STAVESANDCLEFS

line 1
THE STAFF (PLURAL STAVES)
line 2
The staff is written as five horizontal parallel
lines. Most of the notes of the music are line 3
placed on one of these lines or in a space line 4
in between lines.
line 5

CLEFS
The first symbol that appears at the beginning of every music staff is a clef symbol. It is
very important because it tells you which note (A, B, C, D, E, F, or G) is found on each line
or space.
.
etc
A
G
The Treble Clef E
F
D
Symbol tells you that the second line from C
B
the bottom (the line that the symbol curls G
A this is G4

around) is G 4th. F
E
D
C
.
etc

.
etc
C
B
The Bass Clef G
A
Symbol tells you that the second line from F this is F3
E
D
the top (the one bracketed by the symbol B
C
dots) is F 3rd. A
G
F
E
.
etc

Memorizing the Notes

Fine
E
Does
Boy C
A
Good
F
Every
Treble Clef Lines : Every Good Boy Does Fine Treble Clef Spaces : F A C E

Always
Fine Grass
Do Eat
Boy Cows
Good All

Bass Clef Lines : Good Boy Do Fine Always Bass Clef Spaces : All Cows Eat Grass
 THE PIANO AND THE
CHROMATICSCALE
The Piano

C D F G A C D F G A
or or or or or or or or or or
D E G A B D E G A B

C D E F G A B C D E F G A B

Tone (1 step) Semitone (½ step)

STEP A half step is the distance from one

piano key to the next closest (whether it
A whole step is two half steps. For happens to be white or black). E to F is a
instance, for C up to D, the two half steps half step, because E and F are next to one
are C to C# and C# to D. another. Similarly, B to C is a half step.

ENHARMONICNOTES
are different names for the same piano
key. For example, the black key called C
sharp is one half step above C, but also
one half step below D. C sharp is enhar-
monic with D flat. White keys also have B F E C
enharmonic names: B raised one half step
with a sharp is the white key C.
B C D E F G A
D E F G A B C

CHROMATIC SCALE SCALE

lists all the notes (white and black keys) in (from the Italian word for ladder) is a series
order, usually from C to the next C above of notes from low to high (or high to low)
or below. Chromatic scales use only half following some pattern of whole steps and
steps. Ascending chromatic scales use half steps.
sharps for black piano keys. Descending
chromatic scales use flats for black piano
keys.
 ACCIDENTAL
Is a note of a pitch (or pitch class) that is not a
member of the scale or mode indicated by the most
recently applied key signature.

SHARP
One half step higher than (right of) a
white key.

DOUBLE SHARP
Two half steps (one wholestep) higher
than the natural note/ raise the pitch by 1
tone (2 semitones).

FLAT
One half step lower than (left of) a white
key.

DOUBLE FLAT
Two half steps (a whole step) lower /
lower the pitch by 1 tone (2 semitones).

NATURAL
Cancel the existing/ previous accidentals
in that note.
 RHYTMICVALUES
Notes Equals Rests
= Two
Double Whole Note

= Two
Whole Note

= Two
Half Note

= Two
Quarter Note

= Two
Eighth Note

= Two
Sixteenth Note

= Two
Thirthy-second Note

= Two

Sixty-fourth Note

The oval part of the note is called the Flag Beam

notehead. Notes shorter than whole notes
have a stem attached to the notehead. Stem
Notes shorter than quarters have flags or
beams Notehead =
Ties
A tie combines rhythmic values together. For example, two
eighth notes tied together make a rhythmic value equal to one
quarter note. Ties connect notes of the same pitch. Ties never
connect rests. For example :

= and = and = etc.

Dotted Notes
In Western musical notation, a dotted note is a note with a small
dot written after it. In modern practice the first dot increases the
duration of the basic note by half of its original value.
For example :

or

or
EXERCISE 1
Identify the names of these notes!

Draw and name the rest which is corresponds to each of the follow-
ing note values!

Rest Symbol Rest Name Rest Symbol Rest Name

Write ONE note which is equal to the combined value of each of the
following!

= =

= =

= =
 IV. TIME SIGNATURES
Beat, Measure Bar, Barline and Final Barline
A beat is a repeating musical pulse. Listeners sense the beat
when they tap their feet or clap their hands in time with the
music.
Musicians group beats into units called measures or bars.
A special final barline indicates the end of the movement or
piece.

barline final barline

measure or bar measure or bar

Time Signature
A time signature (or meter signature) indicates how
many beats there are in one measure and what rhythmic value
gets one beat (this value is called the beat unit)
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

= 4 beats in each measure Time Beat Beat

= gets one beat Signature Value Grouping

Simple Duple

Simple Triple

Simple Quadruple

Compound Duple

Compound Triple

Compound Quadruple

Complex
 V. KEYSIGNATURES
Key Signature refers to any several combi-
nations of sharps or flats after the clef at
the beginning of each stave indicating

THECIRCLE The circle of fifths is a common way to arrange the

keys so each key moving clockwise starts on the

OF FIFTHS
fifth note of the preceding key. Major keys are listed
outside the circle, with minor keys inside.
 VI. INTERVALS
Symbols
Intervals
An interval is the pitch distance (high-low The general category of the interval,
distance) between two notes. Interval based on counting the number of letter
names have two parts: names using the starting letter name as
number one; and
The quality of the interval, related to how
many half steps are between the notes.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 - 1 1 - 2 1 - 3 1 - 4 1 - 5 1 - 6 1 - 7 1 - 8
Perfect Major Major Perfect Perfect Major Major Perfect
Unison 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Octave
0 tone 1tone 2 tone 2.5 tone 3.5 tone 4.5 tone 5.5 tone 6 tone

How To Name The Intervals?

