Government College of Engineering

(Affiliated to Anna university, Chennai)

Thanjavur - 613 402

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instruction Manual for

Dynamics And kinematics of machinery

Laboratory

B.E MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1
2
S. PAGE STAFF
DATE TOPICS
NO. SIGNATURE

1
FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING-MASS SYSTEM

2 WHIRLING OF SHAFT

3 VIBRATION TABLE

4 SINGLE AND TWO ROTOR VIBRATION SETUP

5 UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS

6 COMPOUND PENDULUM

7 DETERMINATION OF GYROSCOPIC COUPLE

8 CAM ANALYSIS

9 BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES

10 TURN TABLE

11 TYPES OF GEARS

3
4
OBSERVATION:

S. No. Of Time taken for Deflection Time Natural frequency Percentage

No: course 10 oscillations (m) taken for (HZ) Of
oscillation Sec 1 Error
oscillation
Final T1 T2 T3 T (m) Theoretical Practical %
Initial ave

1
2
3

5
 FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING-MASS EX.NO:_________
SYSTEM DATE:__/__/____
Aim:
To calculate the undammed natural frequency of spring mass system

Apparatus required

Weights, Thread, Ruler, Stopwatch

Description:
Description The setup is designed to study the free or forced vibration of a spring mass system
either damped or undammed condition. It consists of a mild steel flat firmly fixed at one end through a
grunion and in the other end suspended by a helical spring the grunion has got its bearings fixed to a
side member of the frame and allows the pivotal motion of the flat and hence the vertical motion of a
mass which can be mounted at any position along the longitudinal axis of excitation force during the
study of forced vibration experiment. The experiment consists of mass unit is also called the exciter and
its unbalanced mass can create an We feels mounting unbalanced dines. The magnitude of the mass of
the exciter can be varied by adding extra weight, which can be screwed at the end of the exciter

Formula used
Stiffness, k- load/deflection N/m
Experimental natural frequency, foy"l Hz

Theoretical natural frequency lat -1/2(9/6) Hz

6
CALCULATION:

1. Stiffness
load N
K or S = = N/m
deflection Δ

2. Experimental natural frequency:

No :of oscillation
fn (exp) = ( HZ )
Time period

3. Critical natural frequency:

Fn (Ther.) =
1
2π √ g(
s
HZ )

4. Percentage of errors:

T h ertical−practical value
×100
T h ertical value

Percentage of Error =_________%

Procedure
Determination of spring stiffness

1. Fix the top bracket at the side of the scale and insert one end of the spring on the

2. At the bottom of the spring fix the other platform.

3.Note down the reading corresponding to the platform.

4.Add the weight and observe the change in deflection with this determine spring stiffness.

Graph:

7
Load vs Experimental natural frequency

Determination of natural frequency

1. Add the weight and make the spring to oscillate for 10 times

2. Note the corresponding time taken for 10 oscillations and calculate time

3. From the time period calculate experimental natural frequency

Result:

Thus, the longitudinal under dumping natural frequency of a given open coil helical spring mass
specimen Boss conducted and the frequency in ________ HZ for the mass of 50 kg.

8
OBSERVATION:

Constant. = 2.45

Young's modulus E. = 2.06×10 ^11 N/m²

Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 N/s²

Length of the shaft, l. = 1m

Diameter of the shaft, d. = 5mm

Density. = 6mm

Tabulation:

First node:

S. No: Dia. Of shaft Length of Measured speed Natural Critical speed

(m) the shaft (RPM) frequency (RPM)
(m) (HZ)
1
2
3
4

Second node:

S. No: Dia. Of shaft Length of Measured speed Natural Critical speed

(m) the shaft (RPM) frequency (RPM)
(m) (HZ)
1
2
3
4

Calculation:

First node:

1. Mass = Density *Area*Length

π 2
= 7850 × ×d ×l
4
= 7850 × 0.785× (2.5×10^-5) ×1.30
= 0.154 kg
Mass = 0.154 Kg
2. Weight = Mass × gravit = 0.154×

9
 EX.NO:_________
WHIRLING OF SHAFT
DATE:__/__/____

Aim:
To determine theoretically the critical speed of the given shaft with the given end conditions

Description:
The speed at which the shaft runs so that additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of rotation
becomes infinite is known as critical speed.

Normally the Centre off gravity of a loaded shaft will always displace from the axis of rotation
although the amount of displacement may be very small. As a result of this displacement, the Centre
of gravity is subjected to a centripetal acceleration as soon as the Shaft begins to rotate. The inertia
force acts radially outwards and bend the shaft. The bending of shaft not only depends upon the value
of eccentricity, but also depends upon the speed at which the shaft rotates.

Formula used:

fn = K
√ EgI
wl 4
and N= fn X 60

Were,
fn= natural frequency of vibration in Hz
g= acceleration due to gravity, (9.81m/s2),
E= modules of elasticity of the shaft l=moment of inertia of shaft in m4,
w= weight [unit length in N/m
I =effective length of the shaft between supports in m. and

N= speed of the shaft in RPM

K= constant (2.45)

10
 W = 1.51 N
π 4
3. I = × ( 0.003 )
4
= 3.06×10^-11 m^4

4. fin=K
√ EgI
w l4

=2.45
√
fin = 15.67 HZ
( 2.06× 1011 ) ( 9.81 ) ( 3.06 ×10−11 )
( 1−51 ) ( 14 )

Second Node:

1. Mass = Density *Area*Length

π 2
= 7850 × ×d ×l
4
= 7850 × 0.785× (0-0.006) ×2×1
= 0.22 kg
Mass = 0.22 Kg
2. Weight = Mass × gravity
= 0.22×9.81
= 2.17 N
π
3. I = × ( 0.006 )4
4
= 6.35×10^-11 m^4

4. fin=K
√ EgI
wl
4

=2.45
√
fin = 16.85 HZ
( 2.06× 1011 ) ( 9.81 ) ( 6.35 ×10−11 )
( 2.71 ) ( 14 )

fn = 16.85 HZ

N = fn ×60 = 16.85 × 60
= 1011.5 RPM

11
Result:

First node:

Natural frequency = ___________HZ

Critical speed. = __________RPM

Second note:

Natural frequency = ___________HZ

Critical speed. = __________RPM

12
 S. Speed No. of Force Transmission Force Exceed Transmission ability
No: (RPM) LED (N)
1 460 1
2 480 2
3 500 3
4 540 4
5 560 5
6 650 6
7 860 7
8 900 8
9 960 7
10 1020 6
11 1050 5
12

OBSESSION:

1. Fix mass = 0.5 kg

2. Eccentricity e = 5mm = 5×10^-3 m

3. Overall mass m = 7.5 kg

4. Spring coil diameter = 3mm

5. Outer side diameter = 10mm

6. No. Of turning = 8

13
 EX.NO:_________
VIBRATION TABLE
DATE:__/__/____
Aim:
To determine the transmissibility ratio using vibrating table

Apparatus required:
1. vibration table
2. masses
3. speed controller

Procedure:
1. Fix the mass to the vibration table
2. Start the motor observe the vibration of the table and
deflection of the table.
3. Repeat the steps for different amounts of masses.

Formulae used:
Initial velocity, V1= 2πR1N / 60 (m/s)

Final velocity V2= 2πR2N / 60 (m/s)

Linear acceleration, a= (V2-V1)/t (m/s²)

14
 CALCULATION:

1. Force transmitted = LED ×0.125

= 0.120 N
2. Force Excited. = m. w².l

( )
2
2 ( 3.14 ) ( 460 )
= 0.15 ( 0.005 )
60
= 0.120 N
force transmition
3. Transmissibility ratio =
force excited
0.125
¿
0.120
T = 1.04
4. Spring stiffness K = (80 ×10 9 ×(0.003)4 ¿/( 8 ×0.013 × 8)

K = 67500 N/m

5. Natural frequency w=
√ √
m
k
=
6. Theoretical critical speed = ωn
67500
7.5
=94.86 RPM

15
Normal acceleration, an = V2 2/R2. (m/s²)

Tangential acceleration, at =√(a2-an2), m/s2

Angular acceleration α = ad/ R2 (rad/s)

2
mV 2
Centrifugal force F=
R2N
Mass moment of inertia I= MR

Result:

16
 Thus, the natural frequency and critical speed is determined by give vibration table.

OBSERVATION TABLE 1:

S. Shaft Time taken for one Theoretical Natural Actual Natural

NO: Length L oscillation (t) in sec Frequency Frequency
ω1 ω2
I1
T1 T2 T3 T

OBSERVATION TABLE 2:

S. Shaft Time taken for one Theoretical Natural Actual Natural

NO: Length L oscillation (t) in sec Frequency Frequency
ω1 ω2
I1 I2
T1 T2 T3 T
1
2
3

17
 SINGLE AND TWO ROTOR EX.NO:_________
VIBRATION SETUP DATE:__/__/____
AIM:
To study the free vibrations of two rotor system and to determine the natural frequency of vibration
theoretically and experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRE:

1. Stop watch
2. Loads
3. Shaft
4. Fly wheel
5. Measuring tape
6. Spanner
7. Slider

DESCRIPTION:

Fig No.9 shows the general arrangement for carrying out the experiment. Two discs having different
mass moment of inertia are clamped one at each end of shaft by means of collect and chucks. Attaching
the cross-lever weights can change Mass moment of inertia of any disc. Both discs are free to oscillate in
the ball bearings. This provides negligible damping experiment.

SPECIFICATION:

1. Dia. Of disc A (Big Disc) = 250 mm.

2. Dia. Of disc B (Small Disc) = 200 mm.

3. Wt. Of disc A= Kg.

4. Wt. Of disc B = Kg.

5. Length of the cross arm =150mm

6. Dia. Of shaft = 3mm

7. Length of shaft between rotors L = 1100 mm

8. Arm Weights: 190gms & 380gms-2 No. s, each.

18
CALCULATION:

1. Find Kt of shaft as follows:

GI
Kt¿
L
Were,
6 kg
G = models of rigidity of shaft = 0.8 ×10 2
cm
2
πd
Ip = polar moment of inertia of shaft ¿
32
Let, IA = moment of inertia of disc A
IB = moment of inertia of disc B (on cross arm)
d = shaft diameter

19
PROCEDURE:

1. Fix two discs to the shaft and fit the shaft in bearings.

2. Deflect the discs in opposite direction by hand and release.

3. Note down time required for number of oscillations.

4. Fit the cross arm to one of the discs say B and again note down time.

5. Repeat the procedure with different equal masses attached to the ends of cross arm and note down
the time.

20
Result:

Thus, we conduct the free vibrations of two rotor system and to determine the natural frequency
of vibration theoretically and experimentally.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Following graphs should be plotted:

a) Force vs radius of rotation.

b) Speed vs sleeve displacement.

TABULATION:

S. Speed Sleeve Displacement Hight Radius of Force

No: N rotation F=(W/g) *ω 2 r
RPM X in meter h in m R in m In kgf

21
 UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS EX.NO:________
_
DATE:__/__/____

Aim:
To determine the characteristics of curve of sleeve position against control.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Governor apparatus

2. Tachometer

3. Graduated

4. scale

The apparatus can perform following experiments…

1.Determination of characteristic curve of sleeve position against controlling force and speed.
2.Plotting of characteristic curve of radius of rotation.

GOVERNOR SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Electric Motor DC Motor, Capacity-% hp, 1500rpm speed. Single Phase, 180 V DC.

2. Dimmerstat-2 Amp., DC Type-for controlling the speed.

3. Separate linkages with balls are provided for Watt & Porter type Governor and Proell governor
mechanism.

4. Spring loaded linkage for Hartnell Governor Mechanism

5. Weights for Porter and Proell Governor.

Formula:
1. Watt
2. Porter
3. Proell

22
 a) Al-2mN/60

23
24
 b) h No-x/2

c) a = cos [h/l]

d) r = SO + sin L

f = me*r

4. Hartnell:

a) r=fro+[x*(a/b)]

b) h=ho-x/2

c) f=mar

EXPERIMENTS:

1. WATT GOVERNOR:

Arrange the set-up as shown in Fig.5 by using the proper linkages provided. Tighten the bolts and nuts
properly. The assembly is ready for conducting the experiment. Now follow experimental procedure as
mentioned above.

a) Length of each link L –0.125 m.

b) Initial height of Governor-ho = 0.120m C)

Initial radius of rotation – ro = 0.105m

D) weight of each ball -W = 0.5kgs

Radius of rotation “r” at any position could be found as follows

A) find height h =ho-x/y mar

B) Find” α “by using a = Cos-1 (h/L) in degree

C) Then r = 0.05 + L Sin a mtrs
D) Angular Velocity 'w' = 2πN/60 rad / S

25
 OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. Speed Sleeve Displacement Hight Radius of Force

No: N rotation F=(W/g) *ω 2 r
RPM X in meter h in m R in m In kgf

Following tables should be plotted:

a) Force vs radius of rotation

b) Speed vs sleeve displacement

26
 2) PORTER GOVERNOR

Arrange the set-up as shown in Fig. 5 by using the proper linkages & weights provided. Tighten the
bolts and nuts properly. The assembly is ready for conducting the experiment. Now follow
experimental procedure as mentioned above.

Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation ‘N’ and
corresponding sleeve displacement “X.”

Dimensions

a) Length of each link L =0.125 m.

b) Initial height of Governor ho = 0.120 m. C)

Initial radius of rotation – ro= 0.105 m.

D) Weight of each ball – W= 0.5 kgs.

E) Weight of Sleeve weight= 0.5 kgs.

Radius of rotation ‘r at any position could be found as follows

a) Find height h = ho-X/2 mtr. Ho= m

b) Find “a” by using a = Cos -1 (h/L) in degrees

c) Then r= 0.05 + L Sin a mtr

d) Angular Velocity ‘o’ 2πN/60 Rad / sec

27
28
29
3) PROEL GOVERNOR

Arrange the set-up as shown in Fig.

In the Proell governor, with the use of fly weights (forming full ball) the governor becomes highly
sensitive. Under these conditions large sleeve displacement is observed for very small change in
speed. Hence, it is suggested that increase the speed of the motor very slowly and carefully to get
the lift.

Dimensions

a) Length of each link – L = 0.125 m.

b) Initial height of Governor-ho = 0.100 m

c) Initial radius of rotation – ro = 0.115.25 m.

d) Weight of ball – W = 0.5 kgs

e) Extension of length BG 0.075 m.

Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation 'N' and
corresponding sleeve displacement 'X'.

30
Complete the following observation table.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. Speed Sleeve Displacement Hight Radius of Force

No: N rotation F=(W/g) *ω 2 r
RPM X in meter h in m R in m In kgf

a) Find r in static condition for different sleeve displacement

b) Angular Velocity 'o' = 2RN/60 rad/sec

31
Following graphs to be plotted:

a) Sleeve Disp. ‘X’ Vs ‘r’ Radius of rotation.

To draw this graph, proceed as follows:

1) Keep the Governor in static position.

2) By lifting the Governor Mechanism manually measure the sleeve displacement

and corresponding radius of rotation ‘r’ of balls.
b) Force Vs Radius of rotation ‘r’.

c) Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.

32
33
4. HARTNEL GOVERNOR

Make the arrangements as shown In the figure.

Dimensions

a) Length – a = 0.075 m

b) Length – b = 0.115 m

c) Weight of ball – W = 0.5 kgs

d) Initial radius of rotation – ro = 0.152.5 m

e) Spring stiffness – P = 5 kg / cm

f) Free Length of spring = 0.135 m

1) Measure initial compression of the spring.

2) Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation 'N' and
corresponding sleeve displacement 'X'. Radius of rotation at any position could be found as
follows:

r = ro + x (a/b) mtr.

3) Angular Velocity 'o' 2N/60

4) Spring force =in (Kgs.) rad/sec (Free Length of Spring-Compressed Length of Spring) x spring Stiffens

34
Following graphs then be plotted to study governor characteristics:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. No: Spee Sleeve Displacement High Radius of rotation Force

d F=(W/g) *
2
N ω r
RPM X in meter h in m R in m In kgf

a) Force Vs Radius of rotation.

b) Speed vs sleeve displacement

35
DIMENTION:

1. Watt governor

2. Porter governor
a) Length of each link (L) = 125mm.

b) Initial height of governor (h.)-94mm

c) Initial radius of rotation (ro) 136mm

d) Weight of each ball (m) = 0.7kg

3. Proell governor

a) Weight of each ball (m) = 0.7kg

b) Initial radius of rotation= 136mm

4. Hartnell governor

a) Weight of each ball- 0. 1 kg

b) Initial radius of rotation (10) 177.5mm

c) Length of extended arm (a) -77mm

d) Length of link (b) = 122mm

e) Spring stiffness 2kg/cm

f) Free length of spring-103mm

g) Initial spring force (103-94) *2-1.8kg

36
37
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The Governor mechanism as desired, to be tested is fitted with the chosen weights and spring,
where applicable, to the spindle shaft. Ensure that the nut & bolts of all the moving parts and of the
spindle shaft are properly tightened. Then following simple procedure is to be follow

1. Keep the knob of the dimmer stat in zero position before switching on the main supply

2. Switch on the main supply and gradually go on increasing the speed of the motor. Due to this the
center sleeve rises from the lower stop aligning with the marking on the scale. This is initial lift of the
sleeve.

3. Note down the readings of the sleeve position and speed for this initial lift. Speed of the motor is to
be measured by hand tachometer, from the counter hole provided on the spindle.

4. Then increase the speed in steps to give suitable sleeve movement and note down the readings of
sleeve displacement and the corresponding speed. All the readings are to be entered in a tabular
observation table.

5. This procedure is adopted for all the other three Governor mechanisms by properly fitting the
assembly to the spindle shaft.

6. After completing the experiment bring the knob of the dimmer stat to its original position i.e. zero
slowly and gradually. Then switch off the main supply

7. Then the results may be plotted as.

a) The graph of speed v/s sleeve displacement for Watt, Porter & Proell Governor.

b) Plot the graph of speed v/s governor height for Watt Governor.

c) Plot the Governor characteristic after doing the necessary

38
39
Result:

Thus, the characteristics curve of the sleeve position against the control of universal governor is
obtained.

40
 S.NO: DISTROMATION TIME TAKEN FOR N TIME ACTUAL THEORETETICAL
IN ONE END OF OSCILATION (sec.) TAKEN FOR FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
THE ONE
COMPOUND OSCILATION (HZ)
PENDULUM (m) (sec.)

(m) TRAIL1 TRAIL2 TRAIL3 (sec) (HZ) (HZ)

CALCULATION:

1 1
Actual frequency: fu= = =0.612 HZ
tp 1.65
1
Theoretical frequency: ft= =¿
tp

Time taken for one oscillation: tp= 2π

√ Fo
mod
Mass moment of inertia of the body.

Io= Ia+md²

Iq= ml²/2 = [1.116×(95*10²)²]/2

Iq= 0.05 mm^4

Io= 0.083+(1.116)(0.95/2)²

41
 Io = 0

42
 EX.NO:_________
DETERMINATION OF GYROSCOPIC COUPLE DATE :__/__/____

AIM:

To determine the radius of gyration and mass moment of inertia of the given rectangular rod
experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
I. Vertical frame,
2. Rectangular rod,

3. Stop watch and,

4. Steel rule etc.

PROCETURE.
1.Suspend the rod through any one of the holes

2.Give a small angular displacement to the rod and note the time taken for 5. oscillation

3.Repeat the step by suspending through all the holds.

43
Tp= 2 n
√ 0.334
1.116 ×9.81 × 0.475

Tp= 1.60

OBSERVATION:

Length of the steel bar ,L

,cm
Number of holes

Distance between two hold= ,cm

Mass of the steel bar 1.575,kgf

44
FORMULAE:

Experimental periodic time, T=t/n ,sec

Were,

t= time taken for n oscillations

n-number of oscillation-IO

theoretical periodic time, Tthpo were,

Ktheo =theoretical radius of gyration ,cm

RESULT:

Theoretical value of component pendulum =___________HZ

Actual frequency value of component pendulum =_________HZ

45
46
 EX.NO:_________
TYPES OF GEARS
Date: __/__/____

AIM:
To study various types of gear- Helical, cross helical, worm, bevel gear.

APPARATUS USED:
Arrangement of gear system.

THEORY:
Definition of gear, Classification of gear, Diagram of different type of gear, Working and construction of
different type of gear, Advantage & disadvantage of gear, Application of gear ,Example of gear

GEAR:
Gears are used to transmit motion from one shaft to another shaft or between a shaft or slide. This
is accomplished by successively engaging teeth.

CLASSIFICATION OF GEAR:
Gears can be classified according to the relative position of their shaft axis are follows:

A: PARALLEL SHAFT

(i)Spur gear

(ii)Spur rack and pinion

(iii)Helical gears or Helical spur gear

(iv)Double- helical and Herringbone gear

47
48
49
 B: INTER SECTING SHAFT (i)Straight bevel gear (ii)Spiral bevel gear

(iii)Zerol bevel gear

C: SKEW SHAFT

(i)Crossed- helical gear

(ii)Worm gears (Non-throated, Single throated, Double throated)

Spur gear:
They have straight teeth parallel to the axes and thus are not subjected to axial thrust due to teeth
load.

Helical gears:
In helical gears, the teeth are curved, each being helical in shape. Two mating gears have the same helix
angle, but have teeth of opposite hands. At the beginning of engagement, contact occurs only at the
point of leading edge of the curved teeth. As the gears rotate, the contact extends along a diagonal line
across the teeth. Thus, the load application is gradual which result in low impact stresses and reduction
in noise. Therefore, the helical gears can be used at higher velocities than the spur gears and have
greater load carrying capacity.

50
51
Double Helical and Herring Bone Gears:
A double helical gear is equivalent to a pair of helical gears secured together, one having a right-hand
helix and the other a left-hand helix. The tooth of two row is separated by a grooved used for tool run
out. If the left and the right inclinations of a double — helical gear meet at a common apex and there is
no groove in between, the gear is known as herring bone gear.

Crossed — Helical Gear:

The used of crossed helical gear or spiral gears is limited to light loads. By a suitable choice of helix
angle for the mating gears, the two shaft can be set at any angle.

Worm Gear:
Worm gear is a special case of spiral gear in which the larger wheel, usually, has a hollow or concave
shape such that a portion of the pitch diameter is the other gear is enveloped on it. The smaller of two
wheels is called the worm which also has larger spiral angle.

Bevel Gear:
Kinematically, the motion between two intersecting shafts is equivalent to the rolling of two cones,
assuming no slipping. The gears, in general, are known as bevel gear. When teeth formed on the cones
are straight, the gear is known as straight bevel and when inclined, they are known as spiral or helical
bevel.

52
53
APPLICATION:
1.Bevel gears are used for the drive to the differential of automobiles.

2.Spur rack and pinion are used in a lathe.

3.Helical gears are used for greater load at higher velocities.

4.Gears are used in different machinery.

Result:
Different types of gear have been studied.

54
TABULATION:
Sl. No. Speed of Weight Time taken for Degree Velocity Relative Active
disc N added 60 degrees of couple couple
RPM M (kg) T Sec precision Cr=I×w×w
Rad/ sec p (Nm)
W-
Omega
T1 T2 T3
1
2
3
4

Actual torque, fact =W×l×g

= 0.5×0.28×9.81

= 1.128 N/m

OBSERVATION:

1. Mass of the disc m = 5.4 kg

2. Radius of the disc R= 15 m
3. Speed of the disc N= 1100 RPM
4. Length B/w the center of
Wight to control plate of disc l = 0.23m
5. Gravity g = 9.81 M/s²

55
 DETERMINATION OF GYROSCOPIC EX.NO:_________
COUPLERS Date: __/__/____

Aim:
To determine the active and reactive gyroscopic couples and compare
them Apparatus required: Gyroscope, tachometer, or stroboscope,
variable voltage transformer. rotating disc with a light reflecting sticker
for stroboscope speed measurement

PROCEDURE:

1. The disc as made to rotate at a constant speed at a specific time

using variable voltage transformer

2. The speed of the (N) disc is measured using a tachometer or a

stroboscope.
3. A weight /mass is added on the extending platform attached to the disc
1. This causes an active gyroscopic couple and the whole assembly
(rotating disc, rotor and weight platform with weight) is standing to move in a
perpendicular plane to that of plane of routing of disc This is called gyroscopic
motion.
2.The time taken (t) to traverse a specific angular displacement
is noted.
Formula used

