EXPERIMENT TITLE
PHENOMENON OF CHOING IN A
CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT DUCT
ABSTRACT
The experiment is done to introduce the concept of compressible flow in
converging-diverging nozzle. The experiment is done by adjusting the air blower
speed. The pressure reading at the nozzle, throat and diverging region will be
taken. The experiment is to study the pressure-mass flow rate characteristics for
convergent-divergent duct. The experiment is done by using a compressible flow
bench and digital pressure sensors. The experiment is set at different air velocity
and the data pressure at each region will be taken. . It is also to demonstrate the
phenomena of choking in the converging-diverging nozzle.
AIM/objective
To demonstrate the phenomenon of choking
APPARATUS
Arm field CI-MKLL compressible flow bench
Convergent-divergent duct test section
Thermometer and barometer for measuring atmosphere and
temperature
DAIGRAM OF SETUP
AND APPARATUS
INTRODUCTION
Compressible flow is a flow that undergoes significant variation in density with trending
pressure. Technically, density variations start to become significant when the Mach
number exceeds 0.3. Converging-diverging nozzles are found in many engineering
system such as steam and gas turbines. The gas flow from a high pressure region through
a nozzle to low pressure region. The gas flow through the chamber into the converging
region, pass through the throat, through the diverging region and flow out to the ambient
region. Choked occurred when it reach maximum flow rate. This happen because the
velocity of the flow is sonic at the throat and the back pressure is lower than the critical
pressure cannot be sensed in the nizzle upstream flow and does not affect the flow rate.
Figure 1.1 Converging-Diverging Nozzle Configuration
THEORY
1. Theory
The governing continuity, momentum, and energy equations for this quasi one-
dimensional, steady, isentropic flow can be expressed, respectively as Continuity:
(1)
Momentum:
(2)
Energy:
(3)
Where subscripts 1 and 2 denote different locations along the nozzle. In addition, we
have the perfect gas equation of state,
(4)
As well as the relation for a calorically perfect gas,
(5)
Equations (1) and (5) can be solved analytically for the flow through the nozzle.
Figure 2.1: Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
Assumed Model
Steady, quasi-one-dimensional. There are gradual variations in the geometry, so that the
flow near the nozzle walls is not strictly along the x-direction. However, the flow
angularity is very small. The variation in properties can be calculated assuming that the
properties are constant in each cross-section. The cross-section area, A, is a function of x
alone. Thus, all properties are functions of x alone. A= A(x); u = u(x);
T=T(x), p= p(x) etc.
Continuity:
(6)
The mass flow rate, is constant.
(7)
Momentum: (no friction; differential form of the Euler equation)
(8)
(9)
Using (8) in (10), (10)
Isentropic process:
(11)
Thus,
(12)
Also, (13)
Case 1: M<1
dA, dp have the same sign. Thus, as A increases, p increases.
dA , du have opposite signs. Thus as A increases, u decreases.
Diverging duct in subsonic flow: pressure increases, speed decreases.
Converging duct in subsonic flow: pressure decreases, speed increases.
Case 2: M>1
dA, dp have opposite signs. Thus as A increases, p decreases.
dA, du have the same sign. Thus as A increases, u increases.
Diverging duct in supersonic flow: pressure decreases, speed increases.
Case 3: M = 1
dA/dx is 0. Thus we have either a maximum or minimum of area.
The maximum area case is not of much interest, since there is no way to reach Mach 1
atthis point, with flow from either direction.
So the case of interest is where the area becomes a minimum: a "throat".
From mass conservation, where the * denotes conditions at Mach 1 So,
Substitute into A/A*:
Thus, for a given isentropic flow, i.e., a flow with mass flow rate, stagnation temperature
and stagnation pressure all fixed, there are two solutions for a given value of A/A*: One
solution is subsonic, the other is supersonic.
Mass Flow Rate through a Nozzle
For given stagnation conditions are fixed.
For a given throat area, stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature, the maximum
mass flow rate is the value where the Mach number at the throat reaches 1.0. This is
called the "choked mass flow rate." To increase the mass flow rate, we have to increase
the stagnation pressure, decrease the stagnation temperature, or increase the throat area
For M=1, R=286.7 J/Kg K and γ = 1.4 for air,
1.1 Apparatus
Apparatus Figure
Compressible Flow Bench
Figure 3.1.1: Compressible Flow Bench
Digital Manometer
Figure 3.1.2: Digital Manometer
Table 3.1: List of Apparatus
PROCEDURE
The ambient temperature and pressure of the laboratory or test area using a
thermometer and barometer or equivalents.
