Process Flow Diagrams

Dr. AA
PiCS, UTM

Process Flow Diagram

Conveys the major processing steps represented by the equipment

• Useful for conveying the heat and material balances

• Useful for conveying major pieces of equipment

• Useful for conveying processing conditions

• Useful for conveying utilities

There are no hard and fast rules but Howat Standards include
• essentially every major piece of equipment
• every flow
• every temperature
• every pressure
• auxiliary services (utility flows)
• equipment sizes
• process control

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 Standard symbols
BS 8888 ; BS 1553

Heat exchange
Sealed tank
Reactor

Fluid contacting column

Tray column

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 Material Flow Sheet

• Is drawn with standard symbols and labeled and include all data obtained
If no space available to label equipment, a equipment key can be drawn at
the bottom of the flow sheet
Following data should be shown on the flow sheet in deferent ways
flow rate of each component
total stream flow rate
percentage composition

Simplest method suitable for simple processes with few equipments,

tabulate the data in blocks alongside the process stream Slide 14
Better method applicable for all complex processes,
stream line is numbered and the data tabulated at the top or bottom of
the sheet (above and below the equipment layout) Slide 15

Process Flow Diagram

The following diagrams are examples of class and commercial
process flow diagrams (PFD’s). The content depends on the
goals for the communication.

Unless there are reasons to the contrary, the standard is:

• All major equipment

• All major process lines
• All major utility lines involving material flow
• All stream numbers, temperatures, pressures, flows
• All major process controls and valves
• All equipment sizes with relevant MEB information as
required
• All equipment names and numbers

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 Process Flow Diagram
The goal is to present the most amount of information with the least
amount of effort on the part of the reader.

• The flowsheet should generally flow from left to right.

• The flowsheet should not be cluttered - use multiple sheets.
• The flowsheet should be in landscape with the bound edge at top.
• The equipment should be drawn in approximately relative size, e.g.
towers larger than drums, exchangers larger than pumps etc.
• The major towers and reactors are generally on one, or nearly one, level.
• The reader should be able to follow it with his or her eye.
• The streams should have the minimum of direction changes.
• The streams that enter across the battery limits should be on the left.
• The streams that leave across the battery limits should be on the right.
• The streams that move to the next sheet should leave on the right.
• The streams that recycle to earlier sheets should leave on the left.

153
Flowsheeting
140 The process flowsheet shown below is one
possible expansion of the block flow for T-104. When
109 T-104 this PFD was drawn, the process was not complete
as is evident by the missing equipment sizes, pump
discharge pressures etc. In this case, the process
146 control scheme was not included. It generally is,
105 160
however.

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 Process Flow Diagram
The following process flow is an approximate rendition of a refinery
alkylation unit. This is however not as complete as it is required in
industry practice

Note that equipment sizing is not included.

The material balance grid is included. Many companies require the

material balance to be imposed on the diagram. In those cases, the
stream numbering may not be as extensive as we typically use in design.
Or, only a limited number of streams are included in the material balance
grid.

Process Flow Diagram

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 Another example from design. This includes the equipment sizing and material balance
block. Note the symbol key is included. This is frequently necessary when client standards
differ.

Process Flow Diagram

The following two sheets are examples of a commercial PFD developed
prior to construction. Note that the content is, yet again, different. In this
case, the control scheme is included as is the legend key. There are
some differences. Note that there are three different feed points shown
on the diagram. It is typical to have multiple feed points for a column but
unusual to show them on the PFD. They were shown here because it
was critical for discussing different feedstocks in the process design
report. The process description which accompanied the PFD
described the reason for the multiple feeds. On the second diagram,
you will note the pressure control. This is a split range controller with the
primary control being a flooded condenser and the secondary control
being a vent. Note that the pumps show operating and design
conditions.

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 The process description
will sometimes dictate
the content of the
process flow diagram.
For most purposes, the
process control scheme
will be included in our
work. Multiple feed
points or side stream
points will not be shown
unless it is critical to the
process. We will
typically not be showing
the future equipment
such as the reboiler
shown on the left of the
column.

When you examine the

flowsheet, you should be
able to deduce the type
of equipment.

Tower type?
Repoiler type?
Pump type?

This is the other part of

the previous flowsheet.
Because of scan
limitations, I’ve broken
the flowsheet into two
parts. However, the
original is all one
flowsheet drawn in
landscape.

In this flowsheet, you will

not the original reboiler is
on flow control reset by
temperature. The
primary measured
variable is steam flow,
the manipulated variable
is steam flow and the
controlled variable is
steam flow. The
secondary measured
variable is temperature.
What is the temperature
indicative of? Why
above the bottom?

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 Process Flow Diagram
This process flow diagram is another commercial example. This client
standard had two PFD’s per page, each shown in landscape, one on top
of the other on the same page. I have taken the top PFD and split in two.
(This is the basis for the following EFD’s.)

This was a revamp. Shaded equipment is new, unshaded equipment is

existing. Note that the control scheme is included. There are additional
symbols which indicate that the controls are connected to a digital
distributed control system. The tags at the edge of the page indicate
connections to other PFD’s.

This is an extractive distillation tower. There are additional reboilers here (type?) that are in
place for heat recovery. The shaded equipment is new. The unshaded equipment was
existing. The equipment might be in a new service, however. We will generally not show
instrument connections to the DCS (distributed control system). The instruments will be shown
but the connection will be implied.

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 This is the overhead system for the extractive distillation column. Note that there is a vent
condenser from F-204. Why might we add a vent condenser? What is the purpose? Note that
the F-204 Reflux Drum has a ‘boot’. What might that be for? The circle symbol in the center
bottom is a professional stamp of a licensed engineer. He/she is signifying that the engineering
integrity of the process.

Process Flow Diagram

Unless stated otherwise, the target content for
PFD’s is:

All major process equipment

All major process and utility streams – all
numbered
All major process controls necessary to operate
the process
All operating temperatures
All operating pressures
All operating flows
All equipment sizes

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