The reawakening

Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that
profoundly affected European intellectual life in
the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and
spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th
century, its influence was felt in literature,
philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion,
and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.
Renaissance scholars employed the humanist
method in study, and searched for realism and
human emotion in art.
• Rebirth or revival – great intellectual
awakening that took place in Europe.
• Period following the middle ages (1450-
1550)
• “Rebirth” of classical Greece and Rome
• Began in Italy
• Moved to northern Europe
• Created a break in the continuous evolution
of European architecture

Three great inventions – contributed to the upheaval of changing times

• Gunpowder (changed the method of warfare)
• Mariner’s compass (travelling and colonization by Europeans)
• Printing by movable types (spread of knowledge, revival in literature)
Conscious study and adaptation of historical elements to solve new problems.
No imitations – but men of genius who were able to mould ideas to their own individual purposes.
 As the economy and society changed, new ideas began to appear. This period
of interest and developments in art, literature, science and learning is known
Renaissance ideas as the Renaissance, French for “rebirth.”

Inspiration from the Ancients

Humanism
• Venetian ships carried goods for trade
 At the heart of the Renaissance and Greek scholars seeking refuge
was an intellectual movement
known as humanism. • Scholars brought ancient works thought
 Humanism is a view of the to be lost
world with human needs and
hopes at the center. Most
humanist scholars were New World of Ideas
Christians who hoped to use the • Italians who could read looked for more
wisdom of the ancients to
understand their own times.
information
 Humanists believed that • Read Arabic translations of original texts
education should stimulate the
individual’s creative power and
• Searched libraries, found lost texts
studied the humanities, the
subjects taught in ancient Greek Different Viewpoints
and Roman schools. • As they read, began to think about
 The main areas of study were philosophy, art, science in different ways
grammar, rhetoric (public
speaking), poetry and history.
• Began to believe in human capacity to
create, achieve
 • Early Renaissance (Roman
Renaissance architecture influence is most apparent in
the ornamentation of the
buildings)- ca. 1400-1500
• High Renaissance (influence
extends to the structure of the
buildings as much as their
ornamentation) - ca. 1500-
1520
• Late renaissance - Romano
(Palazzo del Te)
Palladio (villas, Vicenza
Town Hall)- ca. 1520 - 1600-
(Roman features – arch, vault,
gable and most important the
five orders: tuscan, doric, ionic,
corinthian and composite)
• Rustication
• Front façade
• Windows with engaged columns and
curved pediment
• Windows with central column
• Doorway with columns and entablature
• Circular renaissance buildings (roman
circular temples)
• Courtyard with arcades and pilasters
• Inner and outer dome
• Circular drum supporting the domes
• Renaissance Greek theatre, Renaissance
Roman theatre
• Ornamentation – ornate capitals
Rustication –
A popular
decorative
treatment of the
Renaissance
palazzo was
rustication, in
which a masonry
wall is textured
rather than
smooth.
This can entail
leaving grooves in
the joints between
smooth blocks,
using roughly
dressed blocks, or
using blocks that
have been
deliberately
textured.
The rustication of
a Renaissance
palazzo is often
differentiated
between stories Palazzo Medici-
Riccardi in Florence.
Front façade – The Front façade of the building is made to resemble like that of a
classical Greek or Roman building.

Windows –

• With engaged
columns and
curved /
triangular
pediment

• Windows
with central
column
Doorway with columns and entablature
Ornamentation – ornate capitals
St. Paul’s Cathedral

Circular renaissance buildings (resembled roman circular temples)

Courtyard with arcades
and pilasters

Wawel Castle, Poland -

Renaissance inner
courtyard, 16th century
 Inner and outer dome

Santa Maria, Florence

Circular drum supporting the domes
 Early Renaissance Architecture • 1400-1500
• The two leading Early
Renaissance architects were
Brunelleschi and Alberti.

• Leon Battista Alberti became

the leading architectural
theorist of the Renaissance with
his own Ten Books on
Architecture, which instructed
on the adaptation of ancient
classical forms to modern
buildings; it became the
primary reference manual for
Renaissance architects.

• In terms of actual building

projects, Alberti was chiefly a
master of facade design.

• Perhaps his greatest facades are

those of the Church of
Sant'Andrea and Palazzo
Rucellai.
The facade of the Church of
Sant'Andrea mimics a triumphal arch.
 The facade of
the Palazzo
Rucellai is
neatly divided
into rectangular
sections (each
containing an
arched window)
with pilasters
and
entablatures.

 Circular
elements, like
those above each
window of the
Palazzo, were a
Renaissance
favourite, with
many architects
of the period
regarding the
circle as the
"perfect shape".
Filippo Brunelleschi :
Architecture is based on Simple modular proportions/ clarity of design/ standardised
vocabulary of monolithic grey stone columns & pilasters set against white plaster walls.

'Hospital of the Innocents', - children's orphanage in Florence built in 1419.

It is regarded as one the early works of Italian Renaissance Architecture.
The design was based on Classical Roman, Italian Romanesque and late Gothic architecture.
His ideas influenced future architects during the renaissance era
 Located in St. Peters Basillica
Brunelleschi trying to figure out how to build the dome.
Nave of the Bassilica Di San Lorezo.
Completed in 1481.
This is one of the many examples of classical Greek Architecture revisited, shown
through the use of the large dome and the Corinthian Columns.
• Dome on top of the Santa Maria Del Fiore. Located in
Florence, Italy
• Dome was very hard to achieve due to the fact that
buttresses were not allowed in the city of Florence.
• Competition was held between two main competitors
for the grant of building the church. Brunelleschi won
the commission.
• octagonal brick dome for Florence Basilica (an Italian
Gothic church), an engineering feat of such difficulty
(due to the dome's unprecedented size)
• He had to invent special machines to hoist each
section into place.
• Constructed without the use of centering supported
by scaffolding
• Octagonal drum, pointed profile, double shell
• Spiralling courses of herring bone brick work
• Sloping masonry bed
• This dome is the most famous transitional work
between Medieval and Renaissance architecture.
• Although at first glance it appears to be very much a
Gothic dome (given its pointed shape and ribbed
frame), it is considered a transitional work due to
Brunelleschi's attention to balanced proportions and
simple decoration.
• It is crowned by a lantern, a rooftop structure with
openings for lighting or ventilation
• Influenced the dome over St peter’s Rome, built much Santa Maria, Florence
later by his predecessors
• The cathedral of Florence is built as a basilica, having a
wide central nave of four square bays, with an aisle on
either side. The chancel and transepts are of identical
polygonal plan, separated by two smaller polygonal
chapels. The whole plan forms a Latin cross. The nave
and aisles are separated by wide pointed Gothic arches
resting on composite piers.
• The dimensions of the building are enormous: building
area 8,300 square meters, length 153 metres (502 ft),
width 38 metres (124 ft), width at the crossing 90
metres (295 ft). The height of the arches in the aisles is
23 metres (75 ft). The height of the dome is 114.5 m.
Brunelleschi's greatest design for a complete
building may be the Basilica of San Lorenzo,
a beautiful example of a Renaissance-style
church.
The plain exterior of this work includes a series
of blind arches, while the interior is graced with
crisp grey-and-white planar classicism.
Only the columns prevent the interior from
being comprised entirely of flat surfaces. (In
many Renaissance churches, broad rectangular
piers are used instead of columns, thus
maximizing the surface space for planar Brunelleschi pioneered the idea of linear
classicism.) perspective.
This is most represented in his most
famous cathedral the Bassilica di San
Lorenzo.
The Nave of the church when seen from
one end gives the idea of going on forever
until it ends in the architectural
masterpiece of the Cupola.
The dome along, with the geometric
balance of the corinthian columns he
constructed , took Brunelleschi to the level
of the most influential architects of his
time.
 High Renaissance Architecture • 1500-1520
The High Renaissance represents the
pinnacle of classical restraint and
simplicity in Renaissance art and
architecture.

A sense of massive stability was sought,

for which the Doric order was
considered ideal.

The founder and leader of High

Renaissance architecture was Donato
Bramante.

His grTempietto, eatest completed work

is the Tempietto, a Doric shrine which is
held to mark the place of St Peter's
martyrdom.

