INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS

ENGINEERING AND P&IDS

Facilitator: Goke Awoyelu

B.Sc, MSc
 Piping & Instrumentation
Diagram
Symbolic representation of a plant, with its equipment, piping,
and instrumentation clearly identified. It is the basis for all
detail engineering work. Also known as Mechanical Flow
Diagram (MFD).
A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagrammatic
representation of a process using symbols to represent the
various components (equipment, lines, and control
instrumentation) that make up the unit. Only the main
components are shown.
 Applications
Process Plants built as engineering & construction (E&C) projects
require complex piping.
These projects include the following:

chemical plants & Biotech plants

Brewery
Crude oil refineries
Food processing
Fertilizer plants
Oil & Gas
Nuclear Power plants
Pharmaceutical
Pulp Paper mills
Water Treatment plants
PFD Example
P&ID Example
P&ID Example
 Categories
• P&ID drawings fall into two categories:

• 1) Dumb, which are basically CAD-centric 2D diagrams

• 2) Intelligent data-centric diagrams that range from simple
database connectivity to a full-blown data model that includes
engineering rules, automatic design validation, standards
compliance, integration with design and calculation packages,
and the like.

• The P&ID stage of design is generally considered engineering,

and the physical stage is considered design or layout.
 Description
• Piping is the physical elements that interconnect the equipment and
in which the process streams flow. Piping comes in different sizes
and materials. It is the duty of the process engineer to specify the
size and materials of the piping and also the thermal insulation, if
required. The term piping also includes accessories such as elbows,
tees, valves, flanges, etc. The most common material is carbon
steel. Other metals, such as various grades of stainless steel, and
plastic materials, such as PVC, Teflon, are also used.

• Instrumentation is devices used to measure, control, and monitor

the process variables. These variables can be flow, temperature,
pressure, liquid level, viscosity, and others. Control valves and
relief valves are also an important part of the instrumentation.
 Representation
• P&ID shows all of piping including the physical sequence of
branches, reducers, valves, equipment, instrumentation. The P&ID
are used to operate the process system.

A P&ID should include:

• Instrumentation and designations

• Mechanical equipment with names and numbers
• All valves and their identifications
• Process piping, sizes and identification
• Miscellaneous - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines and
reducers
• Permanent start-up and flush lines
• Flow directions
• Interconnections references
 Representation (cont’d)

• Control inputs and outputs

• Interfaces for class changes
• Vendor and contractor interfaces
• Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others
• Intended physical sequence of the equipment

• A P&ID should not include:

• manual switches
• equipment rating or capacity
• pressure temperature and flow data
• extensive explanatory notes
 Classification
• Legends and Symbol Diagrams/Standard Details

• Process P&ID - Process P&ID’s define on-plot process unit

design, as well as off-plot tankage and shipping systems

• Utility Plant P&ID - Utility Plant P&ID's define utility units such
as cooling towers, air compressors, boilers, unit drain collection
systems, fire water systems, and water treatment plants.
 Classification (cont’d)
• Utility Distribution P&ID - Show the distribution of utilities
within a given process. Valving and instrumentation on piping are
shown for main headers up to and including branch root valves.

• Interconnecting (Rack) P&ID –They are the connecting link

between individual process, utility plant, and utility distribution
P&ID's. They are usually prepared for the offsite pipe racks and
link the various process and utility plants.

• Vendor P&ID - They are prepared for systems which support

major equipment packages.
 P&ID Format

• P&ID's are to be prepared with the following format and

organization:

• All P&ID drafting shall be by Computer Aided Drafting

(CAD), using P&ID software
• P&ID's shall follow the format of the Legends and Symbols
and current project Standard Drawings.
• The P&ID Coordinator for the project will identify and assign
numbers and titles to all P&ID's.
 Accompanying Deliverables From The P&ID

Equipment List
An Equipment List shall be issued in a timely manner to compliment the
P&ID’s and Updated
judiciously as additional design data or vendor data becomes firm.
Line Designation Table (LDT)
The Line Designation Table (LDT) shall be issued each time a P&ID
issue is made, starting with the IFA issue.
Other List
The Valve, SP items and Instrumentation Lists shall be issued each time
a P&ID issue is made starting with IFA
issue.
 Accompanying Deliverables From The P&ID

Tie-In Control List

A Tie-in Control List shall be issued indicating the extent of the
Vendor package battery limits each time a P&ID issue is made
starting with IFA
Revision list
A Revision List defines the changes made in the design so that
appropriate action can be taken to
accommodate those changes. A Revision List must accompany any
issue of the P&ID if the changes are too
extensive to be distinguished in the revision box and by clouding.
 4 inch discharge line

OFFSHORE SITE VISIT

PRESENTATION
 Pig Launcher

OFFSHORE SITE VISIT

PRESENTATION
 Separator PSV

OFFSHORE SITE VISIT

PRESENTATION
 Departing line

OFFSHORE SITE VISIT

PRESENTATION
 Sump tank and pump

OFFSHORE SITE VISIT

PRESENTATION