Experiment No.

Aim: To study the longitudinal vibration of spring and to determine the frequency theoretically
and actually by experiment.
Apparatus used: Main frame, spring, weight pan holder, weight set, weight pan.
Description: One end of open coil spring is fixed to screw which engage with screwed handled
wheel. The screw can be adjusted vertically in any convenient position and then clamping to upper
beam of lock nut. Lower end of the spring is attached to the platform carrying the weights. The
platform is guided in the lower beam. The whole unit can be clamped at any horizontal position
by using upper and lower clamping nuts.
Procedure:
1. Fix one end of the helical spring to upper screw.
2. Determine free length.
3. Put some weight to platform and note down the deflection.
4. Stretch the spring though some distance and release.
5. Count the time required in Sec. for say 10, 20 oscillations.
6. Determine the actual period.
7. Repeat the procedure for different weights
Observations:
1. Length of spring
2. Mean dia. of spring.
3. Wire dia.
Observation Table 1 for finding Km (Mean stiffness)
Sr. Wt. attached Kg Deflection in Stiffness
No. W spring Cm K
𝛿

Observation Table 2
 Sr. No. Wt. Attached W Kg. No. of Osc. Time reqd. for n osc. Periodic time
‘n’ ‘t’ T=t/n

Calculations:
1) Find Km (Mean stiffness) of the spring as following:
𝐾 +𝐾 +𝐾
𝐾 = … … … … … … … … … 𝐾𝑔/𝐶𝑚.
𝑁
Where 𝐾 = , 𝐾 = , 𝐾 = etc. and n= no. of readings.
2) Find T theoretical by using relation-
𝑊
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝐾 ×𝑔

3) Check with experimental value of T expt .=

Hence ftherotical=1/T(theo.) cps.
Fexperimental=1/T(expt..) cps.
Fig. 6.1 Longitudinal vibration of spring.
 Experiment No. 7
Aim: To study the undamped free vibration of equivalent spring mass system.
Apparatus used: Main frame, beam, spring, exciter, trunion, weight pan, loading screw
Description: The arrangement is shown in fig. 7.1. It is designed to study free damped and
undamped vibrations. It consists of M.S. rectangular beam supported at one end by a trunion
pivoted in ball bearing. The bearing housing is fixed to the side member of the frame. The other
end of beam is supported by the lower end of helical spring, upper end of the spring is attached to
screw. The exciter unit can be mounted at any position along the beam. Additional known weights
may be added to the weight platform under side exciter.
Procedure:
1. Support one end of beam in the slot of trunnion and clamp it by means of screw
2. Attach the other end of the beam to lower end of spring
3. Adjust the screw to which the spring is attached such that beam is horizontal in position
4. Weigh the exciter assembly along with discs, bearings and weight platform
5. Clamp the assembly at any convenient position
6. Measure the distance L1 of the assembly from pivot. Allow system to vibrate freely
7. Measure the time for any 10 oscillations and find periodic time and natural frequency of
vibration
8. Repeat the experiment by varying L1 and by also putting different weights on platform
Observation Table:
Weight L1 No. of Osc. n Time for n Osc. Periodic Time Natural Freq.
(expt.) fn (expt.)
T = t/n.

Calculations:
T (Theoretical) = 2π (me /k )
Where me = equivalent mass at the spring
= m (L1 2 / L2)

K= Stiffness of the spring in Kg/cms.

m = W+w/ g
Where,
W = Weight of exciter assembly along with wt platform = 12 kg
W = Weight attached on exciter assembly
L1= distance of w from pivot
k = Stiffness of spring.
L = distance of spring from pivot = Length of beam = Cm.
m = Mass of exciter assembly along with wt platform
g = 981 cm/Sec
Fig. 7.1 Undamped free vibration of equivalent spring mass system
 Experiment No. 8
Aim: To verify the Dunkerley’s rule on simply supported beam and compare it with actually by
experiment.
Dunkerley's Rule Viz.
1/ F2 = 1/FL2 + 1/Fb2
Where
F = Natural frequency of given beam (considering the weight of beam) with central load W.
F = Natural frequency of given beam (neglecting the weight of beam) with central load W.
To be calculated from formula -
FL = (48 E I g / 4π2 L3 W).5
Where W = Central load of the beam, OR weight attached.
L = Length of the beam.
Fb = Natural frequency of the beam.
Apparatus used: Main frame, beam, weight pan.
Description: Fig. 8.1 shows the general arrangement for carrying out the experiment. A
rectangular bar is supported in trunnion fitting at each end. Each trunnion is pivoted in a ball
bearings carried in housing. Each bearing housing is fixed to the vertical frame member. The beam
carries at its centre a weight platform.
Procedure:
1. Arrange the set up as shown in fig. 8.1 with some weight W clamped to weight
platform.
2. Pull the platform & release it to set the system in to natural vibrations.
3. Find periodic time T & frequency of vibrations F by measuring time for some
oscillations
Repeat experiment by putting additional masses on weight platform.
2. Plot graph of 1/ F2 Vs.W
Observations:
1) Length of beam = L = los Cm
2) Weight per cm of the beam = w = WIL
3) Section of the beam = Small - 2.5x05 Cm. Big - 25 x 1 cm.
4) Weight of the beam. = Small - 1.125 Kg. Big - 1.970 kg
Observation Table:
Sr. No. Wt. attached - W . No.of Osc. n Time for n Frequency of
Kg Osc.'t' Osc. = 1/Texp.

Calculations -
1) Find natural frequency of vibration of the beam given by equation -
Fb = π / 2L2 * (g E I / w2)
Where w = Weight of beam per unit length
I = M.I. of beam section =12 bh3
E = Modulus of elasticity of beam material (to be taken as 2 x 10 kg/cm 2)
Texp. = t/n Fexp. = 1/ T exp.

Plot the graph of 1/ F2 vs. W. Intercept of the graph with W = 0 gives the value of Frequency F.
of the beam. Compare the values of natural frequency of the beam obtained by using theoretical
expression and obtained from graph.
To verify Dunkerley's Rule proceed as follows -
Find 'F' from expression given above.
Find 'F' by using formula given above.
Find' F' by using Dunkerley's equation.
Compare this with experimental values of F.
Fig. 8.1 Dunkerley’s rule
 Experiment No. 9
Aim: To study the forced lateral vibration of the beam for different damping.
Apparatus used: Main frame, pen holder, beam, exciter unit, trunion, damper
Description: Fig. 9.1 shows the general set up. Slightly heavy rectangular section bar is supported
in trunion fitting at each end. Exciter unit with the weight platform can be clamped at any
convenient position along the beam. Exciter unit is connected to the damper which provide the
necessary damping.
Procedure:
1. Arrange the set up as shown in Fig. 9.1.
2. Connect the exciter motor to control panel.
3. Start the motor and allow the system to vibrate.
4. Wait for 5 minutes for amplitude to build up for particular forcing frequency.
5. Adjust the position of strip chart recorder. Take the record of amplitude Vs. time on strip
chart recorder by starting recorder motor.
6. Take record by changing forcing frequency.
7. Repeat the experiment for different damping.
8. Plot the graph of amplitude Vs. frequency for each damping.
Observation Table: Set for little damping
Sr. No. Forcing Frequency Amplitude

Prepare similar observation table for medium and heavy damping.

Fig. 9.1 Forced lateral vibration of beam
 Experiment No. 10
Aim: To determine experimentally the whirling speed of shaft for a given system.
Apparatus: Apparatus for the demonstration of whirling speed of shaft.
Description: At certain speed, a rotating shaft or rotor has been found to exhibit excessive lateral
vibrations (transverse vibrations). The angular velocity of the shaft at which this occurs is called a
critical speed or whirling speed or whipping speed. At a critical speed, the shaft deflection becomes
excessive and may cause permanent deformation or structural damage. Therefore it is important
to note that the machine should never be operated for any length of time at a speed close to a
critical speed.
Procedure:
1. Decide the support end condition of the shaft in bearings.
2. Increase the speed of the shaft by varying voltage.
3. Observe the transverse vibrations in the shaft.
4. Measure the speed of the rotating shaft with tachometer at the maximum deflection of the shaft.
5. Repeat the operation two-three times.
6. Since both the ends have double ball bearing hence both the ends are assumed fixed.
Specifications:
Length of shaft, L = 0.9 m
Diameter of shaft, D = 6.4 mm
Young’s modulus, E = 2.06×1010 Kg/m2
Moment of inertia of shaft, I = 79.91×1012 m4
Weight of shaft, W = 0.28 Kg/m
Observations:
Sr.No. Support end condtion Length of shaft Whirling speed
Three values for K are given below
End condition Value of K
1st mode 2nd mode
Supported, supported 1.57 6.28
Fixed, supported 2.45 9.8
Fixed, fixed 3.56 14.24

Calculations:
The frequency of vibration for the various mode is given by the equation.
𝐸𝐼𝑄
𝑓=𝑘×
𝑊𝐿
Conclusion:
1. The theoretical speed for the 1st mode is rps.
st
2. The experimental speed for the 1 mode is rps
The above two are quite close to each other.
The theoretical speed for the 2nd mode is rps
nd
The speed of the 2 mode could not be determined experimentally, as it is very high and
beyond the speed limit/ range of motor of the apparatus.

Precautions
1. The speed of the shaft should be increased gradually.
2. If the speed of the shaft increased large it may lead to violent instability.
Fig. 10.1 Whirling of shaft apparatus.