018)
(a) 1810 mm2 (b) 1840 mm2
(c) 1920 mm2 (d) 1940 mm2
41. Statement (I): In a bolted joint, all similarly placed bolts share the load
equally.
Statement (II): Bolts are placed in holes having slightly larger diameters.
(ESE – 2018)
KEY
01. (c) 02. (d) 03. (d) 04. (c) 05. (c) 06. (a) 07. (d) 08. (b) 09. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (*)
41. (b)
Welded Connections
01. A circular plate 100 mm diameter is welded to another plate by means of

6 mm fillet weld. If the permissible shearing stress in the weld equals 10 kg/
mm2, then the greatest twisting moment that can be resisted by the weld
will be (ESE−1996)
(a) 424 π kg-m (b) 300π kg-m
(c) 212π kg-m (d) 60π kg-m
02. In a fillet weld the weakest section is the (ESE−1996) For Micro Notes by the
Student
(a) Smaller side of the fillet (b) Throat of the fillet
(c) Side perpendicular to force (d) Side parallel to force
03. The effective length of the fillet weld is (ESE−1997)

(a) Total length −2 × throat size (b) Total length −2 × weld size
(c) 0.7 × total length (d) Total length −
04. For two plates of equal thickness, full strength of fillet weld can be ensured
if its maximum size, for square edge, is limited to (ESE−1998)
(a) 1.5 mm less than the thickness (b) 75% of the thickness
(c) 80% of the thickness (d) Thickness of the plate
05. A welded fillet joint of length L can be subjected to a maximum load of

(fs-fillet size and pss = permissible shear stress). (ESE−1998)
(a) f (b) fs×L×pss
(c) (0.7)(fs×L×pss) (d) 2(fs×L×pss)
06. Match List-I (Use) with List-II (Type of weld) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists: (ESE−1999)
List-I
A. Structural members
B. Joining two surfaces
C. A hole is made in one of
D. Pressure is applied
List-II
1. Slot weld subject to direct tension or compression
2. Seam weld approximately at right angles to each other
3. Fillet weld the components and welding is done around the periph-
ery of the hole
4. Plug weld continuously
5. Butt weld
Codes:
A B C D A B C D
(a) 5 4 1 3 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 5 3 1 2 (d) 4 5 3 2
07. A welding details is shown in figure (ESE−1999) For Micro Notes by the
Student
80 75
75 100
100 75
75 100
100 75
75 100
80 75

10 mm weld
8 mm weld

The welding notation for the figure is

(a) 8 (80) 75 (100) (b) 10 75 (100)
10 75 (100) 8 (80) 75 (100)
(c) 8 (80) 100 (75)

(d) 10 (100)75
10 (100)75
8 (80) 100 (75)
08. Which one of the following is the mode of failure in a fillet weld material?
(ESE−2001)
(a) Tension (b) Shear
(c) Bearing (d) Crushing
09. Which of the following does not describe a weld type? (ESE− 2003)
(a) Butt (b) Plug
(c) Zig-Zag (d) Lap
10. Which one of the following is correct? (ESE-2008)

The permissible stresses in a weld are usually taken as
(a) less than those of the parent body
(b) equal to those of the parent body
(c) more than those of the parent body any desired value
(d) Any desired value
11. What is the safe load P that can be transmitted by the fillet-welded joint For Micro Notes by the
Student
shown in figure below if the safe allowable shear stress in the fillet-weld is
108 MPa? (ESE-2009)
6V
P 60 mm 50 mm P
(a) 60 kN (b) 66 kN (c) 77 kN (d) 81 kN
12. The effective length of the fillet weld is (ESE-2011)

(a) Total length −2 × throat size (b) Total length − 2× weld size
(c) 0.7 × total length (d) Total length −
13. A tie bar 100 mm × 16 mm thick is to be welded to another plate as shown

in figure using 8 mm fillet welds. If the tensile stress in plates is 150 N/mm2
and shear stress in weld is 110.0 N/mm2, the minimum overlap required will
be (ESE-2011)
100 mm

16 mm
(a) 50 mm (b) 75 mm
(c) 100 mm (d) 150 mm
14. For two plates of equal thickness, full strength of square-edged fillet weld
can be ensured if its maximum size is limited to (ESE-2011)
(a) 1.5 mm less than the plate thickness
(b) 67% of the plate thickness
(c) 80% of the plate thickness
(d) Thickness of the plate
15. The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld depends upon

(ESE-2012) Student
(a) Angle between fusion faces
(b) Length of weld
(c) Permissible shear stress
(d) Type of weld
16. The effective length of a fillet weld is taken as the actual length
(ESE – 2014)
(a) plus twice the size of the weld
(b) minus twice the size of the weld
(c) plus the size of the weld
(d) minus the size of the weld
17. For the welded joint shown in the figure, the direct vertical shear stress on
the weld is 40 MPa and the bending stress is 120 MPa. For what strength
should the weld be designed? (ESE– 2015)