Despite its small size, the Tempietto is

often considered the crowning jewel of
High Renaissance architecture; it is
certainly the most famous religious
structure of the period.
Tempietto
The so-called Tempietto (Italian: "small temple") is a small commemorative tomb (martyrium)
built by Donato Bramante, possibly as early as 1502, in the courtyard of San Pietro in
Montorio. Also commissioned by Ferdinand and Isabella, the Tempietto is considered a
masterpiece of High Renaissance Italian architecture.
In Rome, Bramante, was able to study the ancient
monuments first hand. The temple of Vesta at Tivoli was
one of the precedents behind the Tempietto.
Bramante would have been aware of the early Christian
precedents, and as a result,the Tempietto is circular.
The "Tempietto" is one of the most harmonious buildings
of the Renaissance. It is the earliest example of use of the
Tuscan order in the Renaissance. Tuscan is a form of the
Doric order which stated by Vitruvius is the relationship
between the Order and the nature of the divinity to whom
the temple is dedicated to. A Doric order is well suited for
strong male gods (such as Hercules) so Tuscan was well
suited for St. Peter. It is meant to mark the traditional
exact spot of St. Peter's martyrdom, and is an important
precursor to Bramante’s rebuilding of St. Peter’s.
Bramante's greatest unrealized work is a
cross-in-square plan for St. Peter's Basilica
(the foremost church of Roman
Catholicism, located in Vatican City).
Following Bramante's death early in its
construction, persistent delays led to a
string of architects (including
Michelangelo) taking over the project and
completely transforming the original
design.
Villa of Pope Julius (Villa Guilia), Rome

• The house was built for Pope Julius III who

reigned from 1550 to 1555.
• The architects were Jacopo Barozzi da
Vignola and B. Ammanati.
• Thought of as a Villa Suburbana or party
villa, the construction began in 1551 and
ended in 1553.
• Papal possessions were quite extensive and
since many popes came from rich powerful
families, they naturally sought to extend
their family’s wealth through their position.
• Vignola’s exterior two storied façade –
severe, rusticated, the voussoirs
characteristically overlapping the entablature
• Semicircular courtyard loggia with large and
small orders leading to a delightful garden
• Beyond the pavilion, at the end of the first
garden court, steps curl down to a lower
level – water pool and a spring
• Effect is to create a series of very different
and surprising spaces with an introvert
character.
• If we look at the Villa Giulia artistically on its
own, a few things come to mind, namely that
one can discern two worlds being joined,
which are Italy in the Renaissance and
ancient Rome.
• The entrance and garden represent the two
parts.
• the building is a lovely example of
Mannerism, characterized by inventiveness
and imagination.
• The house and its lands are
comprised of three parts in the
area of Porta del Pololo and Ponte
Milvio; all of which are centred on
vineyards.

• The first two are referred as the

‘old vineyard’ and ‘vineyard of the
port,’ but sadly the second no
longer exists as it either collapsed
or was built over despite its
leading to the sea and comprising
a small port whenever the pope
came via the river.

• The last part, known as the

‘vineyard of pope Julius,’ is the
house and the area surrounding it.
 Antonio da Sangallo

A student of Bramante's, is remembered chiefly for the Palazzo Farnese, arguably the greatest
Renaissance palazzo. This building follows the typical Renaissance palazzo layout: a three-story
rectangular building with a central courtyard.
A Spartan majesty is achieved in the balanced height and breadth of the facade (a two-to-one
rectangle), the absence of vertical divisions, and the broad, unadorned surface above each row of
windows. The sheer simplicity of the facade emphasizes its variations in wall colours, window
shapes, and pediment shapes.
 Late Renaissance Architecture • 1520-1600
• Following the severe simplicity and stability of the High Renaissance, the Late Renaissance
witnessed a general relaxation towards greater complexity and dynamism.
• Architects began to mould surfaces more freely, straining the flatness of planar classicism.
The term Mannerism is sometimes used as a synonym for Late Renaissance art.
• It is also used more specifically to denote a bizarre strain of Late Renaissance art, in which
human anatomy was strangely elongated and figures were placed in complex, unnatural
postures.
• In Mannerist architecture, classical forms were distorted, exaggerated, and misplaced, and
perfect symmetry was sometimes violated with subtle asymmetry.