General Category
2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th - 1st, 4th, 5th, 8th

Quality of Interval
Diminished, Perfect, Augmented

Difference From Major Tone

-1 -1/2 0 +1/2
Diminished - Minor - Major - Augmented
 Number of Notes
Music Interval
Semitones Apart Example
1 Minor 2nd C - C#

2 Major 2nd C-D

3 Minor 3rd C - D#

4 Major 3rd C-E

5 Perfect 4th C-F

6 Augmented 4th / Diminished 5th C - F#

7 Perfect 5th C-G

8 Minor 6th C - G#

9 Major 6th C-A

10 Minor 7th C - A#

11 Major 7th C-B

12 Octave C-C

INTERVALS
INDEX
Symbols Articulations
Articulations specify how notes should be performed,
either in terms of duration or stress.
Articulations of Duration

Staccattisimo Staccatto Tenuto Accent Marcato

Articulations of Stress
Staccatissimo means extremely shortened duration.
Staccato means shortened duration
Tenuto has two functions: it can mean full duration OR a slight stress or
emphasis.
Accent means stressed or emphasized (more than tenuto).
Marcato means extremely stressed.

Breath Marks
Breath marks indicate a quick break,
or for a wind instrument like trumpet or
voice, a breath.

Caesura
The caesura (sometimes “grand
pause” or G.P.) indicates a full stop
and pause before the music contin-
ues.

Common Time and Cut Time

Four four time is used so much thatit is often called common time,
written as a bold "C"
When both fours are "cut" in half to twos, you have cut time, written as a
"C" cut by a vertical slash.

= =
Crescendo (Cresc.)
Crescendo indicate a gradual increase in loudness.

or cresc.
Decrescendo (Decresc.)
Decresendo indicate a gradual decrease in loudness.

or dim.

Fermatas
Fermatas indicate that the music
stops and holds the note until the
conductor or soloist moves on.

Glissando
A continuous slide upwards or down-
wards between two notes.

Simple Repeats
The end repeat sign tells the perform- Start Repeat
er to go back one time to the start
End Repeat
repeat sign, or, if there is no start
repeat, the beginning of the move-
ment.

Slurs
Slurs are curved lines connecting
different pitches. Slurs can mean:
(1.) connect the notes as a phrase.
(2.) for voice: sing with one syllable.
INDEX
Dynamics
Dynamics are used to indicate Italian Term
relative loudness.
Tempo
Pianississimo = Very, very Soft a tempo

accelerando
Pianissimo = Very Soft
accel.
adagio
Piano = Soft
alegreto

Mezzo Piano = Medium - Soft

alegreto moderata

Mezzo Forte = Medium - Loud andante

lento
Forte = Loud
ralletando
Fortissimo = Very Loud rall.
ritardando
rit.
Fortississimo = Very, very Loud ritenuto
riten.
Forte Piano = Forte followed suddenly
Phrasing
by piano, also mfp, ffp, etc.
cantabile
Sforzando = a forceful, sudden accent
legato

Forceful, but not as sudden as sfz staccato

Other Terms
da capo from the begin- fine the end
D.C ning
dal segno from the sign mezzo half
(D.S ; )
 Terms Tempo
English Meaning Tempo is the speed of the beat, usually given in
beats per minute (BPM).

at the original Larghissimo Very, very slow 20pm and below

speed/time
gradually
Grave Slow and solemn 20-40bpm

Ritardando
getting faster
slowly
Lento Slowly 40-60bpm
fairly quick
Largo Broadly 40-60bpm
moderately quick Larghetto Rather broadly 60-66bpm

at a walking pace Adagio Slow and stately 66-76bpm

Adagletto Rather slow 70-80bpm
Andante Moderato A bit slower than Andante
slow
Andante At a walking pace 76-108bpm
gradually getting Andantino
slower
gradually getting Moderato Moderately 108-120bpm
Allegreto Moderately fast < allegro
slower Allegreto Moderato Moderately quick 112-124bpm
held back
Allegro Fast, quickly, bright 120-168bpm Accelerando

Vivace Lively and fast around 140bpm

in a singing style Vivacissimo Very fast and lively
Allegrissimo Very fast
smoothly
Presto Very fast 168-200bpm
short and detached Prestissimo Extremely fast more than 200bpm

moderato moderately

poco a little
poc.
EXERCISE 2
Write the name of each interval on the blank provided!
S
PARAMABIRA’S
TRAINING
L E A R N I N G

CAMP
2 o_18
2017
owner: