Experiment No.

4
Objective:

Apparatus:
 Water hammer

Theory:

Water hammer:
Water hammer (or, more generally, fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave caused when
a fluid (usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas) in motion is forced to stop or change direction
suddenly (momentum change). A water hammer commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly
at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. It is also
called hydraulic shock. This pressure wave can cause major problems, from noise and vibration
to pipe collapse. It is possible to reduce the effects of the water hammer pulses
with accumulators, expansion tanks, surge tanks, blow-off valves, and other features.
Valves:
The valves which are used to find the water hammering effect are as follows

 Gate Valve
 Ball Valve
 Globe Valve
 Butterfly Valve

Gate Valve:
A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a barrier (gate) out of
the path of the fluid. Gate valves require very little space along the pipe axis and hardly restrict
the flow of fluid when the gate is fully opened. The gate faces can be parallel but are most
commonly wedge-shaped (in order to be able to apply pressure on the sealing surface). Gate
valves are used to shut off the flow of liquids rather than for flow regulation.
Ball Valve:
A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to
control flow through it. It is open when the ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed when it
is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle. The handle lies flat in alignment with the flow when
open, and is perpendicular to it when closed, making for easy visual confirmation of the valve's
status. Ball valves are durable, performing well after many cycles, and reliable, closing securely
even after long periods of disuse.

Globe Valve:
A globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start, and regulate the fluid flow. The globe
valve disk can be removed entirely from the flow path, or it can completely close the flow path.
During opening and closing of globe valve, disc moves perpendicularly to the seat. This
movement creates the annular space between the disk and seat ring that gradually close as the
valve closed.
Butterfly Valve:
A butterfly valve is a valve that isolates or regulates the flow of a fluid. The closing mechanism
is a disk that rotates. Butterfly valves can be used for a broad range of applications within water
supply, wastewater treatment, fire protection and gas supply, in the chemical and oil industries,
in fuel handling systems, power generation etc.

Procedure:

 To find the pressure increase due to water hammer we first close the solenoid pump.
 For the next reading we close gate valve and open solenoid pump
 After that we open both solenoid and gate valve and close ball valve
 Then all three valves are open and we close globe valve and note the reading.
 For the last reading we open all four valves and close butterfly valve and reading is
noted.
 Take at least 2-3 readings.
Observation & Calculation:
Conclusions: