Chemical Process Technology

(CB305)
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Patna

Atanu K Metya
atanu.metya@iitp.ac.in
Class Time:
Monday (9:00-10:00 AM)
Tuesday (9:00-10:00 AM)
Wednesday (9:00-10:00 AM)

Grading
• Midterm Test 35%
• Quiz 15 %
• Group project (presentation and final report) 40%
• Online questions, reflections, interactions and feedback 10%
 Course syllabus
Introduction and scope. Process Flow and Instrumentation Diagrams: Preparation,
Symbols. Introduction to the following Industries including the Special Features of
Design and Operation: Fuels and Industrial Gases including Natural Gas,
Petrochemical and Downstream, Polymer, Fertilizer, Cement, Caustic Chlorine,
Coal based Chemicals, Petroleum Refining Processes (in brief), Nitrogen and Its
Derivatives, Sulphur and Its Derivatives, Phosphorus and Its Derivatives, Soaps
and Detergents, Pulp and Paper, Alcohol based Chemicals, Specialty Chemicals.

Text Books:
1. J.A. Moulijn, M. Makkee, A.V Diepen, Chemical Process Technology, 2nd Ed., Wiley, 2015
2. C.E. Dryden, Outlines of Chemical Technology, Edited and revised by M. GopalaRao and
Marshall Sitting, 2nd Ed., Affiliated East-West Press, 1973
3. G.T. Austin, R.N. Shreve, Chemical Process Industries, 5th Ed., McGraw Hill, 1984
Introduction
Chemical process technology is a broad area that brings chemical
engineering, chemistry and biotechnology, as well as project management,
and the economic and environmental aspects of process and product
development.

Every industrial chemical process is designed to produce economically a

desired product or range of products from a variety of raw materials.

Chemical industry includes inorganic chemical industries, natural product

industries, synthetic organic chemical industries

4
 Typical chemical process structure

• Is feed purification necessary?

• How are the products separated?
• What are the environmental issues?

• Which reactions are involved?

• What are the thermodynamics of the reactions, and what operating temperature and
pressure should be applied?
• What are the kinetics, and what are the optimal conditions in that sense?
5
Flowsheets/Flow Diagrams in Process Industries
• Conveys the structure and function of processes along with the
material flow occurring in a plant.
• Required for plant designing, construction, assembly, management,
maintenance, and decommissioning of plant.
Types of Flow Diagrams
Block Diagrams Conceptual and
Lumped
Process Flow Diagrams
Specific and
Detailed
Piping and Instrumentation
Diagrams (P&ID) 6
 Block Flow Diagram
• Most simplified depiction of processes using rectangular frames.
• Processes interconnected with flow lines depicting material flow.
Benzene Production from Toluene
• Basic information includes:
§ Name of the operation / process represented
by blocks (Hydrodealkylation process)
§ Direction of material transport between units
§ Identification of the ingoing and outgoing
components
§ May also contain information about flow
rate, energy transfer, operating conditions,
etc.
7
 Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs)
• A typical PFD shows the major interconnections of process vessels and
equipment, but omits details such as instrument signal lines and auxiliary
instruments

• Basic information includes:

§ Type of operation/machine and numbering of machinery
§ Route and direction of material and energy flow in a process
§ Flow rate and composition of materials in input and output flow lines
§ Characteristic operating conditions

8
 Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs)
Additional information may include:
§ Valves and their arrangements;
§ Flow rate and composition of materials in
flowlines between processes Benzene Production from Toluene
§ Flow rates of energy types / energy carriers
§ Process measurement and control devices
§ Supplementary operating conditions
§ Approximate elevation of equipment.

9
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/103103029/module3/lec21/3.html)
Process flow diagram (PFD) for the production of benzene via hydrodealkylation of
toluene

Turton, R., Bailie, R. C., Whiting, W. B., & Shaeiwitz, J. A. (2008). Analysis, synthesis and design
of chemical processes. Pearson Education. 10
 P&ID
P: Piping or Process
I: Instrumentation or Instrument
D: Diagram or Drawing.

• Detailed graphical representation of a process using standard notations

(not always with a standard format; mostly following conventions
specific to industries / companies)

• Included data is based on the end use of the diagram.

• Schematic diagram of the relationship between machines, piping,
process measuring systems, and controllers.
11
P & ID
• Basic information includes:
• Function and type of machinery, including drives, conveyors
• Designation of machinery, including drives
• Indication of nominal sizes, pressure ratings, material, and type of piping;
• Details of material flow in each flow lines, including flow rate, composition,
temperature, pressure, etc.

• Additional information:
• Type of essential devices for process monitoring and control
• Construction material for machinery
• Elevation of platforms and machinery from reference level;
• Designation of valves and fittings.
12
 P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Diagram for Benzene Distillation

Kauffman, D, “Flow Sheets and Diagrams,” AIChE Modular Instruction, Series G: Design of Equipment, series editor J.
13
Beckman, AIChE, New York, 1986
 Conventions used for identifying instrumentation on P&IDs

Instrument Symbols and Identification, Research Triangle Park, NC: Instrument Society of America, Standard ISA-S5-1,
14 1975
 P&ID Symbol
Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps Vacuum Pump Gear Pump Vertical Horizontal Screw pump

Turbines and Compressors

15
P&ID Symbol

16
 P&ID Symbol
Heat Exchanger

17
 P&ID Symbol
Static Equipment and Distillation column

18
Homework

19