Mass moment of inertia of the disc, I = md /8, kg-m, m-mass of the disc and d-
Dia. of the disc
56
 Angular velocity of the disc, = 2 nan / 60, rad/s, N-speed of disc in rpm

Angular velocity of precession, a, - (9/1) x (z/180) rad/s

CALCULATION:

Gyroscope couple, c =Iωωp

2
m R2 5.4∗( 0.15 )
I= =
2 2
0.1215
= 2

I= 0.06075 Kg_m²
2 πN
ω= 60

2∗π∗1100
ω= 60

= 115.13 rad/sec
d t h eta
Ωp= dt

Ωp=
30× ( 80π )
5

= 0.1046 rad/sec
c =Iωωp
C= 0.06075×115.18×0.1046
= 0.73 Nm

57
58
Reactive gyroscopic couple,

C=L.o.o, Nm and Active gyroscopic couple = C W x L,

W - weight added = mg N and

L-distance between centers of weight to center plane of disc

Graph:

1.Active couple Vs Reactive couple

2.weight added Vs reactive couple

Result:
Thus, active and relative gyroscopic couple are determined through the experiment.

59
 OBSERVATION:
JUMP SPEED:

S. RP JUMP RP JUMP RP JUMP JAMP

No: M WEIGHT M WEIGHT M WEIGHT SPEED
N
(RPM)
1
2
3
4
5
6

CAM ANALYSIS EX.NO:_________

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 Date: __/__/____

ANALYSIS
Aim:
To study the profile of given can using cam analysis system and to draw the displacement
diagram for the follower and the cam profile. Also, to study the jump-speed characteristics of the
cam & follower mechanism.

Apparatus required:

Cam analysis system and Dial gauge

Description:
A cam is a machine element such as a cylinder or any other solid with a surface of contact so
designed as to give a predetermined motion to another element called the follower. A cam is a
rotating body importing oscillating motor to the follower. All cam mechanisms are composed of at
least there links viz:

1.Cam, 2. Follower and 3. Frame which guides follower and cam.

Specification:
Diameter of base circle =150mm, Lift = 18mm, Diameter of cam shaft = 25mm

Diameter of follower shaft = 20 mm, Diameter of roller = 32mm, Dwell period =

180
Type of follower motion = SHM (during ascent & descent)

Procedure:
Cam analysis system consists of cam roller follower, pull rod and guide of pull rod.

1. Set the cam at 0° and note down the projected length of the pull rod

2. Rotate the can through 10° and note down the projected length of the pull rod above the guide
3. Calculate the lift by subtracting each reading with the initial reading

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TABULATION:
CAM PROFILE:
S.NO ROLLER FOLLOWER TANGENT FOLLOWER MUSHROOM FOLLOWER
:

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12

Actual torque, = w ×l × g

= 0.5×0.23×9.81

= 1.128 Nm

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Jump-speed:
I. The cam is run at gradually increasing speeds, and the speed at which the follower jumps off is
observed.

2. This jump-speed is observed for different loads on the follower.

Graph:
Displacement diagram and also the cam profile is drawn using a polar graph chart.

The Force Vs Jump-speed curve is drawn.

Result:
Thus, we studied profile of given cam analysis system.

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TABULATION:

DIAGRAM:

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 EX.NO:_________
BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES
DATE:__/__/____

Aim:
To balance the given rotor system dynamically with the aid o the force polygon and the couple
polygon.

Apparatus required:

rotor system, weights, steel rule, etc.

Procedure:
5. Fix the unbalanced masses as per the given conditions: radius, angular position and plane of
masses.

6. Find out thee balancing masses and angular positions using force polygon, and couple polygon

7. Fix the balancing masses (calculated masses) at the respective radii and angular position.

8. Run the system at certain speeds and check that the balancing is done effectively.

9. If the rotor system rotates smoothly, without considerable vibrations, means the system is
dynamically balanced. Result: The given rotor system has been dynamically balanced with the
aid of force polygon and couple polygon.

Diagrams:
a. Plane of the masses

b. Angular position of the masses

Force polygon 4 couple polygon

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66
Result:

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Thus, the given wrote our system is dynamically balanced and force polygon and couple polygon where
drawn.

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EX.NO: _________ TURN TABLE
DATE: __/__/_____

AIM:

69