The most famous Mannerist building is the Palazzo del Te in Mantua, by Giulio Romano.
The most obvious mannerist elements are
triglyphs that look as though they have
slipped out of place.
Additionally, numerous archways feature
oversized keystones; some jut downward,
thus breaking the smooth outline of the
arch, while others jut upward, intruding
on the interior space of pediments above
them.
Andrea Palladio
• Foremost villa architect of the Renaissance
• In fact, his simple style could arguably be described as High Renaissance, or nearly
so
• Palladio may well be the most influential architect of all time, given the widespread
embrace of his style during the Neoclassical era
• Palladio's most striking innovation was to graft the classical temple front onto
residential architecture
• A true temple front is a portico (covered porch with columns), while a cosmetic
temple front can be formed by a simple pediment.
• In either case the entrance can be recessed, which allows for a covered entrance even
without a portico.
• The common features of Palladio's villas are captured by the term Palladian style.
Palladio's villas
were constructed
mainly in and
around the city of
Vicenza, near
Venice.
In terms of building
materials, Palladio
tended to employ
stucco-coated brick
topped with a hip
roof of red clay
shingles
Although Villa The common features of Palladio's villas are captured by the
Rotonda is atypical term Palladian style.
of Palladio's work Three standard features of Palladian-style buildings may be
(being a centralized identified.
design with temple • One: the overall plan is a central block flanked with identical wings,
fronts on all sides), which ensures perfect symmetry; the central block is faced with a
it is also his most temple front
famous. • Two: the interior plan is also symmetrical, with a great hall at the
centre
• Three: the building has an exposed basement, a major story and an
attic story, with stairs leading up to the main story.
 Masters of the Renaissance Europe

Leonardo Raphael Michelangelo Bramante

The man who wanted The mortal god The Genius The architect of high
to know everything Renaissance
Born- Leonardo di ser Piero
da Vinci
April 15, 1452
Vinci, Republic of Florence
(present-day Italy)

Died May 2, 1519 (aged 67)

Amboise, Kingdom of
France

Known for
Diverse fields of the arts and sciences
Notable work(s)

Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
The Vitruvian Man
Lady with an Ermine

Style High Renaissance

The Last Supper (1498)—Convent of Sta. Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy

The painting was acclaimed as a masterpiece of design and characterization, but it deteriorated rapidly, so that within a
hundred years it was described by one viewer as "completely ruined". Leonardo, instead of using the reliable technique of
fresco, had used tempera over a ground that was mainly gesso, resulting in a surface which was subject to mold and to
flaking. Despite this, the painting has remained one of the most reproduced works of art.
Mona Lisa or La Gioconda (1503–
1505/1507)—Louvre, Paris, France

In the present era it is arguably the most famous

painting in the world.
Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile
on the woman's face, its mysterious quality
brought about perhaps by the fact that the artist
has subtly shadowed the corners of the mouth
and eyes so that the exact nature of the smile
cannot be determined.

Other characteristics found in this work are the

unadorned dress, in which the eyes and hands
have no competition from other details, the
dramatic landscape background in which the
world seems to be in a state of flux, the subdued
coloring and the extremely smooth nature of the
painterly technique, employing oils, but laid on
much like tempera and blended on the surface so
that the brushstrokes are indistinguishable
Born Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino
(Raphael)
March 28, 1483
Urbino, Marche, Italy

Died April 6, 1520 (aged 37)

Rome, Italy

Nationality Italian

Field Painting Architecture

Movement High Renaissance

Works
School of Athens
The Wedding of the Virgin
Deposition of Christ
Sistine Madonna
Portrait of Pope Julius II
< Portrait of Pope
Julius II, ca. 1512

The Wedding of the Virgin,

Raphael's most sophisticated
altarpiece of this period >

< The Madonna of the Meadow,

ca. 1506, using Leonardo's
pyramidal composition for subjects
of the Holy Family

Deposition of Christ, 1507,

drawing from Roman sarcophagi >
School of Athens
Born Michelangelo di Lodovico
Buonarroti Simoni
6 March 1475
Caprese near Arezzo, Republic of
Florence (present-day Tuscany,
Italy)
Died 18 February 1564 (aged 88)
Rome, Papal States (present-day
Italy)
Field Sculpture, painting, architecture,
and poetry

Movement High Renaissance

Works
David
Pietà
Paintings on Sistine Chapel Ceiling
 Marble statue
of
David
By
Michelangelo

The Statue, completed in

1504, is one of the most
renowned works of the
Renaissance.
 The Pieta, by
Michelangelo
a monumental
depiction of the Virgin
Mary holding the body
of her son Jesus.
The “Pieta” made
Michelangelo famous
at the age of 24.