The compressor speed was adjusted to give a pressure p3 of 100 kpa. The
sensor readings for p1,p2and p4 from the control display were recorded
The compressor seed was adjusted to give a pressure increment for p3 of
100kpa. The sensor readings were recorded again
Continue to adjust the compressor speed to give pressure increment for p3 of
50Pa, recording the console display values each time, until maximum
compressor speed is reached
If there is sufficient time, the compressor speed may be decreased in steps of
50P to give a second series of sensor readings
The compressor speed was reduced to 0 and switch off the equipment.
RESULT
TABLE OF OBSERVATIONS
P(kpa) P2(kpa) P3(kpa ) Mass flow rate m
01.1 00.3 50
03.0 00.7 100
05.3 01.2 150 0.322
Calculation
Given:
Pressure Ambient,
Room Temperature,
Diameter Converge,
Diameter Choke,
Diameter Diverge,
Specific Heat Ratio,
Gas Constant, ⁄
Mass flow rate, ̇ √
⁄
ain= =
=0.0462 ⁄
for Pin=50kpa
̇ √
̇ √
For pin=100kpa
̇ √
̇ √
̇
For Pin=150kg/2
̇ √
̇ √
̇
Table of all
calculated variables
P(kpa) P2(kpa) P3(kpa ) Mass flow
rate m
01.1 00.3 50 100.225 100.025
03.0 00.7 100 98.325 100.625
05.3 01.2 150 0.322 93.025 100.125
graphs
Comments on graphs
Based on the Table 4.2.7 and Graph 4.2.7, it can be seen that as the pressure ratio
increase, the maximum flow rate will also increase. Maximum value of flow rate
obtain at the 10 cycle which is 0.587 kg/s at a pressure ratio of 0.513. The
minimum pressure ratio obtain is 0.003 at maximum flow rate of 0.0322kg/s.
Also, it can be identified that coking first occur at the tthroat of the duct at P1
SOURCES OF ERRORS
Random error from improper equipment mounting
Power failure factor
Erratic error from the operator
Systematic error in the apparatus
PRECAUTIONS
It was ensured that the apparatus was properly fitted to the mounting panel.
It was ensured that there was alternative power supply
Repeated reading were taken to correct for systematic error
Many collaborator to covers for erratic error of a single operator
RECOMMENDATION
Having seen the importance of this experiment and its application in
machine (engine) design of vehicles, the simulator equipment should be
properly maintained and handle with care for long life and better
efficiency. Also there should be more of the equipment available in the
labs.
DISCUSION OF RESULT
In this experiment, the main purpose is to study the pressure-mass flow rate
characteristic for convergent-divergent duct. Flow through nozzles a variant of
internal flow with additional effect of compressibility and possible presence of
shocks. Such situations occur in gas flow when there is a constriction in a passage
across which there is a pressure difference flow through the nozzles. The gas
density will remain constant and the velocity of the flow will increase when it
through the nozzle. When the change in flow variables is small and gradual,
isentropic flows occur.
The experiment shows that the calculation based on theory and experimental result
have a quite difference which it usually happened in any experiment. It happened
due to the errors which cannot be avoid that can effects the result of the
experiment. In theoretical calculation, the mass flow rate is ⁄ and the
mass flow rate for experimental is ⁄ for 1 cycle. This show that the
mass flow rate of theoretical is slightly smaller that experiment. From the
experimental data, the minimum mass flow rate is ⁄ for 1 cycle and the
maximum mass flow rate is ⁄ for 10 cycle.
There are few errors during the experiment that can effects the results of the
experiment. To overcome this error there are some suggestion that can be taken to
improve the experiment result.
CONCLUSION
The objective of the experiment have been achieved with some knowledge that
have been learn in this subject which is to study the pressure-mass flow rate
characteristic for convergent- divergent duct and demonstrate the phenomena of
choking, all pressure and mass flow rate are shown in the experimental result data
and graph. The conclusion of the experiment is when the flow of gas through the
nozzle with high velocity has high Mach number and compressibility affects the
drag coefficient of bodies by the formation of shockwaves.
REFFERENCE
John Cimbala. Yungus A. Cengel (2004). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Frank M. White (2011). Fluid Mechanics Seventh Edition in SI Units. McGraw Hill Higher
Education
William J. Devemport (2001). Nozzle Applet. Retrieved from
[Link]
m%20the%20chamber,the%20ambient%20as%20a%20jet.&targetText=You%20may%20ex
pect%20that%20the,ll%20get%20through%20the%20nozzle
Sergiu Klainerman, Andrew Majda. (1982). Compressible and Incompressible Fluid.
Retrieved from [Link]
Professor J.M Cimbala (2012). Compressible Flow in Converging-Diverging Nozzle.
Retrieved from
[Link]