Front View Side View
P
(a) 80 MPa (b) 120 MPa

(c) 132 MPa (d) 160 MPa
18. A fillet-welded joint is shown in the figure. The size of the weld is 8 mm.
Safe stress in the weld is 110 N/mm2. What is the safe force (to the nearest
magnitude) to which the weld can be subjected?
(ESE– 2015)
80 mm
60 mm
(a) 125 kN (b) 130 kN

(c) 140 kN (d) 135 kN

Student
19. Two plates of dimensions 150 mm × 16 mm and 150 mm × 12 mm at their
welding edges are joined by butt welding as shown in the figure. What is
the maximum tension that this single V-butt weld joint can transmit? The
permissible tensile stress in the plates is 150 MPa. (ESE– 2015)
Taper 1 in
15(on both
12 mm 16 mm faces)
(a) 168.75kN (b) 270 kN (c) 218 kN (d) 1350 kN
20. What is the nearest magnitude of strength of a 6 mm fillet weld of 100 mm

length made between two flats each 10 mm thick? The allowable shear
stress on the weld is 110 MPa. (ESE– 2015)
(a) 23 kN (b) 33 kN (c) 46 kN (d) 66 kN
21. Which of the following statements are correct in respect of welded con-
nections?
1. Strength of Butt weld is equal to the strength of components joined.
2. Fillet welds carry the loads computed based on the tensile strength
characteristics of fusion material.
3. For effective transmission of load by fillet weld, the fusion faces shall
subtend an angle between 60o and 120o (ESE– 2015)
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
22. A circular shaft of diameter 120 mm is welded to a rigid plate by a fillet

weld of size 6 mm. If a torque of 8 kNm is applied to the shaft, what is the
maximum stress in the weld (to the nearest unit)? (ESE – 2015)
(a) 84 N/mm 2
(b) 87 N/mm 2
(c) 90 N/mm 2
(d) 95 N/mm2
KEY
01.(c) 02. (b) 03. (b) 04. (a) 05. (c) 06. (c) 07. (a) 08. (b) 09. (c) 10.(b)
11.(c) 12.(b) 13.(c) 14.(a) 15.(a) 16.(b) 17.(*) 18.(d) 19.(a) 20.(c)
21.(d) 22.(a)

Student

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Department of Civil Engineering

Design of Steel Structures

III Year B.Tech. (II - Sem)

in association with ACE Engineering Academy

11 All India 1st Ranks in ESE

(i) IS 226 (Standard Quality)

(iii) IS 961 (High tensile steel) For Micro Notes by the

• Fe570 – HT: For structure with fabrication by methods other than

3. Rolled structural steel sections

4. Advantages and disadvantages of structural steel sections as a structural

• Longer life For Micro Notes by the

5. Where and when to use structural steel sections

6. Various types of standard rolled steel sections

v) Rolled steel bars For Micro Notes by the

(a) Rolled steel I – sections (Beam sections)

(b) Rolled Steel Channel Sections

(c) Rolled Steel T – Sections For Micro Notes by the

(d) Rolled Steel Angle sections

8. Codes and Standards

9. Stress Strain curves of structural steels

10. Mechanical Properties of Structural Steel:

E 250 (Fe 410C) 410 250 240 230 23

11. Physical properties of structural steel

Specific gravity gs =7.85

12. Analysis and Design

13. Design requirements of steel structure

14. Uncertainties in design

15. Working Stress Method (WSM) For Micro Notes by the

(b) Permissible stresses or Allowable stresses

(c) Minimum thickness of main steel sections (Serviceability criteria)

16. Limit State Design (LSD) For Micro Notes by the

before failure occurs is called limit state.

(a) Types of limit states:

(b) Characteristic Strength or Resistance

(c) Characteristic Load

(e) The design requirements are expressed as follows:

(f) Partial safety factors [Load factors (γf)]

Limit State of Strength Limit state of Serviceability

DL+LL 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 −

DL+WL/EL 1.5 (0.9)* − 1.5 1.0 − 1.0

(g) Partial safety factors [Strength or resistance factors (γm)]

Sl. No. Definition Partial Safety Factor

1 Resistance, governed by yielding γmo 1.10

2 Resistance of member to buckling γmo 1.10

3 Resistance, governed by ultimate stress γm1 1.25

4 Resistance of connection γm1 Shop Fabrications Field Fabrications

(i) Bolts-Friction Type, γmf 1.25 1.25

Concentric Riveted & Bolted Connections

2. Rivets and riveting

φ = 6.04 t (when φ and t are in ‘mm’) For Micro Notes by the

4. Grip length of rivet ( , g ):

6. Important rivet heads

For Micro Notes by the

8. Classification of bolted connections

(b) Based on the type of force experienced by the bolts:

For Micro Notes by the

(c) Based on force transfer mechanism by bolts

(a) Black bolts or unfinished bolts

fasteners during erection where HSFG bolts or welding are used as

10. Types of Shear connections

For Micro Notes by the

(b) Butt connections