Sculpture
communicates grief,
love, acceptance,
immortality.
The Sistine Chapel

1508 - 1512
Creation of Man

(Fresco on Sistine
Chapel’s ceiling)
The Last Judgment
Birth Donato di Pascuccio
d'Antonio
(Donato Bramante)
1444
Fermignano, in present-
day Italy

Died 11 March 1514 (Aged

about 70)
Rome, in present-day
Italy

Nationality - Italian
Field - Architecture, Painting
Movement - High Renaissance

Works
San Pietro in Montorio
Christ at the column
St. Peter’s ,Rome
Palazzo Caprini
(a.k.a. Raphael's House)
St. Peter's Basilica, Rome 1506 – 1626
Bramante
Michelangelo
Sangallo
1506-1626 (120 yrs of building)
Many architects
Origin – Pope Julius II wanted to erect a tomb house –
pulled down the old basilican church
Elliptical St. Peter's Square (Piazza San Pietro),
Designed by Bernini and
built between 1656 and 1667.
The square is outlined by a monumental
colonnade by Bernini, its open arms
symbolically welcoming the world into the
Catholic Church.
In the centre of the square is a 25.5-meter-tall
obelisk
Between the obelisk and fountains is a circular
stone that marks the focal points of an ellipse.
If you stand on one of these points, the two rows
columns of the colonnade line up perfectly and
appear to be just a single row.
On top of the colonnade are 140 statues of
saints, crafted by a number of sculptors between
1662 and 1703.
Bramante – Greek
cross + dome,
(similar to
pantheon) addition
of peristyle and
lantern

Michelangelo –
Greek cross,
pyramidal
composition,
extended entry
porches

Sangallo junior –
extended vestibule,
Latin cross
 Transepts terminated
by semicircular apses

137’6’’
Sanctuary
semicircular apses dia dome
Louvre Palace

• Vast complex of wings and pavilions on

four main levels.
• The Palace is situated in the right-bank of
the River Seine
• The complex occupies about 40 hectares
and forms two main quadrilateral's which
enclose two large courtyards: the Square
Courtyard completed under Napoleon I,
and the larger Napoleon Courtyard under
Napoleon III. Both are separated by the
street known as the Place du Carrousel.
The Louvre complex may be divided into the
"Old Louvre": the medieval and Renaissance pavilions and wings surrounding the Napolean courtyard, as well
as the Grande Galerie extending west along the bank of the Seine; and the
"New Louvre": those 19th Century pavilions and wings extending along the north and south sides of the
Napoleon along with their extensions to the west (north and south of the Cour du Carrousel) which were
originally part of the long-gone Tuileries Palace.
exhibits.
Phases of construction-
Medieval fortress
Royal residence – the home of the royal treasury.
The castle soon gained a dual function: in addition
to its protective role, it became one of the
residences of the king and the court

Renaissance period- Pierre Lescot (architect) - The

new plan consisted of a square courtyard, with the
main wing separated by a central staircase, and the
two wings of the sides comprising a floor.

Later works- In 1806, the construction of the Arc de

Triomphe du Carrousel began, situated between
the two western wings, designed by architect
Charles Percier
Grand Louvre and the Pyramids

Glass pyramid of Louvre - American architect I. M.

Pei was awarded the project and proposed a
modernist glass pyramid for the central courtyard
(1988)
Above the basement stands an order of paired
Corinthian columns with a continuous
entablature – horizontal emphasis
Corner pavilions are adorned with pilasters
Palace of Versailles
Located in the
outer suburbs
of Paris
Symbol of
absolute
monarchy
Biggest investor
- King Louis
XIV
Purpose –
Power in center - government offices, homes of
thousands of courtiers, their retinues, &
attendant functionaries of the court lived in the
Palace.
Strict court etiquette that Louis XIV established
was epitomized in elaborate ceremonies &
parties.
Construction -
Drained swamps & moved forests to create 250
acres of formal gardens
Entire estate = 2,000 acres
30,000 laborers
Charles Lebrun - main decorator

