DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

(Limit State Method as per IS800:2007)

In accordance with the B Tech Syllabus of

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala

Topic:
Introduction to Steel Structures
Structural steel sections
Properties

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 1

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Introduction
– Steel has made possible some of the grandest
structures both in the past and in the present days
Structural steel is widely used in making:
• Transmission towers
• Industrial buildings
• Bridges
• Storage structures
• Water tanks

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 2

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 3

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Introduction
– Components of Steel structures
• Beams
• Columns
• Floors
• Bracing Systems
• Foundation
• Connections

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 4

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Applicable Codes (Indian)
– Code of practice for general construction in steel
• IS: 800 - 2007
– Handbook for Structural Engineers
• SP: 6(1) – 1964 (Reaffirmed 2003)
– Dimensions for Hot Rolled steel sections
• IS 808 : 1989 (Reaffirmed 2004)
– Code of practice for design loads (other than
earthquake) for buildings and structures
• IS 875 : Part I to V : 1987
Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 5
 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Hot Rolled sections
– Beam sections
– Channel sections
– Angle sections
– Tee sections
– Hollow section
– Round & Square Bar
– Plate, Sheet, Strip & Flat bar

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 6

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
Hot Rolled Structural Steel sections

Indian Standard Junior Beam (ISJB)
Indian Standard Light Beam (ISLB)
Indian Standard Medium Weight Beam (ISMB)
Indian Standard Wide Flange Beam (ISWB)
Indian Standard Heavy Weight Beam (ISHB)
Indian Standard column section (ISSC)
Indian Standard Junior Channel (ISJC)
Indian Standard Light Channel (ISLC)
Indian Standard Medium Weight (ISMC)
Indian Standard parallel flange Channel (ISMCP)
Indian Standard Normal Tee Bars (ISNT)
Indian Standard Deep Tee Bars (ISDT)
Indian Standard Light Tee Bars (ISLT)
Indian Standard Medium Tee Bars ISMT
Indian Standard Heavy Tee Bars (ISHT)

Indian Standard Angle (ISA)

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 7

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Steel as a structural material
– Advantages of steel design
• Better quality control
• Lighter & Faster to erect
• Reduced site time - Fast track Construction
• Large column free space and amenable for alteration
• Less material handling at site & less percentage of floor
area occupied by structural elements
• Has better ductility and hence superior lateral load
behavior; better earthquake resistance

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 8

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Steel as a structural material
– Disadvantages of steel design
• Skilled labor is required.
• Higher cost of construction
• Maintenance cost is high.
• Poor fireproofing, as at 1000oF (538oC) 65% & at
1600oF (871oC) 15% of strength remains
• low corrosion resistance

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 9

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Chemical composition
– Steel is an alloy which mainly contains iron and
carbon.
– Small percentage of manganese, silicon,
phosphorus, nickel and copper are also added to
modify the specific properties of the steel

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 10

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Types of structural steel
Produced based on the necessity by changing slightly the
chemical composition and manufacturing process.
– Carbon steel: carbon and manganese are used as extra
elements.
– High Strength Carbon Steel: increased carbon content,
comparatively higher strength but less ductility.
– Stainless Steel: foreign material like nickel and
chromium are used along with small percentage of carbon.

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 11

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Properties of structural steel
– Important mechanical properties of steel are:
ultimate strength, yield stress, ductility, weldabilty,
toughness, corrosion resistance and machinability. The last
four properties are important for durability of material and
often associated with fabrication of steel members.
– The mechanical properties of steel depend on:
Chemical composition, Heat treatment, Stress history,
Rolling methods and Rolling thickness.
– Specification: The steel used for structural works shall
conform to IS 2062 : 2011 (Hot Rolled Medium and High
Tensile Structural Steel)
Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 12
 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Properties of structural steel
– Most Commonly used grade is Fe 410
– Physical properties of structural steel (As per clause
2.2.4.1 of IS 800 : 2007):
• Unit mass of steel, ρ = 7850 kg/m3
• Modulus of elasticity, E = 2.0 × 105 N/mm2
• Poisson’s ratio, µ = 0.3
• Modulus of rigidity, G = 0.769 × 105 N/mm2
• Co-efficient of thermal expansion, α= 12 × 10-6 /oC

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 13

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Properties of structural steel
– Most important mechanical properties
• Yield stress, fy , Ultimate stress, fu, Minimum
percentage elongation
• Obtained by performing tensile tests of the steel sample
• Mechanical properties as per Table 1 of IS 800 : 2007:

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 14

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Some important definitions
– Ductility: Property of a material by virtue of which it
undergoes large inelastic i.e. permanent deformation
without loss of strength under the application of tensile
load
– Hardness: Property of a material by virtue of which it
offers resistance to the indentation and scratching. The
hardness of steel is measured by - Brinell hardness test,
Vickers hardness test & Rockwell hardness test

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 15

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Some important definitions
– Toughness: Property of a material by virtue of which it
offers resistance to fracture under the action of impact
loading. Toughness = The ability to absorb energy up to
fracture. Toughness is generally measured by the area
under the stress-strain curve.
– Fatigue: Damage caused by the repeated fluctuation of
stresses which leads to the progressive cracking of the
structural element. Damage and failure of the material
under the action of cyclic loading.

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 16

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Some important definitions
– Resistance against corrosion: In the presence of moist
air corrosion of steel is an extremely important aspect. To
avoid corrosion paint or metallic coating may be used.
– Residual stress: The stresses which are locked into a
component or assembly of parts. At the time of rolling of
steel sections, fabrication of steel members, they are
subjected to very high temperature and after that they are
allowed to cool which is basically an uneven process. Due
to this uneven heating and cooling, residual stress in the
structural member is generated.

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 17

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Some important definitions
– Stress concentration: Stress concentration indicates a
highly localized state of stress at a particular location of a
member. Generally, if there exists an abrupt change in the
shape of the member like in the vicinity of notch or holes,
the stress generated at that location is several times greater
than the stress that would generate without that sudden
change in geometry.

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 18

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
• Stress-strain curve for mild steel - plotted by
performing tensile test, in which a specimen having gauge
length L0 and initial cross sectional area A0 is taken.

Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 19

 Design of Steel structures
(LSM as per IS800:2007)
Part OA - the stress is proportional to strain, and is called the limit of proportionality.
Part AB - After reaching ‘A’, change in strain is rapid compared to that of stress but
still the material behaves elastically up to elastic limit ‘B’.
Cʹ - represents the upper yield point , C - represents the lower yield point.
Part CD - Beyond yield point the material starts flowing plastically without any
significant increase in the stress and material undergoes large deformation.
Part DE - After reaching point ‘D’, the strain hardening in the material begins which
necessitates requirement of higher load to continue deformation. This phenomenon is
called ‘strain hardening’.
E represents the ultimate stress fu.
Part EF - When the stress reaches point ‘E’ that is the stress corresponding to the
ultimate stress, the necking in material begins.
F - represents breaking stress – the stress corresponding to the breaking load.
Renjith R, Assistant Professor, Carmel College of Engineering and Technology, Alappuzha 20