INCLUSION EDUCATION

1 (a) Career development

Career development is the series of activities or ongoing (lifelong) process of developing one’s
career. It refers to managing one’s career in an intra-organization or inter-organization skills.
(https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/human-resource-hr-terms/1779-career-
development.html). According to Cambridge dictionary, career development is the process of
learning and improving your skills so that you can do your job better and progress to better jobs.
(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/career-development). Career development is
the proactive planning and implementation of action steps towards an individual’s career goals.
Furthermore, Braer, Flexer, Luft and Simmons (2008) define career development as a lifetime
process that encompasses the growth and change process of childhood, the formal career
education at school, and the maturation process that continue through a person’s working
adulthood and into retirement.

However, our best definition of career development is the lifelong process of managing, learning,
work, leisure, and transition in order to move towards a personally determined and evolving
preferred future. It is a process that form a person’s work identity and is a very significant part of
human development, that spans over the individual’s entire lifetime.

(b)FACTORS INFLUENCING CAREER DEVELOPMENT

(i) Personal characteristics of an individual.

Personal characteristics such as personality type, interests, aptitude and work-related values
affect our career development. They influence our choices on which occupation that satisfy us as
well as work environments in which we will succeed. That is why individuals are advised to do a
self-assessment before choosing a career to get to know about oneself, so as to properly develop
their career.

(ii) Financial status

Career development is also affected by financial status of an individual. Some careers require
individuals to attend schools, university or courses that may need high fees to study. As a result,
an individual may switch to another career that fits his/her financial status even though he/she
doesn’t like it. However currently there are several loans, grants and scholarships that may
enable a person to overcome such financial barriers.
(iii) Physical, mental and emotional impairments

These also affect career development of individuals. Some people are better suited to certain
careers due to their physical, mental and emotional features, while others are not. For example,
one may want to be a pilot but may lack the intellectual ability, hence making him or her to
change to another career. It is advised to choose a career that makes best use of your strengths
while accommodation your weaknesses.

(iv)Age

Career development is also affected by our age. Career development doesn’t have a specific age
for when it will begin. Some people begin to think of their career choices earlier than others.
Also, some jobs need a specific age. For example, modeling and flight attendant careers require
people usually less than 40 years, whereas careers like teaching and medicine advance well into
old age. Mainly age, or individual perception of age that an individual gets influence their career
development as in which career to pursue and so on.

(v)Family support

The support that an individual gets from his/her family affect the career development of an
individual. Pursuing a career, or shifting to another career, with the support of your family will
motivate you even though the change or career would be difficult. On the other hand, pursuing
an already difficult career and not having the support from your family, will most likely
negatively affect your career development. Remember that at some stage in their development,
children choose and admire career of their family members such as parents, uncles and others.
Also, parents can create an environment that favours a certain career and not favour other career.

(c) implications of holland’s theory of career counseling

John Holland’s typological theory of persons and environments is the most influential in the field
of career counseling (Brown, 2002), though it has not carried over to the field of higher
education and academic advising as per (Smart, Feldman, &Ethington, 2000).

This conundrum led us to explore whether or not Holland’s theory could ultimately improve the
effectiveness of academic advising and career counseling. This article summarizes the results of
our exploration.
Holland’s person-environment interaction theory is especially important to scholars and
practitioners in education and psychology. “John Holland pioneered in assessing the
environments of colleges and universities and their influence on students. His research has been
central in the development of knowledge about non academic accomplishments.

implications of super’s theory for career counseling

Super’s developmental view of career development in the context of the self allows for changes
over time. This is very appropriate in the 21st Century workplace. The following are the
implications of super’s theory for career counseling
a) Identify the career development stage and put goals for mastery of the tasks to each stage.
b) Help student clarify self-concept because any task that enhances self-knowledge increase
vocational maturity therefore, it helps to clarify self-concept of the students and then help
them relate their self-knowledge to occupational information.
c) Expose students to a wider range of careers because occupational options narrow over
time. Consider lifestyle implications and consider the vocational and vocational relevance
of subjects studied in school.
d) Direct work experiences are vital. Try on roles in real worlds of work.
2(a)Inclusive education refers to the way schools, classrooms, programs and

activities are developed and designed so that all students learn and participate
together. It ensures quality education for all students by effectively meeting their
diverse needs in a way that is responsive, accepting, respectful and supportive

2.(b) Positive effects of inclusive education

i)It helps to draw the potential and capability of children to learn

The ability of children to learn and exploit its potential depends on how the child is enable and
support to build up their prospective (Bryant, Smith, & Bryant, 2008). An inclusive setting
expose children with disabilities a broader general knowledge, which in turn enhances their
social capabilities, and hence results in an increased income in their adult lives (Loremanet,
al.2005).

ii) It encourages equality in education

education for all without segregation encovers all people from ethnic or linguistic minorities,
those with disabilities or any other kind of learning difficulty as well as children who often is
absent (Mittler 2000). Example Mpwapwa secondary school in Dodoma is a school for special
needs where by both normal and disable students are within same school.

iii)It brings the sense of love, peace, trust and hope to disable children,

inclusive education needs to make all children learn and feel belongingness in the environment
of their communities and schools.Interactive environment tends to make good psychological
feeling for disable children and to value their presence in the world. Example when a child loved,
respected and valued by either his/ her parents, teachers or student mates probably he/she will
like to study and cooperate with others (Bryant et al., 2008)

Negative effects of inclusive education.

(i)Lack of competent teachers,

According to Forlin(2010) lack of competent teachers is a problem because there are many
students but few competent teachers to teach them. Educational facilitators has to produce
graduates who are competent and have the ability to respond to individual differences in their
inclusive classrooms. However there are few colleges that provide program for special needs
education.

(ii)Presence of many negative social cultural believes.

Negative perceptions of the society have hindered many disable children access of education
such that children with disabilities are unable to participate in education (Bryant et al., 2008;
Skojorten, 2001). This makes this education to be soundless as many disabled ones are found at
homes helplessly.

(iii)Poor Curriculum policies

curriculum is the heart of education that tells what to teach and how to assess. The poor policies
of curriculum does not account the speciality of disabled students and hence narrowing the
chance for effective learnig for the disabled ones. Example Tanzania education curriculum for
normal and disable students is the same which is not good for assessment (Meena, 2014;
Tungaraza, 1994). This lead to the problem for disable student hence they fail to continue with tt.
 REFERENCES

Baer,R.B., Flexer, R.W., Luft,P., &Simmons,T.J. (2008). Transition planning for secondary
students with disabilities. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.

https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/human-resource-hr-terms/1779-career-
development.html

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/career-development

Bryant, D. P., Smith, D. D., & Bryant, B. R. (2008). Teaching students with special needs in
inclusive classrooms: Pearson College Division

Forlin, C. (2010). Teacher education for inclusion: Changing paradigms and innovative
approaches. London: Routledge.