Known as the Sun King

Great interest in Versailles
Grew up in disorders of Civil War
1678
Building Campaigns
• 4 building campaigns each corresponding with a war.
• 1st campaign~ to celebrate the two Queens of France
• Alterations in Chateau and garden
• 2nd campaign~ LeVau’s envelope & two BIG
apartments.
• King & Queen suites
• 2 of 7 total suites that were designed to align with
each other as celestial bodies
• 3rd Campaign~ Hall Of Mirrors.
• 235 foot long ballroom lined along 1 side with 17
HUGE mirrors so courtiers could admire their own
selves as they danced
• 4th Campaign~ Royal chapel
St. Paul’s cathedral London
• St Paul’s cathedral stood
on this site since 604AD
• designed by the court
architect Sir Christopher
Wren (1632-1723) and
built between 1675 and
1710 after its predecessor
was destroyed in the
Great Fire of London.
• Work on the present
cathedral commenced in
1675, and was completed
on October 20, 1708
• Church is built of
Portland stone in a late
Renaissance to Baroque
style
• Covered with a huge
dome, high about 11
meters, 74 meters wide,
about 157 m depth.
• Dome 34 meters in
diameter.
West Front and Towers
The West Porch, is the main entrance to St. Paul's
A large stairway leads up to six sets of double
columns and the Great West Door
The towers that have become distinguishing marks of
the London skyline were not part of architect
Christopher Wren's original plan.
He added them in 1707
Both were designed to have clocks, but now only the
tower on the south (right) side has one.
Nave and transepts
• The main part of the cathedral that stretches
out under the high, domed ceiling.
• The large, open space is intended to hold
large congregations for services.
• The floor of the cathedral is tiled in a black
and white checkerboard pattern.
• The narrower hallways between the pillars
and the walls on either side of the nave are
the north and south aisles of the sanctuary.
• The small domes above the aisles imitate the
larger ones of the nave. Up ahead is the Great
Circle under the dome and, beyond that, the
Choir and High Altar.
 View into the choir from the transept crossing.
The glittering mosaics of the vault date from the
1890s.
St Paul's Cathedral's Whispering
Gallery.
259 steps going up will lead you to
what is known as, the whispering
gallery.
There are two galleries above the
whispering gallery. These can also be
reached by climbing higher. 378 steps
lead you to the Stone Gallery and still
higher 530 steps get you to the
Golden Gallery.
A Spiral staircase inside a cylindrical tower
inside a rectangular outside tower.
View from south, the millennium bridge
A statue of St. Paul stands atop the west front facade
White Hall palace, London

• The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530
until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire.
• Before the fire it had grown to be the largest palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms,
overtaking the Vatican and Versailles.
• The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530
until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire.
• Before the fire it had grown to be the largest palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms,
overtaking the Vatican and Versailles.
• The palace gives its name, Whitehall, to the road on which many of the current administrative
buildings of the UK government are situated, and hence metonymically to the central
government itself.
• By 1650, the Palace was the largest complex of secular buildings in England, with over
1,500 rooms.
• The layout was extremely irregular, and the constituent parts were of many different
sizes and in several different architectural styles.
• The palace looked more like a small town than a single building.
• Sir Christopher Wren, worked on a new chapel finished in 1687, rebuilding of the
queen's apartments (c. 1688) and the queen's private lodgings (1689).
• By 1691, the palace had become the largest and most complex in Europe.
• On 10 April, a fire broke out in the much-renovated apartment of the Duchess of
Portsmouth that damaged the older palace structures, though apparently not the state
apartments.
• However a second fire at the beginning of January 1698 destroyed most of the
remaining residential and government buildings;
• "Whitehall burnt! nothing but walls and ruins left."
• Beside the Banqueting House, some buildings survived in Scotland Yard and some
facing the Park, along with the so-called Holbein Gate, eventually demolished in 1769.
• Despite some rebuilding, financial constraints prevented large scale reconstruction.
• In the second half of the eighteenth century, much of the site was leased for the
construction of town houses.
• Present day
• The Banqueting House is the only integral building of the complex now standing,
although it has been somewhat modified.
• Various other parts of the old palace still exist, often incorporated into new buildings
in the Whitehall government complex.